General Biology Final
The probability of producing a normal child by two parents who are carriers for an autosomal recessive disorder is ____.
75
The human body is about ____ percent carbon by weight.
9.5
The category of organisms that get their energy and nutrients by feeding on the tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms is generally called ____.
consumers
An experimenter wanted to test the effects of cigarette smoking on rats. She infused the cages of 50 rats with cigarette smoke and the cages of another 50 rats with pure, clean air. The rats that received the clean air were the ____.
control group
The similar body shape and color of dolphins and sharks is an example of ____.
convergent evolution
Golden Rice is made more β-carotene rich with genes from bacteria and ____.
corn
Which is an example of a detritivore?
crab
The phase of the cell cycle during which cytoplasmic division occurs is _____.
cytokinesis
Fermentation reactions occur in the ____.
cytoplasm
Fermentation takes place in ___
cytoplasm
In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the _____.
cytoplasm
Ernst Mayr was responsible for...
describing the biological species concept
The conversion of grasslands or woodlands to desertlike conditions is called ____.
desertification
The process by which cells become specialized during development is called _____.
differentiation
Scientists perform ____ in order to ____ a given ____.
experiments; test; hypothesis
Helium, neon, and argon are _____.
extremely stable because they do not have any vacancies in their outer shells.
The three main categories of energy-producing foods are ____.
fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
Meiosis in a diploid organism typically produces _____.
four haploid cells
All vertebrate embryos have _____ at some point during embryonic development, indicating a common evolutionary ancestor.
four limb buds, a tail, and somites
Fossil fuels ____.
fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.
Cardiac muscle undergoes fast, synchronous contractions stimulated by ion flow. Which type of cellular junction is essential for achieving this action in cardiac muscle?
gap junctions
The movement of alleles among populations is called _____.
gene flow
Currently, the only possible cure for genetic disorders is ____.
gene therapy
Mitochondrial diseases ____.
genetic
Which of the following subdisciplines of biology focuses on understanding the entire genetic composition of organisms?
genomics
An individual's ____ determines its observable ____.
genotype; phenotype
In the scientific name, Pan paniscus, Pan represents the name of the ____, while paniscus represents the name of the ____.
genus and species
Which source of energy powers alcoholic fermentation?
glucose
Glucose monomers linked into a highly branched chain make up ____.
glycogen
A protein that is linked to a carbohydrate is known as a ____.
glycoprotein
The accumulating data from biogeography, comparative morphology, and fossil discoveries led early naturalists to propose that species ____.
had changed over time
A hypothetical "microbullet" shot through a phospholipid bilayer will pass the bilayer components in which order?
head → tail → tail → head
In cats, short hair L is dominant to long hair l and black hair B is dominant to brown hair b. If you found a black, short-haired cat, you could determine his genotype by crossing it to an animal with a genotype of ____.
llbb
What salt-tolerant woody plants have prop roots that help the plant stay upright in soft sediments?
mangrooves
Which molecule initiates translation after an egg is fertilized?
maternal mRNA
A series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down organic molecules is known as ___
metabolic pathways
The chemical reactions that cells use to acquire and use energy to live, grow, and reproduce are called ____.
metabolism
The development of the nervous system requires the migration and lengthening of neuronal cells. These events are driven by ____.
microfilaments
In the experiment with peacock butterflies, the working hypothesis is that ____.
mimicry protects butterflies from being eaten by predatory birds
In which cellular organelle does aerobic respiration conclude in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of ____.
molecular size
two or more atoms bonded together
molecule
Lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, and complex carbohydrates are all ____.
molecules
Which organic molecule is a carbohydrate monomer?
monosaccharide
As the polypeptide is elongating during translation, what is the ribosome doing?
moving along the mRNA transcript bonding amino acids to each other
The relationship between the yucca plant and the yucca moth that pollinates it is best described as ____.
mutalism
F. acidarmanus, a species of bacteria that lives in California copper mines, has adapted to its environment by altering the ____ at which its enzymes function.
pH
Pandas are an example of a(n) ____ species that is in danger of extinction because they are dependent on disappearing bamboo forests.
pandas
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, how do hydrogen ions get back into the stroma?
passive diffusion through ATP synthase
Which type of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein?
peptide
In order to verify a hypothesis, scientists ____.
perform experiments and/or make observations
The plasma membrane is composed mostly of ____.
phospholipids
A molecular analysis of plasma or nuclear membranes would reveal the presence of _____.
phospholipids and proteins
The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy occurs during ____.
photosynthesis
Error bars on a graph indicate ____.
places where the data is likely wrong
Which organisms are the most diverse forms of life?
plants
Which of the following molecules are often used as a cloning vector?
plasmids
The discovery of immense ridges and trenches stretching thousands of kilometers across the seafloor in the 1950's led to acceptance of the theory of ____.
plate tectonics
A gene that produces multiple effects is called a(n) ____.
pleiotropic gene
group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that live in a given area
population
The number of individuals that make up a population's gene pool is the ____.
population size
Although some bacteria have membranes around their DNA, we do not call these structures nuclei because they lack ____.
pores
In the thylakoid membrane, the hydrogen gradient is a form of ____ energy.
potential
The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the ____.
presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer
Ricin exerts its effects on a human cell by _____.
preventing protein synthesis
DNA polymerase begins DNA synthesis at the site of ____ hybridization.
primer
Short, single strands of nucleotides that serve as attachment points for DNA polymerase are called _____.
primers
A fragment of DNA or RNA labeled with a tracer that can hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of interest is referred to as a ____.
probe
The spindle apparatus appears during _____.
prophase
Most enzymes are composed of ____.
protein only
In the thylakoid membrane, photosynthetic pigments are held together by ____.
proteins
What are the simplest types of eukaryotes?
protists
Hydrogen ion flowout of the mitochondria ____.
provides energy to produce ATP molecules
In lactate fermentation, ____ is converted into lactate.
pyruvate
E. coli is an intestinal bacterium that reproduces every 20 minutes. E. coli is representative of a(n) ____ species.
r-selected
Which RNA acts as an enzyme?
rRNA
The method that indicates the age of a substance by measuring the relative content of a radioisotope and its daughter elements is called ____ dating.
radiometric
In the given figure, the amount of energy symbolized by the line "A" would be the ____.
reactant energy
A water-soluble hormone (signaling molecule) would most likely bind to which membrane protein?
receptor
A water-soluble hormone (signaling molecule) would most likely bind to which membrane protein?
receptor proteins
In cyanobacteria, light-dependent reactions are carried out by molecules in ____.
the thylakoid membrane
The fusion of egg and sperm cells results a(n) _____.
zygote
If the size of a cell doubles, what will be its surface area to volume ratio?
4:8
The spread of cancer cells from one site to others in the body is known as _____.
metastasis
Which is an organic molecule?
methane (CH4)
Which organelle functions in the recapture of energy from organic compounds?
mitochondria
Individuals, such as veterinarians, who work closely with farm animals treated with antibiotics tend to carry ____ as a result.
more antibiotic-resistant bacteria
The main problem for those with cystic fibrosis involves ____.
mucus sticking to dry surfaces
After the publication of On the Origin of Species, the idea of evolution was generally accepted. What part of Darwin's theory of evolution, however, was fiercely debated?
natural selection
Nucleotides are monomers of ____.
nucleic acids
Eukaryotic post-transcriptional modifications occur in the _____.
nucleus
An example of a biofilm is ____.
oral bacteria living on teeth
Which two atoms are found in all organic compounds?
oxygen and hydrogen
In a Punnett square, the letters on top of the square and on the side of the square represent ____.
parental gametes
Geneticists use ____ to study the genetics of families through generations.
pedigrees
The enzyme catalase functions in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, a toxic by-product of fatty acid digestion. In which cellular organelle is catalase found?
peroxisome
What is the process by which a producer uses light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water?
photosynthesis
Extracellular matrix is typically composed of ____.
polysaccharides and fibrous proteins
Although some bacteria have membranes around their DNA, we do not call these structures nuclei because they lack ____.
pores
A water-soluble hormone (signaling molecule) would most likely bind to which membrane protein?
receptor
An autosomal recessive disorder ____
requires that both parents are carriers
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis because _____.
sister chromatids are separated in meiosis II and mitosis
A solution is a uniform mixture in which a ____ is dissolved completely in a ____.
solute; solvent
Which important discovery in the early 1900s enhanced food production, thus increasing human population growth?
synthetic fertilizer
Which of the following carries amino acids to ribosomes?
tRNA
In geological terms, a sudden, violent application of extreme pressure can be detected by the presence of ____.
tektite
Each DNA strand serves as a _____during DNA synthesis.
template
Energy is defined as ____.
the capacity to do work
The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of ____.
the nuclear envelope
The net direction that an ion or molecule moves is ____.
the result of concentration differences
The net direction that an ion or molecule moves is ____.
the result of concentration differences
An enzyme's specificity is based on ____.
the shape of its active site
In the Olestra potato chip experiment, the report published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in January 1998 indicated that ____.
there was no evidence that Olestra caused cramping
n a chemical reaction, if the reactants have more energy than the products, ____.
there will be a net release of energy
Which process is responsible for the conversion of DNA information into messenger RNA?
transcription
Proteins that regulate gene expression by directly binding to the DNA are known as _____.
transcription factors
The cell plate in dividing plant cells is composed of _____.
vesicles with wall-building materials
Six fingers on one hand would be classified as a(n) ____.
genetic abnormality
Cells store energy in the form of ____.
glucose
The time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioisotope sample to decay is called the ____.
half-life
unsaturated fats
have at least one double bond in their fatty acid tail
If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will ____.
have the same phenotype as the RR parents
The breakdown of large molecules by enzymes and the addition of water is known as a ____ reaction.
hydrolysis
Wilting of a plant occurs ____.
if the plant is placed in a hypertonic solution
A pleiotropic gene ____.
influences multiple traits
Biotic potential ____.
is a theoretical value based on conditions of unlimited resources
What characterizes a biome?
its climate and main type of vegetation
Genetic recombination as a result of crossing over occurs more readily between genes that are ____.
located far apart on the same chromosome
Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by ____.
lowering the activation energy
The type of RNA that carries protein-building information is called _____.
messenger RNA
The cowbird chick with its foster parent exemplifies an example of ____.
brood parasitism
Approximately ____ percent of a person's 3 billion nucleotides are unique to that individual.
1
A solution at a pH of 10 contains how many times more hydrogen ions than a solution at a pH of 7?
1,000
For six molecules of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reaction, how many molecules of PGA are produced?
12
For six molecules of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reaction, how many molecules of PGA are produced? 12
12
The toxicity of ricin has been known since ____.
1888
How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
2
The yield of ATP per glucose molecule in fermentation is ____.
2
To break down a glucose molecule completely, how many "turns" of the Krebs cycle are required?
2
The net result of glycolysis is ____.
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates
The current rate of extinction in rain forests is about ____ species every minute.
20
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. If a couple, each of whom is heterozygous for the CFTR mutation, have children, what is the probability that they will have a child with cystic fibrosis?
25 percent
A chicken somatic cell carries 78 chromosomes. A chicken sperm cell will contain how many chromosomes?
39
How many chromosomes are present in human somatic cells?
46
How many carbon dioxide molecules does it take to synthesize one molecule of glucose?
6
How much energy released from glucose in aerobic respiration is dispersed as metabolic heat?
60 percent
The variable(s) in the 2005 peacock butterfly experiment is(are) the ____.
butterfly wings pattern color and sounds emitted
Why does the efficiency of sugar production decrease when stomata are closed in C3 plants?
Accumulated oxygen outcompetes carbon dioxide for rubisco's active site.
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism that contains genes from other species
Which statement describes bacteria?
Bacteria outnumber human cells in our bodies
Which statement describes bacteria?
Bacteria outnumber human cells in our bodies.
All known species belong to one of three domains. What are these domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which observation led Darwin to propose that the glyptodont is related to the armadillo?
Both species have helmets, bony shells, and unusual bony plates.
When the stomata are closed, ____.
CO2 levels decline
Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide by which type of reaction?
condensation
During S phase, _____.
DNA is replicated
In order to visualize the DNA for a karyotype, _____.
DNA is stained to visualize the DNA
Why are fats a better source of energy than carbohydrates on a per carbon basis?
Fats require more reactions with oxygen to completely break down.
____ raises miscarriage risks by 2-10 percent and is rarely performed.
Fetoscopy
____ is the degree of adaptation to a specific environment.
Fitness
____ are cellular structures that act like propellers to move a cell through fluid environments.
Flagella
In 1610, which scientist was imprisoned for publishing evidence that the Earth orbits the sun?
Galileo
Consider a glucose molecule that is completely oxidized during the process of cellular respiration. What is the correct sequence in the series of reactions?
I >>> III >>> II
Consider Calvin-Benson cycle. What is the correct sequence in the series of reactions?
I → III → II
Which of the following characteristics are shared by all living organisms I. hereditary information is passed to offspring II. adaptation to environmental change III. requirement for nutrients IV. DNA housed in a nucleus
I, II, and III
Which of the following is the proper sequence for mitosis? I. metaphase II. telophase III. prophase IV. anaphase
III, I, IV, II
The countries of ____ and ____ have the world's highest human populations.
India and china
How do exposed layers of sedimentary rock in the Grand Canyon reveal clues about the geologic time scale?
The chemical composition of each layer indicates the conditions on Earth when the layer was deposited.
Hydrophobic interactions of phospholipid tails make the ____ conformation of cell membranes possible.
lipid bilayer
What does it mean that the genetic code is "highly conserved"?
It is almost universal and has not changed in millions of years.
Once the amino acid on the second tRNA bonds with the amino acid of the first tRNA, what happens to that first tRNA?
It leaves the ribosome and may pick up another amino acid.
What happens to a molecule when it is phosphorylated?
It loses energy.
The products of Krebs cycle are ____.
NADH and FADH2
Which of the following occurs in prophase?
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Water forms when ____ combine(s) with hydrogen.
O2
Which of the following is not produced by the Krebs cycle?
PGAL
The supercontinent that once contained all of Earth's landmasses is known as _____.
Pangea
Glycogen is stored in ____.
liver and muscles tissue
A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for a protein or _____ product.
RNA
Which enzyme unwinds the DNA during transcription?
RNA polymerase
Which of the following adds RNA nucleotides, one at a time, during transcription?
RNA polymerase
Which five-carbon molecule is the starting compound of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
RuBP
Why does wood keep burning once it is lit?
The activation of the energy drives the reaction forward
If a single-celled freshwater organism is transferred to saltwater, which of the following is likely to happen?
The cell will shrink.
Red blood cells contain 2 percent salt. What will happen when the cell is placed in a 10 percent salt solution?
The cell will shrink.
Why doesn't the gasoline in your car spontaneously ignite into flames? (The reaction of gasoline with oxygen is called a combustion reaction and is the reaction that is used to power your car.)
The gasoline in your car alone cannot overcome the activation energy.
A uniform mixture is called a ____.
solution
A uniform mixture is called a ____.
solution
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what is the ultimate fate of the electrons released from photosystem absorption of light energy?
They are combined with NADP+ and hydrogen ions to form NADPH.
In aerobic respiration, what is the ultimate fate of the electrons released from the breakdown of glucose?
They are combined with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water.
Butterflies are diploid organisms. In these animals, the sex of an individual is determined by Z and W chromosomes. Use this information to answer the following question. Which chromosomes are carried by a normal male butterfly?
WW
Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA?
X-ray crystallography
How does X-ray crystallography provide details about molecular structure?
X-rays are scattered by atoms in a specific pattern, from which molecular size, shape, and spacing of repeating elements can be calculated.
Which of the following is/are essential for formation of the cleavage furrow during cytoplasmic division in animal cells?
a contractile ring and ATP molecules
Face length in dogs is controlled by ____.
a dozen alleles
Cellulose is ____.
a material found in plant cell walls
Sucrose is composed of ____.
a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose
Which of the following represents an activity within a population?
a peacock spreading and shaking his feathers to attract a female
What was the first mammal cloned from an adult-differentiated cell?
a sheep
Which component is NOT found in a chloroplast?
a single outer membrane
Which is a characteristic of malignant cells?
abnormal plasma membrane and cytoplasm; abnormal cell division
A plant pathologist, a scientist who studies plant diseases, examines a tree that has burnt leaves, is mineral deficient, and has several diseases. The plant pathologist concludes the tree's symptoms are most likely the direct result of ____.
acid rain
Movement of substances that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is called ____.
active transport
Which nucleotide is added to the end of a completed messenger RNA transcript?
adenine
Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called ___
aerobic respiration
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA?
breaks in the DNA molecule
Fats will dissolve in ethanol. Ethanol is an example of a ____.
solvent
Various forms of the same gene are called ____.
alleles
In animal skeletal muscles, ____ dominate(s) under most circumstances.
anaerobic respiration
What organism is defined as a multicelled organism that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life?
animal
Division of the cytoplasm in animal cells begins _____.
as a cleavage furrow is created by microfilaments in the cell's midsection
Scientists have determined that this crater was created by a(n) ____.
asteroid
In eukaryotes, the electron transfer chain of aerobic respiration is located ____.
at the inner membrane of mitochondria
fundamental building block of all matter
atom
Sequencing the human genome was possible with the use of ____ sequencing methods.
automated
Which organisms are single-celled and lack a nucleus?
bacteria and archaea
The proportion of white muscle fibers that sustain anaerobic to red muscle fibers that sustain aerobic activity in sprinters is likely to ____.
be higher than in marathon runners
The genetic diversity within a species of a given region is called the ____.
biodiversity
What name is given to the scientific study of life?
biology
What name is given to the scientific study of life?
biology
all regions of Earth where organisms live
biosphere
A somatic cell is defined as a(n) _____.
body cell
Today, almost all cheese is made with ____ chymosin produced by transgenic____.
calf;yeast
Energy ____.
cannot be created or destroyed
Which substance is hydrophobic?
canola oil
The Calvin-Benson cycle is a cyclical pathway of reactions that use ___
carbon to produce sugar
The Calvin-Benson cycle is a cyclical pathway of reactions that use ____.
carbon to produce sugar
The maximum number of individuals of a species that a given environment can sustain indefinitely defines ____.
carry capacity
The emergent property of "life" appears at the level of the ____, when many molecules become organized.
cell
Which of the following is a basic component of all of the others?
cell
smallest unit of life
cell
Humans do not contain the enzymes to break down ____.
cellulose
The connection point of two sister chromatids is called the _____.
centromere
Photosynthesis converts the energy of light into ____.
chemical bond energy
Which photosynthetic pigment is most efficient at absorbing near-infrared light?
chlorophyll f
In which cellular organelle does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
The Calvin-Benson cycle takes place in ____.
chloroplasts
Long term, heavy drinking can lead to ____, a disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of the liver.
cirrhosis
NAD+ is considered a(n) ____.
coenzyme
Surface tension is an example of ____.
cohesion
Which property of water molecules is responsible for movement of water from roots to leaves in a plant?
cohesion
____ is the tendency of water molecules to stay attached to one another.
cohesion
the property that allows certain insects to walk on water
cohesion
all populations of all species in a given area
community
____ is the study of body plans and structures.
comparative morphology
The interaction between two species in which both species may be harmed is known as ____.
competition
A near-uniform population distribution is the result of ____.
competition for resources
Which of the following is the correct order of taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive?
domain; kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species
Before a cell divides, it must ____ its genetic information.
duplicate
Which term refers to the renewal of a natural ecosystem that has been degraded?
ecological restoration
An array of organisms together with their physical environment is referred to as a(n) ____.
ecosystem
a community interacting with its environment
ecosystem
Since viruses are typically 20-200 nm in diameter, the ____ microscope is best for viewing them.
electron
The negative subatomic particle is the ____.
electron
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, NADP+ gets its electrons to become NADPH from ____.
electron transfer chains
When chlorophyll absorbs light energy, ____.
electrons jump to a higher energy level
The process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid and its contents by the ballooning inward of the plasma membrane is the definition of ____.
endocytosis
What powers the ATP synthase enzyme at the end of aerobic respiration?
energy from the flow of hydrogen ions
What powers the ATP synthase enzyme in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
energy from the flow of hydrogen ions
Heritable changes in gene expression not due to changes in DNA sequences are known as _____.
epigenetics
In alcoholic fermentation, the final product is ____.
ethanol
Individuals with adaptive traits tend to survive longer and produce more offspring, leading to ___ of the species.
evolution
Plasmodesmata are most similar to ____.
gap junctions in animal cells
Trakr, the Ground Zero hero dog, was cloned in the hope that _____.
his clones would be just as good search and rescue dogs as he was
On a very hot summer day and a few months later on a very cold winter day, you go outside and take your temperature. Each time your body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius. This example illustrates ____.
homeostasis
In meiosis, _____ are separated during anaphase I, and _____ are separated during anaphase II.
homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
Type I survivorship curves are typical of ____.
horses and chimpanzees
A(n) ____ is an offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a given trait.
hybrid
What is the spontaneous process by which the base pairing occurs between two strands of DNA?
hybridization
Which type of bonding allows the long, straight chains of cellulose to lock together tightly?
hydrogen
the bond that gives water special properties
hydrogen
ATP is formed when ____ the inner mitochondrial membrane.
hydrogen ions enter
ATP is formed when ____ the thylakoid compartment.
hydrogen ions leave
Which type of bonds hold the two chains of DNA together in a DNA molecule?
hydrogen
Which of the following words describes a tentative explanation to a given question?
hypothesis
In what phase of the cell cycle does a typical cell spend most of its life?
interphase
When viewing a cell culture under a microscope, most cells would be in which phase of cell cycle?
interphase
A(n) ____ is a type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction forms between ions of opposite charge.
ionic bond
A control group ____.
is an untreated group of individuals or subjects
Glucose dissolves in water because it ____.
is polar and forms many hydrogen bonds with water molecules
When a protein denatures, it ____.
it changes shape
A result is statistically significant if ____.
it is unlikely to have occurred by chance
Acetyl-CoA accumulation in liver cells triggers____.
ketogenesis
Cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk are produced by bacteria that form ____.
lactate
Mutations that result in the death of the individual are known as ____.
lethal
The purpose of a photosystem is to convert ____.
light energy into chemical energy
Carbon 14 radioisotopes decay into stable ____.nitrogen 15 isotopes carbon atoms
nitrogen atoms
14C is a radioisotope of carbon that decays into ____.
nitrogen
In ____ bonds, atoms share electrons equally.
nonpolar covalent
Due to the molecular interactions between lipids and polar molecules, _____.
nonpolar lipids will not interact with water
The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of ____.
nuclear envelope
In eukaryotes, DNA is transcribed in the _____.
nucleus
Body cells of human males contain _____.
one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
A triglyceride molecule is made up of ____.
one glycerol and three fatty acids
Chlorophyll a molecules absorb ____ light.
orange, purple, and red
Glycolysis converts glucose into ____.
organic compounds
individual that consists of one or more cells
organism
An ecosystem is made up of ____.
organisms and nonliving things
How do red imported fire ants threaten the Texas horned lizard?
outcompeting harvest ants
An imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants causes ____.
oxidative stress
During aerobic respiration, the electron acceptor at the end of the electron transfer chain is ____.
oxygen
Most of the colors we see around us result from ____.
reflected light
The size of a cell is limited by the ____.
relationship between the volume of the cell and its surface area
Hydrophobic molecules are ____ water.
repelled by
The final step in the scientific method for a scientist is ____.
reporting his or her results
The discovery of ____ allowed researchers to cut chromosomes into manageable-sized DNA fragments.
restriction enzymes
What is an anticodon?
rhe region of the tRNA that base-pairs with the mRNA
Which cellular component is considered an organelle?
ribosome
Because the smooth ER does not contain ____, it cannot produce proteins.
ribosomes
The carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin-Benson cycle of photosynthesis is ____.
ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Resource consumption tends to ____ with economic and industrial development.
rise
Which organelle is correctly matched with its function?
rough ER: synthesis of plasma membrane proteins
The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide into the Calvin-Benson cycle is ____.
rubisco
Which microscope visualizes specimens coated with a thin layer of metal?
scanning electron microscope
DNA replication is a ____ process.
semi-conservative
Water molecules are attracted to one another because the ____.
slightly positive charge of the hydrogen atom from one molecule of water attracts the slightly negative charge of the oxygen atom from another molecule
The ____ is responsible for making the lipids that form the cell's membranes.
smooth ER
A Barr body exists for the purpose of _____.
gene dosage compensation
Meiosis produces _____.
sperm and egg cells
Plants store their excess carbohydrates in the form of ____.
starch
In chloroplasts, the Calvin-Benson cycle occurs in ____.
stroma
Light-independent reactions occur in the ____.
stroma
A basement membrane ____.
supports and organizes animal tissues
Nuclear envelopes reform during _____.
telophase
Homeostasis is ____.
the ability to sense and respond to change
The fact that the earth does not go up in flames in spite of the richness of oxygen in our environment is related to which of the following concepts?
the activation energy needed to break bonds
A solute passively diffuses through a transport protein out of the cell, therefore, ____.
the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside
Living organisms are members of all of the following levels. However, soil is a component of ___.
the ecosystem
Amniocentesis involves sampling ____.
the fetal cells floating in the amniotic fluid
The Old Order Amish in Lancaster County is descended from one man and woman and has an unusually high frequency of a recessive allele that causes Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. This is an example of ____.
the founder affect
The genomes of closely related species are more similar than distantly related species because _____.
the more time since the species diverged, the more neutral DNA mutations will accumulate
The dynamics of an ecosystem depends on two main processes, which are ____.
the unidirectional flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients.
Evolution has been tested in various ways. Genetic, fossil, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies all confirm that evolution is the mechanism of the origin of species. Thus, in science evolution is considered a scientific ____.
theory
For glycolysis to occur, ____.
there must be an input of energy from ATP
Sticky ends are so named because ____.
they are single-stranded and will base pair with complementary sequences
How did the experimental group differ from the control group in the 2005 peacock butterfly experiment?
they were spotless and soundless
A typical fat molecule has ____ fatty acid tails.
three
A typical fat molecule has ____ fatty acid tails.
three
The membrane that forms a compartment inside the stroma is the ____.
thylakoid
In which of the following do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
thylakoid membranes
Peptic ulcers are caused by damage to the wall of the stomach by the acids that help digest food. This can be caused by the failure of ____.
tight junctions
Which factor influences radioactive decay?
time
What is the role of oxygen gas in aerobic respiration?
to accept electrons from electron transport
Most homeotic genes encode _____; therefore, the protein products of these master genes are found in the _____.
transcription factors; nucleus
Amino acids are carried to ribosomes by____ RNA.
transfer
Which biome is generally found between the polar ice cap and boreal forests?
tundra
The majority of DNA in a cell that has undergone differentiation is _____.
turned off
In codominance, ____.
two alleles may be equally expressed
The main source of trans fats in the American diet has been ____.
vegetable oils
The electrons that are passed to NADP+ at the end of the electron transfer chain were obtained from ____.
water
The purpose of closing stomata in plants is to prevent ____.
water from escaping
The distance between the crests of two successive waves of light is known as the ____.
wavelength
Diffusion of water from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane ____.
will occur until both solutions are isotonic
Lyell's ideas that gradual, everyday geologic processes had shaped Earth challenged the prevailing estimate of Earth's age at ____, because ____.
6,000 years old; such slow geologic processes would take millions of years to sculpt Earth's surface
GMO crops such as ____ help farmers use smaller amounts of toxic pesticides because these crops are pest resistant.
Bt corn and soy
The mutated gene that causes cystic fibrosis is ____.
CFTR
____ is one of the substances that maintains our blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
Carbonic acid
Which enzyme links nucleotides into a new stand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
A protein is synthesized on a ribosome within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. If the protein needs to be modified and packaged before export from the cell, to which structure is it sent?
Golgi body
The organelle that pinches off portions of its membrane to form a vesicle used for storage or transport is the ____.
Golgi body
Which organelle primarily functions in packaging cellular secretions for export from the cell?
Golgi body
According to ____, environmental pressures caused changes in body parts, which were directed by ____ and passed onto offspring.
Lamarck; fluida
____ are involved in the transfer of genetic information from one bacterial cell to another.
Pili
Which of the following adds RNA nucleotides, one at a time, during transcription?
RNA polymerase
____ occurs when a change in chromosome number takes place in a single generation.
Sympatric speciation
Why are adhering junctions common in tissues subject to constant abrasion or stretching, such as skin?
The cells in these tissues require strong cell-to-cell junctions to hold them together.
Which of the following is an example of an energy-requiring reaction?
The combustion of the gas in your car to move it forward.
A metabolic reaction will most likely reverse itself when the ____.
The energy from the electron movement is used to break down ATP.
The phospholipids of plasma membranes contain _____.
a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
Sucrose is composed of ____.
a molecule of fructose and a molecule of galactose
What is a SNP?
a variation in a single nucleotide of a DNA sequence
According to cell theory, ____.
all cells come from preexisting cells
In science, a theory is defined as ____.
an explanation that is well documented and consistent with the evidence
Sister chromatids separate during _____ of mitosis and _____ of meiosis.
anaphase; anaphase II
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by ____.
animals
Members of which group(s) can be single-celled producers?
bacteria and protists
Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach. Its optimum pH would be ____.
between 1 and 2
Vesicles from the Golgi body that will become lysosomes contain enzymes for ____.
breaking down cellular debris
What category of compounds helps our body fluids to stay within a consistent pH range?
buffers
Traditionally, chymosin used in the food industry to make cheese was extracted from ____.
calf stomachs
If a virus-injected gene interrupts a growth control gene, ____ could result.
cancer
Mutations in genes that control _____ are likely to cause cancer.
cell cycle checkpoints
Which two cellular components are enclosed by a membrane?
chloroplasts and microtubules
Plasmids are ____.
circular DNA found in the cytoplasm
The plasma membrane _____.
controls the contents of the cell
Cell shape is reinforced by ____.
cytoskeletal filaments
In a pedigree chart, a male who demonstrates the trait being studied is represented by a ____.
darkened square
One of Chargaff's rules is _____
different organisms have different proportions of adenine and guanine
One of Chargaff's rules is _____.
different organisms have different proportions of adenine and guanine
In animal cells, ____ is/are usually a one-way path.
differentiation
Cells with two of each kind of chromosome are _____.
diploid
Most genetically modified crops carry genes for ____.
disease and pest resistance
The endomembrane system is composed of ____.
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisomes
Transporting a solute against its concentration gradient requires ____.
energy
The switching between asexual and sexual reproduction by water fleas is controlled by ____.
environmental effects
Heritable changes in gene expression not due to changes in DNA sequences are known as _____
epigenetics
Which radical idea did Cuvier propose based on his studies of Earth's history?
extinction of species