Gender Exam 2

Intersexed

Individuals that do not fit into the contemporary (anglo-saxon, biological) definitions of male/female

Social network theory- friendship differences

-Men tend to have less friends in part because they tend to spend more time at work (and not making friends) -However, men tend to have larger social networks of acquaintances with whom they can interact to further their personal economic endeavors -Women on the other hand tend to have smaller social networks because they are less likely to work outside the home and make economically important connections (or if they are working outside the home have less time for connections due to also having large portion of domestic work as well)

"Manhood Acts"

-Regulate emotional display -To feel or express sexual desire for women -Aggression/violence -Implies a claim to a spot in the privileged group

Hegemonic masculinity and male friendships

-They are passing a test that varies from time to time American adult white men have the least amount of friends, due to social pressure to not do anything "feminine", including being a good friend and disclosing intimate details

Gender identity

Gender identity: How you see yourself and your gender. The way in which being feminine or masculine, a woman or a man, becomes an internalized part of the way we think about ourselves

The stages of gender socialization

1. Gender Identity: Age 2.5-3 → Children can identify their own gender and others around them 2. Gender Stability: Age 5→ , children know gender is permanent 3. Gender Constancy: Age 7→ Changing the outwards appearance doesn't change their underlying sex category 4. Gender Congruency: Try to be consistent with our gender WHAT AGE DOES THIS OCCUR? age 7+

Gender polarization

2 mutually exclusive scripts of being male/female -Characteristic of gender schema EX: Lesbians are immoral/unnatural and bad (Punishes deviants)

In the LDS faith, young men and young women receive instruction about chastity and appropriate dating behavior with the opposite sex. This is an example of: A Sexual scripts B Sexual identity C Double standard D Sexual objects

A

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of gender schema theory? A Ego boundaries is the lens or personal psychological division between ourselves and the world around us and is less developed in women. B Schema are cognitive structures that help to organize an individual's perception of the world. C Androcentrism is a lens that shapes how we understand gender and is the belief that what men do is superior to what women do. D Gender polarization is the lens that suggests that behaviors and attitudes appropriate for women are viewed as inappropriate for men (and vice versa).

A

Mind-body dualism

A belief in a split between the body and the mind/soul, where the mind is seen as superior to the physical body.

Hysteria

A disease among upperclass, prominent white women. Symptoms include headaches, weakness, depression, etc. Thought to require constant rest.

Gender neutral parenting

Allows the child to choose their own identity & no stereotypes Gender neutral parenting means that children, whether girls or boys, are raised in ways that don't reinforce the stereotypes or preconceived notions that have traditionally defined gender roles

The way in which being feminine or masculine, a woman or a man, becomes an internalized part of the way we think about ourselves is which of the following? A Gender socialization B Gender identity C Gender norms D Sex-typed behavior

B

We will have a guest panel of gay/lesbian/bisexual BYU students associated with USGA-BYU (Understanding Same Gender Attraction) talk to the class about their experiences coming out as Mormon and LGBTQ. It is unlikely that heterosexual students on campus would be asked to speak on class panels about how they came to identify as Mormon and straight. This is an example of: A Gender identity B Hetero-privilege C Hegemonic masculinity D Homonormativity

B

Which of the following is TRUE about peer groups and gender socialization according to the text? A Hegemonic masculinity defines one male role for boys. B Children patrol the gender transgression zone, which is any activities or behaviors that have the potential to be perceived as violating gender norms in some way. C Girls have more power to patrol the gender transgression zone because they have larger cliques than boys. D Transgressing masculinity is less of a violation for boys, than transgressing femininity is for girls.

B

Beauty and power

Beautiful people have power! Beauty practices are a means of affirming women instead of contributing to subordination Self-fulfilling prophecy: Because we believe that attractive people are more capable and powerful, we treat them as such and as a result, they are socially reinforced to be more capable and powerful

Sex-typed behavior

Behavior for one sex is alright for one, but not the other We very purposefully categorize this way

Sociability

Being with someone for enjoyment, not to gain something (healthy relationship)

Lecture Slides - Culture of Romance

Boy meets girl→ treats her well (attention, gifts $$$$$).. he allows intimacy→ compensate for unequal attractiveness Female Compensation: more attractive = expect to get more gifts, less attractive = expect less gifts/less expensive gifts Male Compensation: more attractive= not as many gifts, less attractive= compensate through money

Courtship to Dating

Calling; rating-dating-mating complex; going steady; hooking up; friends with benefits

According to the Doing Gender perspective, "having sex itself becomes a way in which to create an accountable performance of gender." From this perspective, which of the following is/are socially constructed? A Gender identity B Sexual identity C Gender performance D All of the above

D

More women than men report that their first sexual experience was not wanted or forced. According to the text, this gender difference in sexual experience is because women are perceived as: A Sexual teases B Sexual scripts C Sexual subjects D Sexual objects

D

Which of the following is an example of gender constancy, according to cognitive-development theory? A Children know their gender is permanent (about age 5) and that they are the gender they will be the rest of their life. B Children know what their gender is and want what they do and think to line up with that gender. C About age two or three, children are able to identify their own gender, as well as the gender of those around them. D Children understand that changing the outward physical appearance of a person does not change their underlying sex category (about age 7).

D

Body Image Distortion Syndrome

Disturbance and size awareness Perception of the body is not accurate and they obsess over it (1 hour a day)

going steady

During and after WWII, there was a shortage of men. This meant that you had to keep any fish you could catch in the sea -Women and men would date one person seriously for a longer period of time

gender norms

Gender norms: the sets of rules for what is appropriate masculine and feminine behavior in a given culture

Face-to-face vs. Side-by-side

Face to face→ female Females talk to each other and share feelings/emotions Side by side→ male Males share interests/activities

Psychoanalytic theory and friendship

Freudian theory- Because girls don't have to sever their close relationships with their mothers, they remain feminine Women never have strong social ego boundaries so they can connect deeply with others Men keep distant (connection is difficult) from others because of their strong social boundaries because they had to sever from their mother at an early age Have to learn masculinity not from direct experience, but by identifying with "absent" or "less-present" fathers

gender socialization

Gender Socialization:The process that individuals learn gender norms of their society and develop an internal gender identity (Book) Intersex children have a complex gender socialization

Gender transgression zone and hegemonic masculinity

Gender Transgression zone: Any activities/behaviors that are perceived as violating gender norms Book: Masculine girl, who gave up her identity = accepted, feminine boy = rejected hegemonic masculinity: a system of dominance and privilege where men have power Masculinity dominates society

Gender differences in first sexual intercourse (National Health and Social Life Survey, powerpoint slides)

Girls: "It just happened to me" 24.5% women were pressured into it when they didn't want to Readiness: men--50% women --24%

Doing Gender Theory and bodies

Height→ Males should be taller/stronger than females = power and status in relationships Age Difference→ Older men can date younger women = power and status

Heteronormativity vs. compulsive heterosexuality

Heteronormativity: Way in which heterosexuality is viewed as the natural way of being Compulsive Heterosexuality: Describes the way in which heterosexuality is institutionalized into the practices of our society and distributes power & privilege. Book: Serves to ensure males have physical, economic, and emotional access to women

Kinsey scale

Heterosexual→ homosexual scale (0 to 6) Everyone has some aspects of both People viewed 3 = bisexual, but it wasn't meant to portray the categories so rigidly (needs to be a fluid continuum)

Psychoanalytic theory

Individualistic, embedded in the psychic structure of our personalities and an innate part of our being for developing of gender Gender becomes deeply embedded in our psychic processes Book: It explains women's subordinate/lower position as mothers

Instrumental love vs. affective love

Instrumental: (males) doing things for the other person by providing material help and practical assistance Affective: (females) emotionally and affectionately connected through communication and the sharing of feelings

Secondary group-Socialization

Larger, less familiarity, less deeply tied to you, serve a purpose (college class, business, ward) Ends to a mean = serves a purpose

Calling

Late 1800' s The woman sent a letter to the young man inviting him to her home, he would come and the mother would invite him in if she approved and send him off if she didn't, if he came in the two would have a chaperoned date in the living room

sexual objects

Men are becoming sexual objects in the media In ancient Greece: men's bodies were considered to be the ideal body and were focused on and praised Females were lesser in comparison to males Females were used in the 15th century as models for art

Double standards

Men are congratulated for sexual behaviors and women are shamed for it

Traditional masculinity and men's health

Men are risk takers: Explained by Hegemonic masculinity Suicide/homocide is higher amoung men because of lethal weapons More likely to participate in risky behaviors like football, drunk-driving, binge-drinking, working in dangerous jobs, etc more competitive

Lecture Slides - State of Friendship in America 2013

Men do not have enough intimate friends Women have more intimate friends, but they are still dissatisfied with their friendships→ they want more (deeper)

Social network theory

Our network of friends depends on who we are able to interact and connect with -We tend to make more friends with people who live/work close to us and are at the same socioeconomic level as ourselves -Men and women develop identity because of social structure; friends are chosen based on social norms

Primary group-Socialization

People that you identify and spend time with (family, childhood friends) Have a strong bond

Frontline documentary: Growing Up Trans-SRS

Sex reassignment surgery (same as Gender reassignment surgery) Girls get top surgery, boys get penile removal and breast implants

Men as sexual subjects; women as sexual objects

Sexual Subjects: They act upon the objects Men have a sense of power/agency in their own bodies Men's bodies are instruments Sexual Objects: Are acted upon Women's bodies are projects (seen as something to improve/make more appealing)

Homosocial

Social relationships between those of the same sex friendships, romantic relationships, and everything in between

Sexual scripts

The learned guidelines for sexual expression that provide individuals with a sense of appropriate sexual behaviors and sexual desires for their particular culture The sexual roles that we play on our life-stage Both whom we should have sexual desire for/with, what to do while having sex based on our cultural values/beliefs

• The beauty myth (Naomi Wolf)

The myth that Beauty is a set universal standard of biological, social, and evolutionary factors across the world Men should desire this ideal of beauty This is not true because beauty is different across cultures/history

Sexual identity

The particular category into which people place themselves based on the current, anglo-european division of the world into heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or asexual.

Hetero-privilege

The set of unearned rights that are given to heterosexual individuals in many societies

Sexual convergence

The trend for the norms and ideals surrounding women's sexuality to become increasingly similar to the norms and ideals of men's sexuality.

Male gaze

The way in which women are generally perceived as objects of the gaze (of both the audience and other characters in the film) because control of the camera is shaped by the assumption of a straight male audience.

Face-off masculinity

The way which men look directly at the camera and the viewer in advertising images, conveying a sense of being powerful, armored, and emotionally impenetrable.

rating-dating-mating complex

They would meet at dances to date The more partners you dance with and date = a greater social status and desirability Trying to marry above your status Caused by the poor class not having parlors or living rooms for chaperoned dates being a "good date" rules for how males/females were expected to act Girls: don't engage in sexual activity Men: gaining sexual experience and sophistication -Males began complaining about how expensive dates would be

Gender attribution

To make a guess about who is male or female

Sex hormones and strong social constructionist perspective

We believe in 2 types of sex hormones (male and female) when the bigger picture is much more complex

Gender Schema theory

We see the world in gendered ways sort characteristics and behaviors into masculine and feminine categories; create other associations with those categories. Gender schemas exist because society views sex and gender categories as necessary to function Schemas help us organize our world and sort them into understandable categories (input→ categories) EX: Androcentrism, gender polarization, inculturation

Sequence of romantic relationships

Women focus on making themselves physically appealing→ women arranges life to be available for her boyfriend → serious stage (can lead to marriage)

Sexual desire

a combination of objective physical responses and subjective psychological or emotional responses to some internal or external stimulus Influenced by our culture: when, where, and with whom it is appropriate to feel sexual desire

Androgenization versus androcentrism

androgenization: adopting some of the characteristics of the opposite gender androcentrism: history from the point of view of males

Frontline documentary: Growing Up Trans -blockers

around age 10 to keep them as a child for a little longer so that they can have more time to decide whether or not they want to have a permanent sex change prevent a teen from entering puberty, temporary state/phase

Frontline documentary: Growing Up Trans -cross-sex hormones

giving hormones to change gender, permanent changes, some may stop you from being able to reproduce

Metrosexuals

heterosexual men who demonstrate a level of concern with their appearance that is considered out of the norm for masculinity. Asian countries/ Korea

Cognitive-Development Theory

how children acquire gender identity and the ability to gender-type themselves and others. Children actively develop an understanding of gender and then actively socialize themselves (not passive objects) Children choose how they want to act based on their view of their gender

Social Learning Theory

learning is a cognitive process that take place in a social context. When applied to gender, it is that we learn gender through a process of rewards and punishments from society & our peers. We learn through selective rewarding, withholding of rewards, or punishing behavior. You observe and practice behaviors that are rewarded

Go deep, not wide (close vs. more friends)

more people are wanting close friends as opposed to a lot of friends

Intimacies (romantic love and feminine sexual scripts)

romantic love: an intense attraction in which the love object is idealized.

Romantic love

romantic love: an intense attraction in which the love object is idealized.

Eugenics

selective breeding to improve the human race Preventing undesirable people from reproducing with desirable individuals

Ego boundaries

sense of personal psychological division between ourselves and world around us Freud: where the world stops and we begin Males: Can separate themselves from their mother and become their "own person" through healthy ego boundaries Females: Daughters identify with their mother/comparing themselves with their mother/other women

Body image

the perception and evaluation of one's own bodily appearance

Gender Socialization

the process through which we learn the gender norms of society and come to develop an internal gender identity

Gender congruency

we seek to line our behavior with our gender identity

Gender differences

women have close friendships men want more friends & more close friends -men can't be seen as "feminine" in friendships (being a good friend is girly)