General Psychology Ch1

The behavioral perspective was especially dominant between the years:

1930-1950

Psychology didn't emerge as a scientific discipline until the _____ century.

19th

Before taking psychology, students fall for about _____ of the psychological myths they have heard.

50%

Approximately _____ of psychologists specialize in the clinical/counseling field.

70%

The empirical emphasis of today's psychology reflects the discipline's debt to the philosopher _____, who felt that we know our reality through perceptions and learn through sensory experiences.

Aristotle

____ involves considering various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them (i.e., fitting them together), and relating them to the bigger picture.

Critical thinking

"I think, therefore I am." This quote is attributed to:

Descartes

____ was the first to recognize that the mind and body work together to produce sensations, and his ideas would later become the basis for subsequent research in this area.

Fechner

Though there are many common myths people make about human behavior, which statement is accurate?

Happiness is positively correlated with age.

Through a series of carefully designed experiments that emphasized publishing and replicating results, _____ foreshadowed today's version of the scientific method, used by psychologists and other scientists.

Ibn al-Haytham

Which of psychology's pioneering women may be seen as a sort of "founding mother" of the sociocultural perspective?

Mamie Phipps Clark

_____ conducted research on the negative effects of racism on child development, which played a crucial role in the 1954 Supreme Court decision (<i>Brown v. the Board of Education</i>) to overturn state laws allowing segregation.

Mamie Phipps Clark

_____ was the first black woman to earn a PhD in psychology.

Mamie Phipps Clark

A former student of Edward Titchener, _____ became the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology from Cornell University.

Margaret Floy Washburn

After becoming the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology, _____ would later write <i>The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology,</i> which was a pioneering book in the field of comparative psychology.

Margaret Floy Washburn

A former student of William James at Harvard, _____ was the first woman to complete the requirements for a PhD, though she wasn't allowed to graduate from Harvard University due to her gender.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Where _____ stressed the role of nature as the source of knowledge, _____ emphasized the role of nurture

Plato; Aristotle

____ is an approach that focuses on human flourishing and the positive aspects of human nature, seeking to understand the roots of happiness, creativity, humor, and other strengths.

Positive psychology

_____ are known as the founders of humanistic psychology.

Rogers and Maslow

The theories of _____ became the basis for the psychoanalytic perspective.

Sigmund Freud

"Psychology is the science of behavior." What, if anything, is wrong with this definition?

This definition is too narrow. Psychology is also the science of mental processes.

Describing the experience of a snowflake melting on one's tongue as "cold . . . wet . . . tingly . . . slightly metallic in taste" echoes _____ method of _____.

Titchener's; introspection

_____ is known as the "father of psychology."

Wilhelm Wundt

Psychologists credit _____ with founding the discipline by opening the first psychology laboratory in _____.

Wilhelm Wundt; 1879

_____ taught the first psychology class in the United States at Harvard University.

William James

Sigmund Freud was primarily interested in the _____ aspects of the mind.

abnormal

According to William James, consciousness is:

an ever-changing stream of thoughts.

The belief that our knowledge of something is correct due to our own personal experiences is known as:

anecdotal evidence.

Upon registering for a child development class, a student assumes it will be easy due to the fact that he has raised four of his own children. He is relying on:

anecdotal evidence.

Research designed to answer specific questions that address real-world problems, such as developing and evaluating treatment protocols for various psychological disorders, is known as _____ research.

applied

The roots of empiricism can be traced back to the ideas of:

aristotle

Research designed to evaluate and expand knowledge of general areas of psychology, such as perception, consciousness, and memory, is known as _____ research. Such research is often described as gathering knowledge for the sake of knowledge, rather than for solving a specific, identified problem.

basic

John Watson asserted that psychologists should focus on _____ as a topic of study.

behavior

Psychology is the science of:

behavior and mental processes.

The director of the student counseling center on a college campus designs a suicide prevention campaign that attempts to educate faculty and students about the warning signs of depression and other suicide risk factors, in the hope that it will save lives. Regarding the goals of psychology, this intervention fits the goal of:

change

Ivan Pavlov's observation that the dogs in his study began to salivate in response to environmental stimuli became the basis for:

classical conditioning

Dr. Davis provides psychotherapy to help people who suffer from psychological disorders. Dr. Davis would be described as a(n) _____ psychologist.

clinical

Dr. Jackson is a psychologist whose primary research interest is in the physiological functions of the brain. Much of his data comes from brain scans. Dr. Jackson is most likely going to emphasize the _____ perspective in explaining behavior.

cognitive neuroscience

Operant conditioning focuses on the role of _____ in shaping behavior.

consequences

A graduate student is reading dozens of studies examining the effect of external rewards on intrinsic motivation. For each study, she considers the quality of its methods and the implications of its results for a broad theory of motivation. The graduate student is engaged in _____ thinking.

critical

A high school history teacher reminds her students to consider the source and the quality of the evidence they cite in support of the points they make in their essays. The teacher is encouraging her students to engage in _____ thinking.

critical

Dr. Harvey is systematically observing the behavior of captive rhesus monkeys. Dr. Strathairn is trying to understand the complex relationship between frustration and aggression by computing a statistical analysis of the results of dozens of studies on the topic. Dr. Harvey is trying to _____ behavior, and Dr. Strathairn is trying to _____ behavior.

describe; explain

Dr. Washington is pursuing psychology's goal of _____ when she prepares a report about a specific psychological issue that only contains her observations for publication.

description

The view that the mind and the body interact as separate entities is known as _____; it is associated with the philosopher _____.

dualism; Descartes

According to the behavioral perspective, personality development is primarily the result of:

environmental forces.

Dr. Riley argues that psychology strives to determine the purpose of thought and behavior. She asks, "How do these things assist us with our lives?" Dr. Riley's view is consistent with psychology's school of:

functionalism

The evolutionary perspective's emphasis on adaptation inspired William James in his exploration of:

functionalism

The prominent social psychologist David Buss developed an evolutionary theory to explain such things as infidelity in relationships and risk-taking behavior. Buss' theory reflects the continuing influence of the school of _____ in early psychology.

functionalism

Charles Darwin inspired the school of psychology called _____, and the research of _____ in the United States.

functionalism; William James

Twin studies provide strong support for the role of _____ as an influence on personality development.

genetics

When the solution to a problem seems obvious after the answer is revealed, this is known as:

hindsight bias.

While reviewing the results of a recent exam in class, Marcia discovers that she missed a fairly simple question. After seeing the correct answer, she exclaims, "I knew that one! How could I have missed that?" Marcia is demonstrating:

hindsight bias.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were among the early founders of the _____ perspective in psychology.

humanistic

The goal of structuralism is to:

identify what comprises the mind.

Psychology is a science because:

it focuses on methodical observation and data analysis that can be verified

As a proponent of behaviorism, John Watson was influenced by the earlier research of:

ivan pavlov

Though Sigmund Freud remains the most well-known psychological figure, the "Freud Problem" refers to the fact that his theories:

lack solid scientific support.

Research has consistently supported the "bystander effect," which means that people are:

less likely to help someone when others are nearby.

Highlighting (or underlining) will be an effective study strategy for Elaina if she:

marks up the text during her second read-through.

The cognitive perspective is primarily concerned with the influence of _____ as a driving force in development.

mental processes

As opposed to Wundt, whose introspection method depended upon quantitative and _____ descriptions of stimuli, Titchener's introspective technique relied upon his subjects' _____ experiences.

objective; subjective

Following in the behaviorist tradition, B. F. Skinner developed:

operant conditioning.

When psychologists explain behavior, they:

organize and make sense of research findings.

Mona remarks that she is interested in the effects of optimism on physical and mental health. Jackson recommends that she explore the works of the _____ psychologists

positive

Humanism would later become a primary influence on the field of:

positive psychology.

A Student Life professional at a state university is pursuing psychology's goal of _____ when she uses applicants' high-school GPAs to anticipate their college GPAs at the end of their first year.

prediction

Anticipating future outcomes or behaviors is at the heart of psychology's goal of:

prediction

Which two goals are included in the four goals of psychology?

prediction and change

Sigmund Freud developed an early form of therapy known as_____, which would become the basis for more modern forms of psychodynamic therapy that followed.

psychoanalysis

Some psychologists believe that eating disorders represent a defense against unconscious conflicts relating to sexual development. These psychologists have adopted a(n) _____ perspective on eating disorders.

psychoanalytic

The belief that behavior is often influenced by unconscious conflicts between one's desires and the demands from societal expectations is associated with the _____ perspective.

psychoanalytic

Research that relies on subjective interpretation of in-depth information is known as _____ research.

qualitative

Rereading will be an effective study strategy for Paolo if he:

quizzes himself between the first and second reading.

According to Sigmund Freud, many of our inner desires are based on:

sex and aggression

One of Wilhelm Wundt's students, Edward Titchener, developed an early school of psychology known as:

structuralism

Psychology's first two major schools of thought were:

structuralism and functionalism.

Being a critical thinker means developing conclusions based on:

supporting evidence

Note-taking is effective when a student:

takes notes by hand and reviews those notes.

Astrological forecasts are a good demonstration of a telltale feature of pseudopsychological subjects. What is it?

the tendency to make assertions that are so broad and vague that they cannot be refuted

The goal of functionalism is to:

understand the purpose of the mind.