General BIO CH. 4

Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of

ATP synthesis decreases.

1 meter = _____ centimeters.

100

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

ap (communicating) junctions

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

C

The _______ is the two-layered membrane that encases the encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Nuclear envelope

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

tight junctions

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

D

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes.

Can you label the structures of a plant cell?

A. Central vacuole; B. Cell wall; C. Chloroplast; D. Golgi apparatus; E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER); F. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER); G. Nucleus; H. Mitochondrion.

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

In plants, __________ are the cell junctions that allow the free exchange of small molecules that assist in communication. In animal cells, similar cell junctions are known as __________.

plasmodesmata ... gap junctions

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

Of the following organelles, which group is involved in manufacturing the substances needed by the cell?

ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell?

rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane

The cells that produce hair made of protein contain a lot of ________, while the cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of ________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____.

secrete a lot of material

Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of protein. About how many ribosomes would you expect there to be in a pancreatic cell?

several million

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Lysosomes are derived from __________ and function in __________.

the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum ... digestion of worn-out organelles

An immune system cell called the plasma cell produces thousands of antibodies (a type of protein) per second for release into the body. What type of intracellular structure would you expect to be very prominent within the cell?

the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area that is _____ and a volume that is _____. When this volume is broken into many smaller cells, that are 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm, the sum of the surface areas of the smaller cells is _____ than the surface area of the initial cell.

60,000 mm2 ... 1,000,000 mm3 ... larger

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures of an animal cell.

A. Cytoskeleton; B. Ribosomes; C. Nucleus; D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER); E. Cytosol; F. Golgi apparatus; G. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER); H. Mitochondrion; I. Plasma membrane.

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus

The round body that sits in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transporation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a ______.

Nucleolus

the ______ is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA.

Nucleus

Drag the correct description under each cell structure to identify the role it plays in the cell.

Nucleus - Stores the genetic information of the cell. Lysosome - Breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes. Mitochondrion - Converts chemical fuel ino packets of chemical energy that can power the cell. Ribosome - Works with mRNA to synthesize proteins. Smooth ER - Site of lipid synthesis.

_______ is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses.

RNA

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

One function of the central vacuole in plant cells is facilitating cell growth: the central vacuole absorbs water and increases in size, expanding the volume and size of the plant cell while doing so. Animal cells, however, do not grow by this method. What is an essential difference between animal and plant cells that could explain how a plant cell can withstand this expansion of the central vacuole?

The plant cell wall provides a more rigid structure.

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common?

They are constructed of interrelated membranes.

You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells

are plant cells.

Mitochondria are found in _____.

both plant cells and animal cells

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton.

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.

desmosomes

Which technique allowed scientists to figure out that all cells, and not just muscle cells, contained actin filaments?

electron microscopy

Drag the labels to the appropriate locations in this diagram. First drag pink labels to pink targets to label the two host cells. Then drag blue labels to blue targets to label the structures and endosymbionts of the two cells.

A. Oxygen-using prokaryote; B. Mitochondrion; C. Nucleus; D. Endoplasmic reticulum; E. Host cell: Ancestor of all eukariots; F. Photosynthetic prokaryote; G. Chloroplast; H. Host cell: Ancestor of photosybthetic eukaryotes.

Flagella and cilia are both composed of tubulin subunits. Despite this similarity, key differences exist between these two structures. For example, __________.

only cilia move as a coordinated team

Can you match the characteristics with the correct organelle? Sort each structure or function depending on whether it describes a chloroplast or a mitochondrion.

Chloroplast- Organelle of photosynthesis; Found only in plant cells and some algea; Converts solar energy to chemical energy; Produces O2 as a waste product; Contains thylakoids. Mitochondrion- Harvests chemical energy from food; Found in both animal cells and plants cells; Produces CO2 as a waste product; Organelle of cellular respiration.

_________ are tightly coild bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most livivng cells.

Chromosomes

__________ is the most prevalent glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix

Collagen

_______ is the self-replicating material in nearly all living organisms; it is the mail constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.

DNA

Part complete The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

Drag the correct label under each cell structure to identify whether it is found only in animal cells, only in plant cells, or in both types of cells. Labels can be used once or more than once.

Lysosome- Found in Animal cells but not most plant cells. Cell wall- Found in plant cells but not animal cells. Nucleus- Found in both plant and animal cells. Chloroplast- Found in plant cells but not animal cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- Found in both plant and animal cells.

A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a _____.

Nuclear pore

Digestive cells produce and secrete many enzymes that break down ingested food. These cells have a large number of ribosomes __________.

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

What changes would you expect to see in the liver cells of someone suffering from chronic alcoholism?

increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum activity

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are _____.

metabolically active

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

When elongated, tube-shaped cells from the lining of the intestine are treated with a certain chemical, the cells sag and become rounded. The internal structures disrupted by this chemical are probably __________.

microtubules

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by all of the following pieces of evidence except the fact that

mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus