General Psychology Final Exam
_____ memory refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.
Mood-congruent
_____ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.
Mood-congruent memory
Which of the following brain chemicals appears to be involved in the biological aspects of drug addiction?
NPY
Sleep spindles occur in:
NREM-2 sleep.
Children wet the bed in
NREM-3
Sleepwalking is most likely to be associated with _____ sleep.
NREM-3
___ involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.
Negative reinforcement
_____ is a hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.
Orexin
According to the text, who said, "It seemed the universe had been expressly designed to produce intelligent, sentient beings"?
Owen Gingerich
_____ is a digestive tract hormone that sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain.
PYY
_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive reinforcement
J. McVicker Hunt's 1961 book, Intelligence and Experience, helped launch _____ in 1965.
Project Head Start
In the brain, the massive loss of unused neural connections is known as:
Pruning
Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
The recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur is called _____ sleep.
REM
The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by:
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.
Applied research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological treatments.
Counseling Psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people wit problems living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and achieving greater well-being.
Community Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
Clinical Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
According to research by _____, one reason people feel hungry is because of stomach pangs.
A.L. Washburn and Walter Cannon
How do the rates of homosexual orientation vary between men and women?
About twice as many men as women are homosexual
_____ is the messenger at every junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle.
Acetylcholine
_____ created LSD in 1943.
Albert Hofmann
Biopsychosocial Approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Which philosopher referred to human beings as "the social animal"?
Aristotle
_ is the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest.
Basal metabolic rate
____ is a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without actually experiencing it.
Blindsight
The importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by:
Charles Darwin.
It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as _____.
Chunking
_____ increases with age, while _____ decreases with age.
Crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
_____ is now referred to as a neurocognitive disorder.
Dementia
Functionalism
Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processed function- how they enable the organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
Psychologist _____ was concerned primarily with the discovery of the elements of mind.
Edward Titchener
_____ revealed that the reports of flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived.
Elizabeth Loftus
_____ refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use feelings.
Emotional intelligence
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also sometimes referred to as a a retrieval practice or test enhanced learning.
According to _____, one reason that people forget is because they are repressing painful memories.
Freud
Dr. Wright is a therapist and she focuses on how unconscious thought processes impact behavior. What field of study is she practicing?
Freudian psychology
________ has been found to impact risk for addiction.
Gender
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are:
Genes
____ is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.
Ghrelin
_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning.
Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov
Humanistic Psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.
Sperling
The American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was called the:
Stanford-Binet.
His experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous psychological experiments of all time.
Stanley Milgram
_____ is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Stereotype threat
The functions of the body that operate outside of conscious awareness are governed by the _______ nervous system.
autonomic
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep and reduce anxiety. They belong to the class of medications called _____.
barbiturates
Procedural memory requires activation of the ______.
basal ganglia
Studies of the relative impact of nature and nurture on human differences in aggressiveness best illustrate the research efforts of:
behavior geneticists.
normal curve
bell curve.
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to avoid loneliness and separation is known as:
belongingness and love.
When we are generalizing from a sample, we must keep in mind that representative samples are better than _____ samples.
biased
The WAIS subtest that measures one's ability for visual abstract processing is:
block design
double- blind procedure
both the participants and the researcher are blind to whether the research participants received the treatment or placebo.
The pituitary gland is located in the _____.
brain
Neuroscientists can generally determine a person's thought processes when the person is being examined with fMRI, by using their knowledge of _____.
brain morphology
The _____ is the place where most nerves connected to the brain link with the opposite side of the body.
brainstem
This occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved in the issue.
central route persuasion
This occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
central route persuasion
Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces a quick and very powerful rush of euphoria?
cocaine
At a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously, a person is talking to a friend. At the same time, the person hears his/her name spoken from the other side of the room. (S)he immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke his/her name while conversing with another person. The ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation is an example of the _____ effect.
cocktail party
People tend to feel discomfort when their thoughts are inconsistent with their actions, and then they act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as:
cognitive dissonance theory.
Which of the following subfields of study is interdisciplinary in nature?
cognitive neuroscience
A(n) _____ is a group of people from a given time period.
cohort
Being able to tell time is a _____ skill.
conceptual
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
conditioned response (CR).
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:
conditioning.
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is referred to as _____.
consciousness
Studies in which researchers test and compare people of various ages at ONE point in time are known as _____ studies.
cross-sectional
A person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills is referred to as _____ intelligence.
crystallized
A local school board is setting up a program to help prepare children to become scientists. To carry out this program, which attitudes should teachers encourage in their students?
curiosity, skepticism, and humility
brain morphology
daydreaming meditation hypnosis --hallucinations
Which of the following concepts refers to the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension which occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms
deindividuation
The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called:
delta waves
This bushy, branching extension of a neuron receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body.
dendrite
Chromosomes are composed of:
deoxyribonucleic acid.
In research examining genes and neurons on addiction, the neurotransmitter _____ appears to be involved.
dopamine
People who suffer from schizophrenia have an excess of _____.
dopamine
The perspective on motivation that focuses on how inner pushes and external pulls interact is known as:
drive reduction theory
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate, parallel conscious and unconscious tracks is known as _____ processing.
dual
Which drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use?
ecstasy
Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by a(n):
electroencephalogram (EEG).
The processing of information into the memory system is called:
encoding
The three steps in memory information processing are:
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called _____.
endorphins
As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate, like heroin, the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called:
endorphins.
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for recognition and respect from others is known as:
esteem
Using the principles of natural selection, _____ attempts to study how behavior and the mind have evolved.
evolutionary psychology
Most of the signals neurons receive are _____; others are the opposite, or inhibitory.
excitatory
During the _____, the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge.
excitement phase
The correct order of the stages of the sexual response cycle is:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
We _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.
explicit
Which of the following is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test?
factor analysis
Carol Dweck describes the belief that intelligence is biologically determined and is unlikely to be impacted by practice and training as a:
fixed mindset.
Checking the oven every five minutes to see if the cookies are ready is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-interval
Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:
flashbulb memories.
One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly is referred to as:
fluid intelligence.
During adolescence, according to Jean Piaget, most individuals achieve this stage of intellectual development.
formal operations
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes.
frontal
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
This technique reveals blood flow and brain functioning as well as brain structure through a special application of another neuroimaging technique.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
According to Charles Spearman, _____ underlies specific mental abilities, such that it is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
general intelligence (g)
Evolutionary psychologists attribute the human tendency to fear snakes and heights to:
genetic predispositions.
An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called a:
genome
The endocrine system is made up of _____ that secrete _____.
glands; hormones.
The word "glial" means:
glue.
Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____ a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.
in their thirties
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior is a(n):
incentive
Early experiences influence how the brain develops by:
increasing neural connections.
This is influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
informational social influence
The perspective on motivation that focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors is known as:
instinct theory
___ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose.
insulin
According to _____, there is a pyramid of human needs, such that the most basic physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become active.
insulin; pancreas
According to Erik Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.
integrity
Structuralists introduced which research method to identify basic elements of the human mind?
introspection
Edward Titchener used the research method known as:
introspection.
According to psychologists, learning:
is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.
In December 1879, Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology _____, in Germany.
lab
Watson and Pavlov agreed that:
laws of learning are the same for all animals.
In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:
learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.
Conditioning is the process of:
learning associations.
By _______ clusters of brain cells, scientists have discovered that damage to part of cerebellum results in vertigo.
lesioning
The _____ is the neural system between the hemispheres and the older parts of the brain that is linked to emotions and basic motivations.
limbic system
This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of one's memory system.
long-term memory
Research studies that retest the same group of people throughout their lives are classified as _____ studies.
longitudinal
These are studies in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.
longitudinal studies
Depressed mood states are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine.
low;low
This technique produces computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
The four components that make up emotional intelligence include perceiving, _____, understanding, and using emotions.
managing
Bright light affects our feelings of sleepiness by increasing or decreasing the production of:
melatonin
_____ can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
memory
The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve _____.
memory construction
Prior to 1920, the field of psychology was defined as "the science of _____."
mental life
Theory of _____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states; that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.
mind
Identifying some of the specific genes that contribute to drug use disorders would be of most direct interest to:
molecular geneticists.
A random error in gene replication that leads to a change is called a:
mutation.
Francis Galton was interested in finding out if _____ could be measured.
natural ability
According to evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, _____ is "arguably the most momentous idea ever to occur to a human mind."
natural selection
Ants that become less sensitive to the repellents that are sprayed on them and are able to multiply are an example of:
natural selection.
In debating the origins of human traits, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of:
nature and nurture.
Information from the peripheral nervous system is carried to the central nervous system by neural "cables" called:
nerves
A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is most likely to produce a _____.
neurocognitive disorder
The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.
operant conditioning
Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:
operant conditioning.
People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through:
operant conditioning.
Pert and Snyder (1973) discovered that the brain contains _____ receptors.
opiate
Even after we learn material, _____ increases retention.
over learning
Hindsight bias and _____ illustrate why the scientific approach is more reliable than intuition and common sense when trying to explain psychological phenomena.
overconfidence
Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by _____.
oxygen deprivation
The _____ is the part of the endocrine system that regulates the level of sugar in the blood.
pancreas
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates:
partial reinforcement.
Those who can recognize emotions in faces, music, and stories are generally good at _____ emotions.
perceiving
Wilhelm Wundt was both a _____ and a philosopher.
physiologist
The _____ gland secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands.
pituitary
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the:
placenta.
During the _____, breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase and sexual excitement peaks.
plateau phase
Who was the first to recognize that the mind was located in the brain?
plato
Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the serial _____ effect.
position
What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior?
positive reinforcement
When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called:
positive transfer
To obtain a scan using this technique, a patient is injected with (or ingests) a low, harmless dose of a short-lived radioactive glucose.
positron emission tomography (PET)
_____ intelligence is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined, with multiple solutions.
practical
Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of _____ on development.
prenatal environments
_____ interference occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.
proactive
Most people experience a much greater surge in the hormone _____ after an orgasm with their loved one as opposed to an orgasm experienced alone.
prolactin
Remembering to do a specific task is called _____ memory.
prospective
Which of the following is NOT one of the theorized purposes of dreams?
providing a psychic safety valve consolidating memory facilitating neuronal development --assisting personality development
Chemicals that change perceptions and moods are referred to as:
psychoactive drugs.
A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of testing:
recall
Measures of retention
recall recognition relearning
A(n) _____, such as a knee jerk or withdrawing a hand from a flame is controlled by the spinal cord.
reflex
One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.
rehearsal
A _____ test gives consistent scores.
reliable
replication:
repeating the essence of a research study
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called:
repression.
The nerve network that connects the spinal cord and the thalamus and helps control arousal is the:
reticular formation.
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:
retrieval.
_____ interference occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.
retroactive
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a:
rite of passage.
This is a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position are to behave.
role
The most immediate and direct function of the _____ reflex is the facilitation of food consumption.
rooting
The brain uses parallel processing for ____, while sequential processing is used for ____.
routine business; solving new problems
Two brothers developed from a single fertilized egg. They are:
same-sex identical twins.
Though Sarah is performing at the first grade level in all of her other classes, she is doing very well in college-level algebra. This may be an example of _____ syndrome.
savant
Some people who score below average on intelligence tests have an island of brilliance, which refers to some incredible ability, such as heightened musical memory. This condition is known as _____.
savant syndrome
The importance of _____ was most clearly highlighted by Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.
schemas
Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of:
selective attention.
One's _____ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted that person feels.
self-esteem
Abraham Maslow theorized that some people reach a level where they search for meaning and identity beyond themselves known as:
self-transcendence.
Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of:
semantic encoding.
According to Jean Piaget, during this stage of cognitive development, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur.
sensorimotor
Our strongest retrieval cues are often associated ______ information.
sensory
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
sensory and motor neurons.
In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order?
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
The peripheral nervous system includes _____, which carry/carries messages from the body to the central nervous system.
sensory neurons
A slow _____ response has been found in abused children who became aggressive teens and adults.
serotonin
When learning occurs in the California sea slug, more of the neurotransmitter _____ is released at certain synapses.
serotonin
The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set is called:
set point
Phone companies created 7-digit phone numbers because this amount best suited the capacity of our ____.
short-term memory
Interpersonal skills are a part of _____ skills that are a part of independent living.
social
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others is called:
social facilitation.
The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations is called:
social psychology.
The _____ part of the peripheral nervous system controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles.
somatic
Once people have agreed to a small request, they have a tendency to comply with a larger request. This is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
As Bella is driving to campus one day another car cuts her off and speeds ahead. Immediately she yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Her judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
The Educational Testing Service conducted a study of 23,000 students who took the SAT and then, four years later, took the GRE. The correlation between their SAT verbal scores and GRE verbal scores was _____, indicating a remarkably stable aptitude for test-taking.
+.86
The average intelligence score is _____.
100
A performance score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of _____.
130
Colleges began giving intelligence tests to incoming students during the:
1920's
Alzheimer's disease strikes _____ percent of the world's population by age 75.
3
Before age _____, intelligence tests generally do NOT predict future aptitude.
3
Samantha and Gebriel have decided to take their son to Sea World. When they asked him two years later if he remembered going he answered no. Their son was probably less than____ years old at the time of the trip.
3
_____ percent of those who were abused as children become abusive to their own children as adults.
30
Intelligence tests given to children _____ years of age begin to predict school achievement.
4
Among the _____ chromosomes, _____ are unisex.
46; 45
____ percent of adults over the age of 40 say their memory is worse than it was ten years ago.
67
Beginning at around _____ months, children may greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.
8
According to the World Health Organization, approximately _____ million people suffer from addiction.
90
About _____ percent of both men and women say they have had sexual fantasies.
95
Jack and Diane, a couple in their 30s, sought counseling because Diane was unhappy that Jack often fell asleep quickly after sex. The counselor explained to Diane that Jack's behavior is common, and is tied to the male _____.
Jack and Diane, a couple in their 30s, sought counseling because Diane was unhappy that Jack often fell asleep quickly after sex. The counselor explained to Diane that Jack's behavior is common, and is tied to the male _____.
Who redefined psychology as "The science of observable behavior" in the early twentieth century?
John B. Watson
According to _____, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a preconventional morality.
Kohlberg
The perception of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by the drug, _____.
LSD
This psychologist proposed cognitive dissonance theory.
Leon Festinger
_____ is a protein secreted by fat cells and, when abundant, causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
Leptin
__________ was the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology.
Margaret Washburn
_____ was the American Psychological Association's (APA's) first female president.
Mary Whiton Calkins
The _____ is the most widely used intelligence test for adults. It includes subtests for verbal comprehension and processing speed.
The _____ is the most widely used intelligence test for adults. It includes subtests for verbal comprehension and processing speed.
_____ indicates that, although people often cannot directly control all of their feelings, they can influence their feelings by changing their behavior.
The attitudes-follow-behavior principle
Levels of Analysis
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon,
Culture
The enduring behavior, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Cognitive Neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language.)
Natural selection
The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed o to succeeding generations.
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Evolutionary Psychology
The study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Behavior genetics
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Behaviorism
The view that psychology 1. Should be an objective science that 2. Studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2.
This is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.
This is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.
Robert Sternberg suggests that there are _____ intelligences.
Three
What is the PRIMARY question asked by behavioral geneticists?
What specific genes influence behavior?
Psychologist _____ was concerned with the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.
William James
Who was most influenced by Charles Darwin?
William James
state-dependent memory
William James.
These researchers in human sexuality observed muscle contractions all over the body during orgasm.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
The 90-minute sleep cycle provides an example of:
a biological rhythm.
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
naturalistic observation:
a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the unconditioned stimulus (US) used to produce fear was:
a loud noise.
correlation
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
The term "circadian rhythm" refers to _____.
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour schedule
random sample
a sample fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two thing (from -1.00 to plus 1.00)
statistical significance
a statistical statement of how likely it id that an obtained result occurred by chance.
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, question, read, retrieve, review.
hypothesis:
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of:
a theory of mind.
An aptitude test measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas a(n) _____ test measures what a person has already learned.
achievement
G. Stanley Hall was one of the first psychologists to describe _____.
adolescence
Endocrine glands that play an important role in helping us respond to stress are the:
adrenal glands.
The wear and tear of telomeres is accelerated by all of the following EXCEPT:
alcohol consumption
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state are called:
alpha waves.
In 1939, Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy surgically lesioned this part of the brain, which eliminated defensive responses in various mammal species.
amygdala
Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:
amygdala.
Intuition:
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
theory:
an explanation using an integrated set of principle that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
A drug that inhibits a neurotransmitter's release is called a(n) _____.
antagonist
Weingarden and Renshaw (2012) found that girls who mature earlier may be more vulnerable to _____.
anxiety
The perspective on motivation that focuses on finding the right level of stimulation is known as:
arousal theory.
Well-fed animals will leave their shelter to explore and gain information. This is an example of:
arousal theory.
When a child views his new experience in terms of his existing schema, this is known as _____.
assimilation
Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:
associative learning.
The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called:
attribution.
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are most characteristic of _____.
autism spectrum disorder
Delayed _____ is a trait that is associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive.
gratification
Groupthink is fueled by a desire for:
group harmony
This is the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
groupthink
During sleep, our bodies secrete _____, which affects muscle mass and muscle memory.
growth hormone
Carol Dweck describes the belief that intelligence is changeable, determined, and improves with practice and training as a:
growth mindset
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:
habitual behavior.
The earliest technique for examining the living human brain involved the study of:
head injuries.
The attribution theory was proposed by _____.
heider
The perspective on motivation that describes how some human needs take priority over others is known as:
hierarchy of needs.
What is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon?
hindsight bias
Subregions of the _____ are active when you are learning different types of information
hippocampus
The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.
hippocampus
The goal of drive reduction is:
homeostasis.
When blood glucose level drops, _____ increases.
hunger
The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the:
hypothalamus.
The part of the brain most notably different between gay and heterosexual men is the:
hypothalamus.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon originally wanted to measure the intelligence of French school children in order to:
identify students with special needs in order to better educate them.
Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to the suppression of the _____ system.
immune
Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as _____ memory.
implicit
Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:
source amnesia.
The phenomena of forgetting information learned while intoxicated until the person is once again intoxicated is called ____.
state-dependent memory
The fact that during sleep, the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone necessary for muscle development supports the theory that sleep:
supports growth
Less than a millionth of an inch wide, the _____ gap connects neurons.
synaptic
About 28 percent of traffic accidents occur when people are _____.
talking or texting on the phone
Which of the following is an important part of the endocrine system but is not an endocrine gland?
the adrenal the pancreas -the hypothalamus the pituitary
Which part of the brain has been found to show increased activity in response to a sense of being ostracized?
the anterior cingulate cortex
People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:
the chameleon effect.
Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on:
the circadian rhythm.
When you go for a job interview and are introduced to many people, whose name are you most likely to remember?
the first person you met
critical thinking:
the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
debriefing:
the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as:
the social clock
Juan's son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents:
the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.
regression toward the mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average
hindsight bias:
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
Immediately after birth, infants prefer:
their mother's voice.
Familiar context can help activate memory in children as young as ____.
three months
Two-year-old Alma has many new toys in her playpen. Nonetheless, even before playing with these toys, she wants to explore the room and tries to escape the playpen. Alma is motivated to escape the playpen:
to seek optimum levels of arousal.
Neuroadaptation is most likely to contribute to drug _____.
tolerance
Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by:
touch and massage.
Dendrites transmit messages _____ the cell body and axons transmit messages _____ the cell body.
toward; away from
When examining the concept of heritability, researchers most often study:
twins and siblings.
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:
two stimuli.
One's brain keeps track of sleep debt for a period of about _____.
two weeks
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into the eye is a(n):
unconditioned response (UR).
In collaboration with researchers at France's National Center for Scientific Research, Andrew Geier (2006) explored a possible explanation for why French waistlines are smaller than American waistlines. This was called:
unit bias
Generalizations based on a few unrepresentative cases are:
unreliable
The WAIS subtest that measures one's ability to name pictured objects is _____.
vocabulary
With age people lose recall memory and processing speed but they gain _____.
vocabulary knowledge
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior; operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.
voluntary