Genetics and Soceity Exam 3
Frequency of ASD
1 in 42 boys, 1 in 189 girls
Viral integration
can cause mutation in a gene if that is where virus inserts its genome.
knockout organism
has a gene disabled
allele frequency equation
p+q=1
What is the name of an unmutated gene that is performing a normal function in preventing or controlling tumor formation, but if both copies of the gene are mutated it could cause cancer?
tumor suppressor gene
Mutagenesis
use of mutagens such as radioactivity to induce random mutations, creating the desired trait
A cloning ________is a DNA molecule into which another piece of DNA can be inserted.
vector
Cross breeding plants
Combining two sexually compatible species to create a variety of traits of the parent
The enzyme_______is used to attach DNA strands.
DNA ligase
All tumors are cancerous
False, not all tumors are cancerous
Cancer begins when a cell divides less frequently than it should.
False. Cancer begins when a cell divides more often than it should.
Anti-depressants
Increase risk by 1% -1.8% by asd
chemotherapy
The use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer
Darwin bred pigeons to have particular traits. Today people breed dogs, cats, horses, and other animals for the same reason. These activities illustrate
artificial selection.
Which of the following statement is true with respect to mutation and aging
as you age you accumulate a large number of random mutations some of which affect gene expression
What of the following statements best reflects the data with respect to human evolution.
humans and chimps evolved from a common ancestor approximately 7 million years ago
Which of the following is not a common change that occurs during senescence associated with human aging?
increased immune function
What is the term used to describe the movement of cancer cells to new locations where they establish secondary tumors?
metastasis
What is the name of a protooncogene that has been mutated and the mutation results in cancer?
oncogene
An organism that carries DNA from other species is termed
translocated
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
malignant tumor
A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.
What does cancer require?
Cancer requires one or more Mutations to occur
transitional fossils
Fossils that provide patterns of evolutionary change from the early ancestors to modern life forms.
The process of a tumor spreading is called metastasis.
True
What do scientist mean when they use the word theory
a comprehensive explanation for how something works that has been well-supported by research
Making many copies of a specific DNA sequence is called
cloning
an organism that contains DNA from other species is called a _________ organism
transgenic
second law of thermodynamics
when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if q=0.04, how many individuals will have the homozygous dominant genotype?
92%
Transgenesis
Addition of genes species to create a new variety of desired traits
benign tumor
An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
Cisgenic organism
An organism that received DNA from the same or a closely related species
Which vaccine protects against the virus that causes cervical and oral cancers?
Cancer can be caused by both mutations caused by replication errors or by external exposures, however, the majority probably come from replication errors
What is cancer?
Cells that are too fast and in an unregulated manner
Which scientist wrote the book on Origin of Species?
Darwin
Oncogenes cause cancer when they are inactivated.
False. Oncogenes cause cancer when they are activated inappropriately. Tumor suppressor genes can cause cancer when they are inactivated.
protoplast fusion
Fusion of cells or cell components to transfer traits between species
Which vaccine protects against the virus that causes cervical and oral cancers?
Gardasil
Who are the people most likely to receive cancer
Greater risk at age 45 due to random mutations
Which virus is the leading cause of cervical cancer and the second leading cause of oral and throat cancer in humans?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
paternal factors
Infection more variable for men as he ages randomness is more variable increase child for ASD
Which of the following characteristics are typical of cancer cells?
Loss of cell cycle control, Dedifferentiated, Lack contact inhibition and Can induce blood vessel formation
X linked why is asd more common
Multiple lock on X chromosome have been identified
Polyploidy
Multiplication of the number of chromosomes in a crop of fertility
inversion mutation
Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation
Chromatin restructuring
One candidate gene is involved in chromatin restricting by on X
Most cases of cancer arise from inheriting a cancer susceptibility allele from a parent
Only about 10% of cancers are inherited.
transgenic organism
Organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism
dominant genotype frequency
P ^2
Types of radiation
Radon gas in soil, UV radiation from sun and comic rays and gamma rays
Random repeats
Significant changes in repeat numbers linked to 15-20%
naturalistic fallacy
The (mistaken) idea that anything "natural" must be "good."
irreducible complexity
The idea that parts of organisms are so complex and dependent on one another that they cannot be reduced to something less complex and still function, providing evidence for Creation.
metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
Dunning-Kruger Effect
The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.
Invasive malignant tumors typically contain mutations that affect the cytoskeleton and allow the cell to move from where it is anchored.
True
Somatic cells may develop mutations in cancer-causing genes.
True
genome editing
Use of an enzyme to modify DNA directly in a cell
Savantism
a condition in which an individual with a developmental disorder has exceptional abilities in one or more areas
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Which of the following mutations would NOT likely result in cancer?
a mutation resulting in a cell not producing receptors for growth factors
Introversion
a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection leading cause of several cancers
Write treatment was shown to reverse aging in the aging in the progeria model in mice and rapid aging disorders?
activated the telomerase enzyme
The most basic definition of evolution is change in _________ within a population over time.
allele frequency
Genetic modification
alters genetic codes so that one species' code is like another's.
The release of bacteria or plants that can detoxify pollutants is called
bioremediation
The use or alteration of cells or biological molecules for specific applications is called
biotechnology.
Reverse transcriptase is used in the lab to make_____which is complementary to a specific mRNA.
cDNA
Oncogenes
cancer causing genes
oncogenes
cancer causing genes
HPV growth
causes cells to divide rapidly additional mutations needed for cancer to spread.
Evolution
change in allele frequency in a population over time
Proto-oncogenes
code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time
Natural selection has fueled the rise in MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infection by
enabling certain bacterial variants to survive in the presence of many antibiotic drugs.
What are transitional fossils
fossils that represent intermediate forms between two organisms (missing links)
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
tumor suppressor genes
make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells
negative selection
natural selection that decreases the frequency of a harmful allele
positive selection
natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele
what type of radiation is the cause for cancer
naturally occurring radiation
genotype frequency equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
Small circular DNA molecules that are found in some bacteria, yeasts, and plant cells are called-
plasmids
What is the name of an unmutated gene that is performing a normal function in cell cycle, but if a single copy of the gene is mutated it could cause cancer?
protooncogene
recessive genotype frequency
q^2
What is the cause for cancer
radiations
A DNA molecule that includes nucleotide sequences from two different organisms is called a ________DNA molecule.
recombinant
A molecule that consists of a piece of DNA from one organism combined with the DNA from a member of another species is called
recombinant DNA.
DNA is cut into fragments by
restriction enzymes
In Darwin's time, natural selection was thought to be primarily negative. However, we have since learned that positive selection is a powerful force, and it
retains gene variants or combinations that promote successful reproduction.
Cancer does not typically follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance because it is usually caused by
specific combinations of alleles and an environmental factor.
metasasis
spread of a cancerous tumor to a secondary organ or tissue
Some restriction enzymes produce ________that are complementary to each other.
sticky ends
Which of the following is a common change to human chromosomes that occur as a result of aging
telomeres shorten
Which of the following is true with the respect to the randomness associated with evolution through natural selection?
the mutation of gene is random, but the selection of a favorable trait is not random.
radiation therapy
treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation
