Gender & Sexuality

Gender dysphoria

"strong, persistent feelings of identification with another gender and discomfort with one's own assigned gender and sex" (Psychology Today) "the distress a person feels due to a mismatch between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth" (Wikipedia)

gender inequality

-Double-standards of behavior -Socioeconomic inequality -Gender violence

Current issues for gender-nonconforming folks

-Hate crimes -Pronouns -Legal documents

Legal recognition of nonbinary genders

-Increasingly possible to indicate "X" on birth certificates, government IDs (varies by state) -Not yet possible on U.S. passports -Court case & legislation in progress

Pronoun issues for Gender-Nonconforming Folks

-Language itself is very gendered! -Especially for non-binary & agender people, pronouns can be a struggle -Resistance to singular "they" and other alternatives -Singular "they" has been part of English since the 1300s. -Movement towards introducing oneself with pronouns -When done by cis people, this normalizes the practice for gender nonconforming people.

The Wage Gap

-Overt (open) discrimination -Human capital differences -Occupational sex segregation

Social construction of sexuality: Sex work

-Perceptions of sex work tell us a lot about cultural perceptions of sex! -Selling sex is "bad" (such a strong norm we made it a law) -Sex with (feigned) emotional connection is better (see street prostitution vs. indoor prostitution, the "girlfriend experience"

Hate Crimes against Gender-Nonconforming Folks

-Relatively low proportion of hate crimes overall (2.2% in 2018) -But there are questions about reporting -Intersections with other minority identities, esp. race (which account for 60% of all hate crimes)

Freuds Theories

-Sexual expression originates in childhood and develops over the lifecycle. -Sexual energy was the force behind all human endeavors - id, ego, and superego. Anything that's "wrong" with us is because of a problem in psychosexual development

Which of the following are explanations for the existence of occupational sex segregation? (Choose all that apply.) -Men and women naturally have different skill sets that make them better suited to different types of work. -Structural factors make it difficult for women to enter and advance in male-dominated professions. -Workplaces often have policies in place limited particular types of work to either women or men. -Women and men choose different fields as a result of gender socialization.

-Structural factors make it difficult for women to enter and advance in male-dominated professions. -Women and men choose different fields as a result of gender socialization.

The Kinsey Reports

-The first major U.S. surveys of sexual behavior *Created a SCALE in which people identify* -Published in the 1940s and 1950s -National sample of 11,000 interviews -Bias in participants & in interviewers -Mostly doing "accounting" -No conception of sexuality as identity, as minority status, etc.

Sexual relationships develop within a social context that establishes:

-What sexual relationships mean -How they are conducted -What social supports are given to sexual relationships -Sexuality is socially defined and patterned.

Explanations of Occupational Sex Segregation

-Women and men are socialized differently and choose to go into different fields. -Structural obstacles discourage women from entering male-dominated jobs and from advancing once employed.

What does gender equality look like?

-Women's work is central to the economy & work is not highly sex-segregated. -Men contribute to housework and childcare. -Women have access to education. -Little ideological support for gender inequality. -Women have access to power and authority.

Which of the following best describes gender fluidity? -the development of a person's gender identity through the process of gender socialization -the experience of having a gender identity that does not align with one's sex assigned at birth -gender identity that shifts between masculine and feminine -a gender identity that exists entirely separately from masculine and feminine

-gender identity that shifts between masculine and feminine

When it comes to sexuality, people have control over ________. -whether or not they act on their attraction -the identities that they claim in relation to their sexuality -the type of person to whom they are attracted

-whether or not they act on their attraction

6 examples of how Sexuality is Social & Cultural

1. Human sexual attitudes and behavior vary in different cultural contexts (ex.: legality of same-sex sex). 2. Sexual attitudes and behavior change over time (ex.: attitudes toward premarital sex). 3. Sexuality and identity are learned (ex.: social context matters). 4. Social institutions channel and direct human sexuality (ex.: marriage). 5. Sex is influenced by economic forces in society (ex.: prostitution). 6. Public policies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors (ex.: contraception; abortion).

Which of the following best defines gender dysphoria? -A form of homophobia -A form of sexual dysfunction and paraphilia -A condition in which transgender people choose to alter their bodies to match their gender identity -A condition experienced by people whose gender assigned at birth is contrary to the one they identify with

A condition experienced by people whose gender assigned at birth is contrary to the one they identify with

Which researcher(s) first studied human sexuality scientifically? Judith Butler Alfred Kinsey Gagnon & Simon Sigmund Freud

Alfred Kinsey

nature

BIOLOGY, we're talking about sex or sex category. The conventional categories here are female and male and what we're doing here is putting labels on bodies.

Why is it most accurate to say that a person's sex categorization is assigned? -Toddlers are placed into a category at age 2 or 3 based on what types of toys they prefer to play with. -Adolescents are placed into a category based on the type of people to whom they are sexually attracted. -Sex categories can only be determined post-mortem. -Babies are placed into a category at birth based on observation of their anatomy.

Babies are placed into a category at birth based on observation of their anatomy.

gender presentation

Cultural norms around gender and -clothing -grooming But also -body language -speech patterns

True or false: Hegemonic masculinity benefits men but is damaging to women.

False (it doesn't even ebenfit men)

Resisting Gender Inequality: Explain 1st, 2nd, 3rd wave Feminism

First Wave Feminism: voting rights, access to public spaces Second Wave Feminism: gender equality in public & personal lives, resisting sexual violence, etc. Third Wave "intersectional" feminism: transgender rights, interactions of gender w/ other inequalities, microaggressions, sexual violence, impacts of gender inequality on all people

Institutionalized gender

Gender exists in all parts of society -Stereotypical expectations -Interpersonal relationships -Different placement of men and women in hierarchies of institutions (gender inequality)

Which of the following best describes the gender wage gap between 1980 and 2000? It stayed the same. It became smaller. It grew.

It became smaller.

Nurture

MEANINGS that society assigns to those biological differences. we're back to SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION ... in this case the social construction of gender categories. we're using terms like women and men and feminine and masculine.

Challenging the gender binary examples in different cultures:

NADLE may describe people born with ambiguous genitalia or people who enact "opposite" gender roles BERDACHE / TWO SPIRIT PEOPLE - were most often biological males who took on traditionally feminine gender roles, and were often very high status... considered to be closer to the divine HIJRA recently won the right to be legally recognized as a third gender in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh

Which of the following best describes the relationship between sex and gender? The social construction of gender is largely based on sex. There is no relationship between sex and gender. Sex always determines a person's gender. Sexual desire is a function of gender identity.

The social construction of gender is largely based on sex.

True or false: Harm reduction is a common reason cited for the legalization of prostitution.

True

(T/F) Gender is universal/master status Explain:

True Every culture has some form of gender, and gender is always a master status... every culture stratifies based on it. In nearly every case, men have more power than women.

Nature vs. Nurture

Where with sex we were using terms like male and female, when we think about nurture in terms of gender- we're using terms like women and men and feminine and masculine.

Which type of gender nonconforming person is most likely to be the victim of a fatal hate crime? a White transman an Asian American cisgender woman a Black transwoman a Native American agender person a Jewish genderfluid person

a Black transwoman

transgender

a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one's assigned sex at birth

Which of the following best describes agender identities? -gender identity that shifts between masculine and feminine -a gender identity that exists entirely separately from masculine and feminine -the experience of having a gender identity that does not align with one's sex assigned at birth -the development of a person's gender identity through the process of gender socialization

a gender identity that exists entirely separately from masculine and feminine

Which of the following best describes the Kinsey scale? -a way of categorizing sexuality as an identity from exclusively hetereosexual to exclusively homosexual -a system of classification of sexual practices based on the work of Sigmund Freud -an accurate representation of the patterns of sexual behavior of 21st century Americans

a way of categorizing sexual behavior from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual

When we talk in terms of desire, sexuality is: only part of discussion that has a ____ ____.

about what type of person an individual finds sexually attractive. -only part of discussion that has biological basis

pansexuality

attraction to members of all sexes and gender identities

When does gender socialization begin?

before birth (gender reveal parties)

Conventionally both sex and gender have been thought of as __________. Is this true?

binaries - a person has to be one or the other. This is more true - but still not 100% - for sex. Most of the time people are born and they are clearly male or female. There are intersex (not male or female) rates ranging from just under 2% at the high end to 1 in 1000 at the low end... the upshot being that sex categories are not necessarily as simple society has previously assumed.

Which two of the following gender identities are socially constructed as opposites of each other? (Must select both correct answers to receive credit.) Answers: agender gender nonbinary gender fluid cisgender transgender gender nonconforming

cisgender transgender

Cross-cultural studies of sexuality show that different sexual norms develop:

differently within cultural meaning systems.

The "sexual double standard" can trace its origins to _____________ concerns: social economic political moral

economic

gender parity

ensuring that males and females have equal opportunities in areas such as education, employment, voting and decision making, and access to health care and other resources it is is a combination of a lot of factors that reflect gender inequality...

True or false: Gender expression is biologically-based.

false

Stereotypical gender traits in US: They are ______ and _____ ______.

feminine- passive, submissive, emotional, nurturing masculine- active, dominant, stoic, challenging These are SOCIALIZED and SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

Occupational sex segregation

fundamental process in sustaining and perpetuating social inequality because occupations dominated by white men tend to offer more pay, fringe benefits, access to promotions, training, and authority than occupations dominated by white women and people of color"

The "sexual double standard" hinges on the intersection of norms govern sexual behavior and ________ norms. gender cultural racial identity class-based

gender

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________.

gender

Which of the following are elements of identity included in the "gender unicorn"? sexual scripts biological gender gender expression physical attraction emotional attraction socialized sex sex assigned at birth gender identity

gender expression physical attraction emotional attraction sex assigned at birth gender identity

Cisgender:

gender identity aligns with biological sex -In Latin, 'cis' means "on this side of"

Agender:

gender identity exists outside the masculine/feminine spectrum

Asexual

having no sexual attraction to others identity that is based around DEGREES of desire - the asexuality spectrum, a range of identities that experience sexual desire differently, or less than the norm

Inventor of the Gender reveal party admits it was stupid, his kid was assigned female but uses different gender presentation, what is gender presentation?

how a person's gender identity is communicated through their appearance. This is the kid whose "gender" was revealed at the first party. Assigned female at birth, but - at age 10 - tends to wear more traditionally "masculine" clothing.

sexual behavior- What are scripts? How do we know sexual behavior?

how people ACT on desires -the cultural rules about sexual behavior -We are SOCIALIZED - taught - sexual behavior! Both in terms of the messages we get from the culture at large and in terms of our own experiences with our partners (varies with cultures)

Transgender:

identify with the gender "opposite" of one's biological sex -In Latin, 'trans' means "on the other side of"

gender violence is ____ issues: Explain:

mens - it gives men an excuse to not pay attention -dominant groups are rarely called to review themselves -the way we use language effects how to listen/pay attention , we divert the issue of men beating women onto women -cognitive structure is set up to victim blame -the same system that produces female victims produced male perps

Gender Fluid/Non-Binary

multiple and/or shifting gender identities

Which women are most impacted by the gender wage gap? there is no relationship between age and the gender wage gap older women younger women

older women

Which term has been proposed as an alternative to lgbtqia...? lesbian uranian gay queer intersex

queer

The split model of attraction

separating physical from emotional attraction - is a relatively new wrinkle added to the thinking about these issues and it's one that a lot of people struggle with, because the association of love and desire is SO strong in American culture. But it allows us room for people who have strong levels of sexual desire but don't form strong emotional bonds, or may form emotional bonds with people that they're not in a sexual relationship with. It also leaves room for people who experience less sexual desire but still form strong emotional bonds with others

Social construction of gender often based on _____ ______. What happens when this is not the case?

sex categories creates complicated social identities

Gender is a ______ category: Society is more interested in _____ rather than ______.

social As such, sociology has historically been more interested in GENDER than it has been in SEX.

Gender is a _____ category often constructed based on _____.

social; sex

in fact gender identity lies on a ________ that ranges from feminine to masculine.

spectrum

The "oppression model" is most accurate regarding ________. indoor prostitution stripping pornographic acting street prostitution

street prostitution

cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm ex. man and women with children = family or a person who isn't straight has to come out otherwise they will be assumed to be straight

What is sexuality? How are these are related to sex - and gender ?

the complex of desire, behavior, and identity. - because the ways that the behaviors that arise from desire, the ways that those behaviors are interpreted, are rooted in our concepts of sex and gender. Society determines who our appropriate sexual partners are, and determines the sanctions for violating those sexual norms.

hegemonic masculinity

the condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is invisible

sexual double standard

the practice of applying stricter moral or legal controls to women's sexual behavior than to men's -originated economic Incentive because if women got pregnant it was the Church's responsibility to care for the women and the children

Which of the following best describes occupational sex segregation? -the prevalence of women in lower-status and lower-paid occupations -the result of individual bias on the part of hiring managers throughout the job market -the expectation that men are the primary breadwinners for their families -the explanation of gender differences in occupations based on biological factors

the prevalence of women in lower-status and lower-paid occupations

Which of the following best describes gender socialization? -the different ways in which boys and girls / women and men relate to each other in the social sphere -the process through which a person learns how to "be" their gender identity -the process of identifying a person as male, female, or intersex -the process through which parents learn the gender of their unborn child

the process through which a person learns how to "be" their gender identity

what happens when our desires and behaviors synthesize?

they form into an IDENTITY (it's a label we put on the interaction of desire and behavior.) ex. heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual

GENDER UNICORN gender identity- gender expression- sex at birth- physically attracted to- Emotionally attracted to- 3 important distinctions*

to what degree a person identifies with male, female, or other how we act on our gender identity as feminine, masculine, other female, male, other/intersex men, women, other(S) women, men, other(s) -separates gender identity from gender expression from sex assigned at birth. -separates sexual and emotional or romantic attraction -in every category, there's a third sex/gender option

True or false: A person's sex, as determined by their biology, does not always correspond with their gender

true

True or false: Sexual behavior varies cross-culturally.

true

(T/F) "Deviant" sexuality-based identities as minority statuses.

true, (Deviant = anything that doesn't follow norms.. aka against the people that hold power)

Gender norms _____ by culture. Explain

vary since gender is socially constructed - what it means to be feminine or masculine can be very different depending on cultural context. Even within the United States...

How gender is SOCIALIZED?

we learn gendered norms of behavior, we learn the meaning of the terms "woman" and "man" and how they relate to ourselves, and society's reactions to our adherence (or not) to those norms reinforce or punish those behaviors.

Structural obstacles prevent women from advancing: Explain why women researchers are publishing less since the pandemic hit:

women in life and medical sciences aren't seeing the same gains in publishing compared to their male peers since the pandemic started... That disparity is thought to be driven, in large part, by parents — primarily mothers — being forced to spend more time caring for and teaching their kids. And if the gap continues to grow, it could have lasting consequences on careers.