General Psych

Studies show gender differences in the

hippocampus amygdala volume of gray matter versus white matter in the brain

The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete _____.

hormones

The nucleus helps monitor the brain's release of melatonin, which affects our rhythm.

suprachiasmatic; circadian

Which of the following refers to an individual whose assigned sex at birth does not correspond with their gender identity?

transgender

Which of the following is associated with desynchronization, particularly for women?

breast cancer

Teenagers work at refining and integrating a sense of self. In Erikson's terms, adolescence is defined by a search for:

identity

Josie intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the adjacent empty seat next to her. Her inability to notice the bird can be explained by:

inattentional blindness

Which gland is commonly referred to as the "master gland"?

pituitary

Genes provide the code for the production of:

proteins

Parents of newborn babies often complain about being chronically tired, because their infants' crying, feeding, and diaper changes interrupt their sleep nightly. After many nights, they develop what is known as:

sleep debt.

Dr. Granite studies _____ of consciousness, such as normal waking awareness, meditation, and dreaming.

states

Cognitive experience in REM

story like dreams

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?Select all of the factors that could be related to your participants' happiness levels and thus interfere with your study's interpretation of results:

-Marital status -Age -Socioeconomic status

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? We will start by choosing a good research DESIGN. From the following options, select the best design for studying whether people are left-brained or right-brained.

Experimental design

Karen is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called _____.

adolescence

Manipulation of the experiment means that:

all variables are controlled for, except the one being tested.

One user describes the effect of the drug as the equivalent of:

an hour long orgasm.

Define motor neurons

carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

It is now six weeks since Jennifer conceived. At this point, the human organism she is carrying is called a(n) _____; at the third month it will be called a(n) _____.

embryo; fetus

Bright light affects our feelings of sleepiness by increasing or decreasing the production of a hormone called

melatonin

Information from the peripheral system is carried to the central neural cables called

nerves

If different researchers get consistent results from testing a hypothesis, the results are said to be:

reliable

Based on the textbook's introductory discussion of adolescence, the teen years are LEAST likely to be described as a period of:

stability

Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by:

an electroencephalogram (EEG)

Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by:

antisocial and aggressive behavior.

As scientists, psychologists

are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research

The threadlike structures that contain genes are called:

chromosomes.

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?

Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as .

REM rebound

The average cost of caring for a victim of Alzheimer's disease, from first diagnosis to death, is:

$174 thousand

What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and (2) the idea of stability in personality across the life span?

1.) Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development) Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development). 2.) some traits, such as temperament, exhibit remarkable stability across many years

Alzheimer's disease was first identified as a real disease in:

1907

What is the place of consciousness in psychology's history?

After initially claiming consciousness as their area of study in the 19th century, psychologists abandoned it in the first half of the 20th century, turning instead to the study of observable behavior because they believed consciousness was too difficult to study scientifically.

Select from the following options the best way to measure whether sleep deprivation affects learning and memory. Which of these measurement options do you think would work best?

Have participants learn nonsense syllables and then try to recall them.

The brain emits large, slow delta waves during sleep.

N3

In 1879, in psychology's first experiment, _______ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key.

Wilhelm Wundt

An in-depth observation of a small sample or single individual is an example of which research method?

a case study

From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were ______ and ______ psychology.

behaviorism; Freudian

Define Interneurons

communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages

This study was designed to examine the impact of a(n) __________ task on a(n) __________ task.

conscious; unconscious

This variable is the outcome factor that may change in response to manipulations of the experimental treatment

dependent

Philip is worried that he will become addicted to the depressant he has been taking to relieve his pain and anxiety. He is MOST likely taking a(n) _____.

opiate

Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to their field of study as _____ _______.

positive psychology

When a baby's cheek is touched, he or she will turn toward the touch, and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple, this is known as the _____ reflex.

rooting

Change blindness, inattentional blindness, and cocktail party effect all illustrate _____ attention.

selective

Which area is NOT a part of the limbic system

thalamus

Dr. Sauer is a neurosurgeon who works with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What part of the brain might Dr. Sauer sever to help reduce his patients' seizures?

the corpus callosum

We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of _________ processing. When we devote deliberate attention to stimuli, we use ______processing.

unconscious, conscious

This psychologist proposed that children learn by internalizing their culture's language and relying on internal speech.

vygotsky

From the following options, select all of the factors that could affect your confidence about whether sleep deprivation affects academic performance (based on the ability to learn and remember nonsense syllables)

-An unusually high natural ability to learn and remember information -Damage to memory centers in the brain -Dishonesty about whether participants followed instructions for how long to sleep

The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age 12, and it is known as _____.

menarche

Emily has epilepsy. Based on the textbook's discussion of neurotransmitters, Emily should avoid foods made with:

monosodium glutamate.

Which chemical messenger is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

norepinephrine

It is common wisdom that if a person does not have the use of one sense, such as vision or hearing, the other senses become more enhanced. This BEST illustrates:

plasticity

Humans share an irresistible urge to

organize our world into simple categories

In the past 20 years, about how many presidents of the Association for Psychological Science have been women?

50%

Approximately _____ percent of infants are securely attached to a parent.

60

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? Why did you choose NOT to use an experimental design?

It is not possible to assign people to have high or low genetic similarity.

Ari has been asked to give a brief lecture on neurons and action potential to a group of high school students. Which model would he use to describe the chemistry-to-electricity process of the action potential?

It is similar to the way batteries generate electricity.

How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

It recaptured the field's early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific study.

Who performed trail-blazing split-brain studies. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Michael Gazzaniga

Curare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movements. Morphine mimics endorphin actions. Which is an agonist, and which is an antagonist?

Morphine is an agonist; curare is an antagonist

Gabe's roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, Gabe needs to awaken his roommate so they both can get to a party on time. His roommate is sleep talking about his girlfriend's cat. When Gabe begins laughing, his roommate wakes up. His roommate was MOST likely in _____ sleep.

NREM-2

What happens in the synaptic gap?

Neurons send neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) across this tiny space between one neuron's terminal branch and the next neuron's dendrite or cell body.

If Professor Thomas electrically stimulates the ______________ in a sleeping animal, the animal will immediately wake up and be alert

Reticular formation

How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the back?

Stronger stimuli (the slap) cause more neurons to fire more frequently than happens with weaker stimuli (the tap)

Which part of the cerebral cortex deals with abstract thinking, planning, executive control, and judgment—the qualities that make us most human?

The frontal lobe

Given what you know about neural networks, what would you expect to happen when young children take ballet lessons several times a week?

The neurons involved in complex ballet moves will connect with each other to form networks.

Cognitive experience in N1

fleeting images

Dr. Paul studies states of consciousness that are physiologically induced, such as:

hallucinations.

Inattentional blindness is a product of our ________ attention.

selective

Santiago Ramón y Cajal referred to _____ gaps as "protoplasmic kisses."

synaptic

Jose is trying to quit smoking. A withdrawal symptom that he would NOT experience is:

weight loss.

The idea that most of us "only use 10 percent of our brain" is perhaps the greatest "neuromyth." (This myth is often declared by those selling a strategy or product that will supposedly help us use the other 90 percent.) How did this myth arise?

In humans, the brain's vast "association areas" sometimes produce little obvious response when electrically probed. This relative "silence" contributed to the false idea that most of our brain cells are unused.

Of the following options, which one represents the best participants for your study? For the sleep study

a group of students with healthy sleep patterns

Martha's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in Down syndrome. This is an example of:

a mutation.

Dr. Schrody studies states of consciousness that occur spontaneously, such as:

daydreaming.

In his own life, Steven Pinker has made a conscious decision NOT to

have children

Sue has Parkinson's disease. She takes medication that _____ the level of _____

increases; dopamine

One in 10 adults complains of this sleep disorder, which is characterized by nightly problems falling or staying asleep.

insomnia

When a woman stops ovulating and becomes incapable of reproduction, she experiences:

menopause.

With respect to the endocrine system, sugar is to calcium as _____ is to _____.

pancreas; parathyroid

Why would a psychological say "The rat is always right"?

"The rat is always right" is a way of saying that if animals' (or people's) behavior doesn't meet our expectations, then it's our ideas that need to change.

Tammy enjoys a glass of wine with dinner. After the meal, she has a cigarette with a cup of coffee. How many psychoactive drugs did Tammy consume?

3

What five theories propose explanations for why we dream?

1.) Freud's wish fulfillment (dreams as a psychic safety valve.) 2.) information processing 3.) physiological function 4.) activation-synthesis 5.) cognitive development

If a person gently wakes someone who is in the REM stage of sleep, there is about a(n) _____ percent chance the person will report being in the middle of a dream.

80

If someone gently wakes another who is in the REM stage of sleep, there is about a(n) _____ percent chance the person will report being in the middle of a dream.

80

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?Select the measurement option below that you think would work best.

Ask your participants this question: "Taking all things together, would you say you are very happy, quite happy, not very happy, or not at all happy?"

How do each of these four parenting styles tend to correlate with children's traits?

Authoritarian parents tend to have less socially skilled children. Permissive parents tend to have aggressive and less-controlled (immature) children. Negligent parents tend to have underachieving children. Authoritative parents tend to have self-reliant, socially competent children with high self-esteem.

Becky has volunteered to participate in a psychology experiment. When she arrives, a lab assistant standing on the other side of a counter greets her. He explains the informed consent procedure and asks her to sign a form. As the lab assistant reaches for the form he drops it behind the counter. He drops down behind the counter to pick it up, but another person stands up holding the form. After Becky signs it, she is asked if she noticed any difference. She replies that she did not. This phenomenon is known as:

Change blindness

How would you separate the four parenting styles into "too hard," "too soft," "too uncaring," and "just right" categories, and what allows you to make these judgments?

Consideration of children's outcomes allows us to suggest that authoritarian parents may be considered "too hard," permissive parents "too soft," negligent parents "too uncaring," and authoritative parents "just right."

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier? We will start by choosing the best research DESIGN. Select the design your study should use to find out if having children relates to higher happiness levels.

Correlation design

How does critical thinking feed a scientific attitude, and smarter thinking for everyday life?

Critical thinking puts ideas to the test by examining assumptions, appraising the source, discerning hidden biases, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? Of the following options, which one represents the best participants for your study? A. A group of siblings who are identical twins B. A group of siblings who are fraternal twins C. A group of siblings who are identical twins and are extremely talkative, and another group of siblings who are identical twins and are extremely withdrawn D. A group of siblings who are identical twins and another group of siblings who are fraternal twins

D

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?Why was it good to account for confounding variables in your study?

It gave you more information about the relationship between having children and happiness.

Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings very difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would one give him to help with his Monday morning problem? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Jasper should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week.

Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

People's self-reports varied, depending on the experience and the person's intelligence and verbal ability

Which structure is the conductor, or "master gland," of the hormone-producing system?

pituitary gland

What is contemporary psychology's position on the nature-nurture debate?

Psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature and nature, rather than from either of them acting alone.

How is psychology a science?

Psychology's findings, based on an empirical approach, are the result of careful observation and testing. Sifting sense from nonsense requires a scientific attitude.

What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages?

REM (R), NREM-1 (N1), NREM-2 (N2), NREM-3 (N3); normally we move through N1, then N3, then back up through N2 before we experience REM sleep.

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

Responding to signals from the hypothalamus, the pituitary releases hormones that trigger other endocrine glands to secrete hormones, which in turn influence brain and behavior

Natalia, a 25-year-old accountant, often goes out for drinks with co-workers after work to relax. Which of the following is a potential warning sign of alcohol use disorder?

She sometimes drinks to alleviate anxiety and depression.

Dr. Reid, a neuropsychologist, works with postsurgical patients who have had their corpus callosum surgically severed to reduce severe seizures. When she presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to his left visual field and "TED" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he saw. What does this patient say?

TED

Cleve intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the empty seat next to him. His inability to notice the bird can be explained by inattentional:

blindness.

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her:

cerebellum.

Define sensory neurons

carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS

When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Place these three structures in the correct order.

dendrites, cell body, axon

In comparison to the less experienced pilot, the veteran finds that

describing what he is doing is more disruptive to his performance

The study of continuity and change over the life span is the subject of the field of _____ psychology.

developmental

Clay is hiding under his blanket so that he is invisible. He believes that if he cannot see his parents they cannot see him. Clay is demonstrating:

egocentrism.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? Based on the results of your study, is the following statement true or false: "Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins score more similarly on measures of extraversion and agreeableness."

false

A highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have:

larger parietal lobes.

The _____ lobes are located on the top and rear of the brain.

parietal

Petra is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are _____ and _____

serotonin; norepinephrine

The school of ___________ used introspection to define the mind's makeup; __________ focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

structuralism; functionalism

How has activation-synthesis been used to explain why we dream?

the activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams are the brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity

This brain structure helps coordinate movement and enables nonverbal learning.

the cerebellum

Gabe's roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, Gabe needs to awaken him so they both can get to a party on time. His roommate is sleep talking about his girlfriend's cat. When Gabe begins laughing, his roommate wakes up. He was in NREM-_____ sleep.

2

Only a small proportion, about _____ percent, of U.S. teens wish they were someone else.

20

Hormones are secreted into the blood by the _____ system.

Endocrine

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? Why did you present information to both the left and right field of vision?

Information presented to one visual field would test processing only in the opposite brain hemisphere (left field of vision→ right brain hemisphere, right field of vision→ left brain hemisphere).

Yun Hee lives in New York and is concerned about her daughter, who will be a year old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?

No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.

What is the effect of repeated drug use on the brain?

The brain tends to adapt to repeated drug exposure, requiring greater doses to produce the same effect—a phenomenon called tolerance.

What were some important milestones in psychology's early development

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Germany. Two early schools of thought in psychology were structuralism and functionalism. Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn were two of the first women in the field.

Dr. Cole's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Cole is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

The endocrine system consists of

glands

Substances that produce changes in perception, emotion, thinking, or behavior are called _____ drugs.

psychoactive

A well-rested person would be more likely to have (trouble concentrating/quick reaction times) and a sleep-deprived person would be more likely to (gain weight/fight off a cold).

quick reaction times, gain weight

The _____ is to sensory input as an old-fashioned switchboard is to telephone calls.

thalamus

According to ______, dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories.

the information-processing theory

Juanita is aware that her memory is not as good as it used to be. She has seen numerous commercials for a brain training computer-based game that claims to help improve cognitive functioning. She is planning on enrolling in the program to help improve her memory. What would be the best advice for her?

These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life.

Why was it a good idea to measure participants' ability to learn and remember nonsense syllables AFTER you altered their sleep duration rather than before?

This would allow you to determine whether changes in sleep duration caused changes in learning and memory performance.

Sarah's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Seconal (a depressant drug that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation). Seconal is classified as a(n):

barbiturate

Olivia is 46. She has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing _____.

generativity

In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary also has primary responsibility for regulating:

growth.

The impact of genes on observable traits can vary in different environments. Thus, genes are said to be

self-regulating

How did behaviorism and Freudian psychoanalysis contribute to the field of social psychology?

Early researchers defines psychology as "the science of mental life." In the 1920s, under the influence of John. B Watson and the behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the "scientific study of observable behavior." Behaviorism became one of psychology's two major forces well into the 1960's. However, the second major force of Freudian psychology, along with the influence of humanistic psychology, revived interest in the study of mental processes.

Professor Garcia would like to study parental spanking and aggressive behavior in children. Which research method would NOT be feasible because of ethical problems associated with trying to manipulate the spanking variable?

Experimental method

Dr. Garcia is studying prejudice among White Americans using neuroimaging technology. She is particularly interested in which part of the brain is active when those who are prejudiced view photographs of White and Black people. Which neuroimaging technique is Dr. Garcia likely to use?

PET

Why would a scientific thinker need to be skeptical?

Scientists seek the middle ground between cynicism (doubting everything) and gullibility (believing anything). Their healthy skepticism pushes for answers: What do you mean? How do you know?

What are the three key scientific attitude, and how do they support scientific inquiry

The scientific attitude equips us to be curious, skeptical, and humble in scrutinizing competing ideas or our own observations. Curiosity triggers new ideas, skepticism encourages attention to the facts, and humility helps us discard predictions that can't be verified by research. Together, these three key elements make modern science possible.

What do phrenology and biological psychology have in common

They share a focus on the links between the brain and behavior. Phrenology faded because it had no scientific basis-skull bumps don't reveal mental traits and abilities.

What are psychology's levels of analysis and related perspectives

Three levels of analysis biological, psychological, and social-cultural. This approach offers a more complete understanding than could usually be reached by relying on only one of psychology's current theoretical perspectives.

Define Psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

Define Community Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Nature is to nurture as

biology is to experience

The parasympathetic nervous system is to _____ as the sympathetic nervous system is to _____.

energy conservation; energy consumption

A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology's knowledge base may

observe 3 and 6 year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities.

Nurture works on what nature provides. Describe what this means, using your own words

The environment (nurture) has an influence on us, but that influence is constrained by biology (nature). Nature and nurture interact. People predisposed to be very tall (nature), for example, are unlikely to become Olympic gymnasts, no matter how hard they work (nurture).

How does selective attention direct our perceptions?

We selectively attend to, and process, a very limited portion of incoming information, blocking out much and often shifting the spotlight of our attention from one thing to another. Focused intently on one task, we often display inattentional blindness to other events, including change to blindness to changes around us.

Studies of identical twins who had been raised apart have most clearly increased scientific appreciation for the importance of ________ in personality development.

genetic influences

The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the

hypothalamus.

As you stand in line for coffee, you scan the faces of other customers to spot your friend. This visual information is being processed in your:

occipital lobes.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? We always want to have confidence in our study results. To achieve this goal, select all of the factors that could affect your confidence in your study of whether personality runs in our genes:

-Whether parents teach their children to be talkative and agreeable -Whether twins grew up in the same environment or were separated at birth

Why did you choose NOT to use participants' average scores or grades as your measure of academic performance?

. Because average grades would be measured BEFORE altering their sleep duration

Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed a number of mistakes Milton has been making, such as leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, and forgetting family members' names. It appears that his _____-producing neurons are deteriorating.

ACh

Dr. Paivio studies the ways in which the endocrine system and the nervous system are similar. Which of these might he conclude?

Both systems secrete molecules that activate receptors elsewhere.

What advantage do we gain by using the biopsychosocial approach in studying psychological events?

By incorporating three different levels of analysis, the biopsychosocial approach can provide a more complete view than any one perspective could offer.

According to Piaget, at which stage do children become capable of true logical thought? A. sensory motor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

C

Which of the following statements is true? A. A child's mind is a miniature version of an adult's mind. B. Children are capable of adult logic. C. Children are passive learners. D. Children are actively engaged in making sense of the world.

D

The signals for voluntary muscle movements originate in a band of tissue called the motor cortex, which is located at the rear of the _____ lobes

Frontal

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is MOST likely happening to Celia?

Her frontal lobes are growing.

In the early twentieth century, _____ redefines psychology as "the science of observable behavior."

John B. Watson

Psychology is defined as

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? We will start by choosing a good research DESIGN. Of the following options, which one do you think would work best for determining if personality runs in our genes?

Twin study

Which teenage girl do you think might be MOST at risk for drug abuse? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a.) 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression b.) 15-year-old girl with divorced parents c.) 15-year-old Amish girl from an impoverished family d.) 15-year-old girl who occasionally overeats

a 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression

Which effect is NOT associated with stimulants?

a drop in respiration

The term circadian rhythm refers to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour schedule.

Mary Ainsworth devised the strange situation to assess:

attachment

Timothy has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has mostly auditory hallucinations. When he is experiencing a hallucination his _____ cortex is active.

auditory

A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely to be

clinical psychologist

Dr. Glasson asks questions about how consciousness arises from the material brain. She states that her field is interdisciplinary and is MOST likely to refer to it as:

cognitive neuroscience.

Dr. Maida examines the brain activity that accompanies mathematical problem solving. Dr. Maida is BEST described as a(n):

cognitive neuroscientist.

Cognitive neuroscientists link brain activity and

cognitive processes

Alcohol may act as a _____, which slows down brain activity of the areas that control judgment and inhibitions.

disinhibitor

Environmental factors such as diet, drugs, or stress can alter gene expression by affecting:

epigenetic molecules.

We will start by choosing a good research DESIGN. From the following choices, select the design that would work best for studying whether sleep deprivation affects academic performance.

experimental design

Due to complications from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. In which stage of prenatal development did Molly have the termination?

fetal

An unarmed 18-year-old African-American man was on his way to college when he engaged in an altercation with a police officer. The ending result was the police officer shot and killed him. Sean is a 19-year-old African-American man who is disgusted about what just took place in his neighborhood. He decides to demonstrate his frustration by joining in riots taking place in his neighborhood. Sean is in Piaget's _____ stages of cognitive development.

formal operational

Dr. Charles is using _____ when she conducts a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the brain's activity.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

If a researcher is interested in measuring both the structure and function of the brain, which technique might one recommend?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

William James would be considered a(n) ________. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered ________.

functionalist; structuralists

Infants' __________to repeated stimulation helps developmental psychologists study what infants can learn and remember.

habitation

Physiologically induced altered state of consciousness is to ______ as psychologically induced altered state of consciousness is to ______.

hallucination; meditation

Helena Cronin suggests that as a science, psychology does NOT seek to explain

how we ought to live

THC, the active ingredient in marijuana:

impairs motor skills, judgment, and short-term memory in humans.

Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called .

inattentional blindness

As the night progresses, what happens to the REM (R) stage of sleep?

increases duration

Sleep deprivation may encourage the development of obesity because it _____ levels of the hormone cortisol and _____ the body's metabolism. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

increases; decreases

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research on infants revealed that:

infants remember specific associations.

In order to intensify the effects of Ecstasy, some users:

inhale Vick's VapoRub through a painter's mask

Sandra and Sara are identical twins. When Sara turned 20, she began experiencing auditory hallucinations (hearing voices). She was diagnosed as having schizophrenia. Sandra became concerned because the psychiatrist told her that this disorder tends to run in families and that she had a very good chance of developing it. However, 20 years later, Sandra lives a mentally healthy life with no symptoms of schizophrenia. Even though Sandra and Sara have identical genes, Sandra did not develop the disorder. This example serves as evidence of the importance of:

interaction between genes and the environment

Jenny has a job, a cat named Joker, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right partner. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called _____ versus _____.

intimacy; isolation

Janice has a job, a cat named Jake, and 33 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Janice is in the stage of development called intimacy versus _____.

isolation

Among young adults, REM-sleep episodes _____ across the night, and episodes of N3 deep sleep _____.

lengthen; shorten

Like infants all over the world, Jonah could sit before he could stand, and stand before he could walk. This orderly sequence of motor milestones reflects:

maturation.

The _____ is the base of the brainstem

medulla

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Cognitive experience in N3

minimal awareness

Individuals who text while driving have a much higher risk of getting into a car accident. This is because our attention can focus:

only on one area at a time.

Lou is worried that he will become addicted to the drug he has been taking to relieve his pain and anxiety. He is MOST likely taking a(n):

opiate.

If you gently wake someone whose eyes are moving under their eyelids, there is about an 80 percent chance that person will:

report they were in the midst of a dream

In Piaget's theory, grasping the notion of object permanence marks the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage

sensorimotor; preoperational

Steven Pinker states that an important difference exists between men and women in

sexuality

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? In your study, you also found that:

shared growing-up environment could be a confounding variable.

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the:

synaptic gap.

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?Studies similar to the one you set up have shown that having children is related to higher levels of happiness. These studies have also shown that:

the relationship found between having children and happiness was not due only to socioeconomic status, age, or marital status.

One of the defining characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is _________ in the brain.

. the presence of amyloid plaques

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?Which of the following statements is TRUE? -You can never know whether having children relates to greater happiness. -You cannot use an experimental design to know whether having children causes greater happiness, because you can't randomly assign people to have children or not have children. -You should account for confounding variables, because they will let you know whether you chose an interesting research question. -After accounting for confounding variables, a correlation can imply a causal relationship between two factors.

2

Schemas are: A. concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences. B. concepts or mental molds developed within certain cultures that we learn to adopt as our own. C. intelligence tests that measure patterns of mistakes in thinking. D. stages of development.

A

When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant has: -become habituated to the new stimulus. -developed a preference for a stimulus that facilitates social responsiveness. -an inborn preference for the new stimulus. -remembered the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.

4

How has contemporary psychology focused on cognition, on biology and experience, on culture and gender, and on human flourishing

???

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? Of the following options, which one represents the best group for your study? (Note that a corpus callosum helps the left and right brain hemispheres communicate.)

A group of people who have two functional hemispheres and a functional corpus callosum

One can think of Alzheimer's disease as the deterioration and breakdown of __________ neurons.

ACh-producing

What is an addiction?

An addiction, often a substance use disorder, occurs as users come to tolerate a substance, crave more of it despite harm, and struggle to withdraw from use.

Claire is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home. Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Claire suspected that her friend was probably high on:

Ectasy

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? Of the following options, which one represents the best way to measure whether people use their left brain hemisphere, right brain hemisphere, or both brain hemispheres?

Have participants focus on a center point, then identify a word that has been presented to both the left half (i.e., right brain hemisphere) and right half (i.e., left brain hemisphere) of their field of vision.

How does humility factor into the scientific mindset?

Humility—including an openness to unexpected findings, and to having one's own ideas challenged—is part of what enables scientific progress.

What is reuptake? What two other things can happen to excess neurotransmitters after a neuron reacts?

Reuptake occurs when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron. Neurotransmitters can also drift away or be broken down by enzymes

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Scientific Psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.

A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year?

The rats in the enriched environment will have a significantly heavier and thicker cerebral cortex.

How was the ANS involved in Hawaiians' terrified responses, and in calming their bodies once they realized it was a false alarm?

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system would have directed arousal (accelerated heartbeat, inhibited digestion, etc.) and the parasympathetic division would have directed calming

Kendra is a 20-month-old baby who is still crawling. She has not started to walk yet. What would her pediatrician likely say to her mother?

This is actually rare as most babies are walking by the time they are 15 months of age.

John had a brain tumor removed. Now he has no vision in his left eye. His tumor was located in his right _____ lobe

occipital

If someone asks you whether sleep deprivation affects academic performance, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

We've learned that sleep deprivation causes poorer academic performance. Individuals who experience sleep deprivation, compared with those who get a full night of sleep, have difficulty learning and remembering information. We also learned that it is important to keep track of: (a) participants' natural ability to learn and remember, (b) any brain damage participants may have experienced that could affect their performance, and (c) whether participants followed the sleep instructions we gave them. This way we can be sure that sleep deprivation, and not sample characteristics, is responsible for the observed changes in academic performance.

What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea?

With narcolepsy , the person periodically falls directly into REM sleep, with no warning; with sleep apnea, the person repeatedly awakens during the night

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? Why was it important to use an experimental design?

You need to be able to study a large group of people and their brain's response to images presented to their left and right brain hemispheres.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? -Your study showed a cause-effect relationship between sleep deprivation and lower learning and remembering. -Your study showed that sleep deprivation relates to lower learning and remembering, but it did not establish a cause-effect relationship. -Using random assignment, you instructed some participants to sleep eight hours and others to sleep one hour. -You identified and controlled for confounding variables that might reduce confidence in your study results.

Your study showed that sleep deprivation relates to lower learning and remembering, but it did not establish a cause-effect relationship.

Define Clinical Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

accommodation.

Joan is concerned because she often feels like she is going to fall over when she is walking. When she visits the doctor she is diagnosed with a tumor in the:

cerebellum.

Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as .

circadian rhythm

Those working in the interdisciplinary field called study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of perception, thinking, memory, and language.

cognitive neuroscience

Lanae is 3 years old and her favorite book is Are You My Mother?, a children's book about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The baby bird then leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird approaches the first animal it sees. When it is told that the animal is not its mother, it then approaches the second animal it sees, and so on. _____ is an attachment concept that is an aspect of this story.

imprinting

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?In your study, socioeconomic status was a confounding variable because:

it could affect the relationship between having children and happiness.

Estrogen and progesterone are simultaneously produced by which glands?

ovaries

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise Georgette heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, Georgette begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly Georgette's _____ system has now been activated

parasympathetic

Which part of your nervous system helps you to conserve energy as it calms you down after a stressful event?

parasympathetic

A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a

psychiatrist

Why would communal sleeping provide added protection for those whose safety depends upon vigilance, such as these soldiers?

with each soldier cycling through the sleep stages independently, at any given time at least one likely will be in an easily awakened stage

The first two weeks of prenatal development is the period of the______ . The period of the________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the________ .

zygote, fetus, embryo

What are three possible ways to explain the correlation between parenting style and children's traits?

(1) Parenting may shape (influence) children. (2) Parents may be responding to children's traits (children may influence parenting). (3) Parents and their biological children may share traits (because they share genes) that influence social competence and other outcomes.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? Of the following choices, which option represents the best way to measure the personality traits of (1) extraversion, and (2) agreeableness? In each case, participants will respond to the following question with the response scale noted:

(1) Talkative (2) Like to get along with others

William James

-Disagreed that consciousness could be broken down into separate elements. -Argues that consciousness was like a flowing stream, serving to adapt people to their environments. -Studied mental function

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? From the following options, select the factors that could affect performance on this word-reading task.

-Fluency in English -Whether they are wearing prescription glasses, or contacts -Brain damage

Which statement provides evidence against the idea that human development is mostly continuous? -Our brain goes through growth spurts that correspond roughly with Jean Piaget's stages. -There are molecules that can trigger or block genetic expression. -Our temperament is more predictable than our social attitudes. -Teratogens are harmful to developing embryos.

1

What are five proposed reasons for our need to sleep?

1.) Sleep has survival value 2.) Sleep helps us restore the immune system and repair brain tissue 3.) During sleep we consolidate memories 4.) Sleep fuels creativity 5.) Sleeps plays a role in the growth process

Candice tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; her cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in its paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, her cat yawns pointedly and settles itself for a nap. The change in the cat's behavior BEST illustrates: 1.)accommodation. 2.)adaptation. 3.)habituation. 4.)extinction.

3

In one survey of sixth graders in 22 U.S. states, 14 percent believed their friends had smoked marijuana while _____ percent acknowledged doing so.

4

Allan is 34. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

How are the nervous and endocrine systems alike, and how do they differ

Both of these communication systems produce chemical molecules that act on the body's receptors to influence our behavior and emotions. The endocrine system, which secretes hormones into the bloodstream, delivers its messages much more slowly than the speedy nervous system, and the effects of the endocrine system's messages tend to linger much longer than those of the nervous system.

Why do we know that the 10 percent myth is false?

Brain-damaged individuals demonstrate that when someone is shot in the head, there is not a 90 percent chance their brain will emerge unharmed. The large association areas in intelligent animals (such as humans) serve important purposes in processing and storing information. The whole brain is active as we think, feel, and act.

A focus on how we perceive, process, and remember information is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.

Cognitive

John was injured in a car accident and lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous lacerations, a right femoral contusion, and most importantly had a large open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

MRI

If one studies through the night and does not sleep to prepare for an exam, how is this likely to affect one's ability to remember material the next day during the exam?

One will remember less than if one slept.

Which hormone is commonly referred to as the "cuddle" hormone?

Oxytocin

_____ processing occurs when many aspects of a stimulus are processed at the same time.

Parallel

What is the dual processing being revealed by today's cognitive neuroscience?

Parallel processing takes care of the routine business, while sequential processing is best for solving new problems that require our attention. Together this dual processing affects our perception, memory, attitudes, and other cognitions.

How do psychologists view behavior addictions?

Some behaviors, such as gambling or internet use, can become compulsive and harmful and may develop into addictions. But most behaviors are not addictive.

Hailey is babysitting her 2-year-old nephew for the first time. While her back is turned, he touches his index finger to the pan she just took out of the oven. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why does it take longer for him to scream than to pull away his finger?

The hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, so it takes time before the information about pain reaches the brain

"For what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night" (Menander of Athens [342-292 B.C.E.], Fragments). How might we use the information-processing perspective on dreaming to interpret this ancient Greek quote?

The information- processing explanation of dreaming proposes that brain activity during REM sleep enable us to sift through the daily events and activities we have been thinking about

Shane, an 11-year-old boy, has autism spectrum disorder (ASD). His fraternal twin brother, Topher, is at higher risk for having ASD than would be the case if Topher were just a sibling. Why is that so?

They shared a prenatal environment.

Karen is a research assistant at the psychology lab and is surprised to find that the mice cortices she is studying are thinner and lighter than normal. What might have happened?

They were raised in deprived environments

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"? Why was it a good idea to measure responses of a group of people rather than a single person or small group of people?

This would allow you to apply your results to the general population.

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?What factors should couples consider when asking if having children could increase their happiness?

We've learned that in general, having children is related to higher happiness levels, but that is especially true for those over age 25 who are in a stable marriage and who have established a comfortable income level.

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"?If someone asked you whether people can be left-brained or right-brained, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

We've learned that people with healthy brains are "whole-brained," because they use both their left and right brain hemispheres when identifying information that is presented to the right and left half of their field of vision.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes?If someone asked you whether personality runs in our genes, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

We've learned that personality traits do run in our genes. Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins score more similarly on measures of extraversion and agreeableness. We also learned that identifying and controlling for certain confounding variables, such as whether the twins shared the same environment as they grew up, can increase confidence in our study results.

What are psychology's main subfields

Within the science of psychology, researchers may conduct basic research to increase the field's knowledge base (often in biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychology) or applied research to solve practical problems (in industrial-organizational psychology and other areas). Those who engage in psychology as a helping profession may assist people as counseling psychologists, helping people with problems in living or achieving greater well-being, or as clinical psychologists, studying and assessing people with psychological disorders and treating them with psychotherapy. (Psychiatrists also study, assess, and treat people with disorders, but as medical doctors, they may prescribe drugs in addition to psychotherapy.) Community psychologists work to create healthy social and physical environments (in schools, for example).

How Would You Know If Having Children Relates to Being Happier?Which of the following represents the best groups to compare?

a representative sample of parents and non-parents

With respect to the endocrine system, _____ gland is to epinephrine as _____ gland is to oxytocin. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

adrenal; pituitary

Jorge, who is terrified of snakes, is walking down the street when he sees a stick that looks somewhat like a snake. He immediately becomes fearful, despite knowing that what he sees is only a stick. An area of the brain called the _____ is responsible for Jorge's fear reaction.

amygdala

It is difficult for physicists to precisely define "energy." In psychology, the concept of _____ is similarly elusive

consciousness

Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting __________ ; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting ________ .

continuity stages

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

Norma lost her baby during her eighth week of pregnancy. During which stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?

embryo

researchers now believe that developing a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors. This finding would be most relevant to the ____ perspective.

evolutionary

Your sister has an independent study proposal due next week, and she has asked you for help in deciding on a topic. She is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. On which one of the following subfields of psychology would you recommend she focus?

evolutionary psychology

In one study described in the textbook, infants with difficult temperaments were randomly assigned to either a condition in which their mothers received sensitivity training or a condition in which their mothers received no training. In this study, infants whose mothers received sensitivity training were in the _____ group.

experimental

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. She will then use _____ to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying.

fMRI

During the NREM-1 (N1) sleep stage, a person is most likely to experience sleep spindles. hallucinations. night terrors or nightmares. rapid eye movements.

hallucinations

A developmental psychologist is interested in the visual abilities of newborn children. Baby Katherine is participating in a study of newborns' visual abilities. While her mother holds Katherine, a psychologist shows the baby a variety of images. Katherine will look the longest at an image of a:

human face

______________twins develop from a single fertilized egg

identical

Latoya is 3 years old and her favorite book is Are You My Mother?, a children's book about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The baby bird then leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird approaches the first animal it sees. When it is told that the animal is not its mother, it then approaches the second animal it sees, and so on. Which of the attachment concepts is an aspect of this story?

imprinting

How Would You Know If People Can Be "Left-Brained" or "Right-Brained"?In your study, whether participants spoke English fluently was a confounding variable because:

it could affect their ability to identify the word you showed them.

In your study, whether participants had damage to memory centers in the brain was a confounding variable because: -it would influence sleep ability. -it would NOT influence how well participants could learn and remember the nonsense syllables you showed them. -it would influence how well participants could learn and remember the nonsense syllables you showed them. -it could affect participants' ability to enjoy the study.

it would influence how well participants could learn and remember the nonsense syllables you showed them.

In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their information-processing function. physiological function. manifest content, or story line. latent content, or hidden meaning.

latent content, or hidden meaning

Layla is deaf and fluent in American Sign Language. Meaningful signs are processed in the _____ hemisphere of Layla's brain because the signs are _____

left; linguistic

Destruction of specifically targeted brain tissue that leaves the surrounding tissue unharmed is known as a(n

lesion

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ cortex of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

motor

Jen falls asleep suddenly, when she is trying to study, work, or even talk on the telephone. Jen would probably be diagnosed with:

narcolepsy.

Ants that become immune to ant insecticides and are able to multiply are an example of _____.

natural selection

Developmental researchers who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact are focusing on ____and ________ .

nature and nuture

Much like a battery, these generate electricity from chemical events.

neurons

Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are all chemical messengers called

neurotransmitters

Caffeine increases activity not only in the brain but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. This branch is called the _____ nervous system.

peripheral

Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

preconventional

Reflecting a use-it-or-lose it approach, unused synaptic connections are eliminated during infancy and childhood in a process called _____.

pruning

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep? Sleep has survival value. Sleep helps us recuperate. Sleep rests the eyes. Sleep plays a role in the growth process.

sleep rests the eyes

The _______ - ________ perspective in psychology focuses focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture, while the ________ perspective emphasized observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations.

social-cultural; behavioral

Our reflexes such as pulling your hand away from a flame, are governed by the ____, while basic functions of motor skills and respiration are governed by the _____

spinal cord; hindbrain

What is natural selection?

survival of the fittest

Months after Tina's left index finger was severed in a factory accident, she noticed an increase in the sensitivity of the fingers near the missing one. The increased sensitivity is caused by:

the area in the somatosensory cortex once occupied by the missing index finger now receiving input from the adjacent fingers.

Which area of the limbic system regulates thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior, and also helps maintain a steady (homeostatic) internal state?

the hypothalamus

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that:

the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel less guilty than those who did not think they were drinking alcohol, regardless of the true content of the beverage.

How Would You Know If Personality Runs in Our Genes? In your study, you found that:

the personality traits extraversion and agreeableness had a genetic component.

Margaret suffered from a stroke over six months ago. She lost the ability to recognize faces and the ability to move her left arm and leg. She went through physical therapy to regain the use of her left arm and leg. While she is now able to walk with the use of a cane and can do many things with her left arm, she still has problems recognizing faces and is often unable to recognize her own children and grandchildren. Her stroke MOST likely impacted which part of her brain?

the right temporal lobe

Gender refers to

the social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male