Genetics Chapter 1

the ________of an organism is defined as its observable sum of features

phenotype

If you wrote a brief essay discussing the impact of recombinant DNA technology on genetics as we perceive the discipline today, what applications of recombinant DNA technology should be included? Pick 7 -natural selection -plant and animal husbandry -understanding gene function -medical advances -human modification -plant and animal production -drug development -forencsics

plant and animal husbandry understanding gene function medical advances human modification plant and animal production drug development forensics

The study of the set of proteins present in a cell is referred to as _______. bioinformatics genomics proteomics gene therapy

proteomics

A protein's shape and chemical behavior are determined by ________. -the environment of an organism -its linear sequence of amino acids -the cholesterol makeup of the lipid membrane -the type of cell in which it resides -the cell's age

its linear sequence of amino acids

All EXCEPT which of the following are desirable qualities in a model organism? ease of growth common genetic mechanisms with other organisms long life span production of many offspring

long life span

What are the basic subunits of DNA and RNA? ribosomes amino acids proteins nucleotides

nucleotides

Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing ________. -genotype -chromosome -mutant -phenotype -DNA

phenotype

Alternative forms of a gene are called _________. phenotypes alleles genotypes meiotic products mutants

alleles

When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even eliminate the encoded protein's usual ________ and cause an altered ________. structure; genotype cell type; genotype function; phenotype function; genotype ribosome; phenotype

function; phenotype

A functional unit of heredity is a ______. nucleotide gene chromosome protein

gene- the information stored in the nucleotide sequence of a gene is heritable.

Which term describes the complete haploid content of DNA contained within an organism? genome clone gene transgenic

genome- a genome is the entire collection of DNA contained within an organism

The ______ of an organism is defined as its specific allelic or genetic constitution.

genotype

Genetics is the study of ________. mutation and recession diploid and haploid inheritance and variation replication and recombination transcription and translation

inheritance and variation

How do alleles fit into the definitions of phenotype and genotype? Select three correct answers -The set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism is called the phenotype. -A population can contain many alleles for a gene, but an individual diploid organism has only two alleles for a gene. -Alleles are alternative forms of a gene. -Different alleles may produce differences in the phenotype of an organism.

-A population can contain many alleles for a gene, but an individual diploid organism has only two alleles for a gene. -Alleles are alternative forms of a gene. -Different alleles may produce differences in the phenotype of an organism.

Which of the following is the function of DNA? -DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information. -DNA is required when cells are using their ribosomes to translate a protein. -DNA serves to hold the information for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate storage. -DNA is used structurally to hold the nucleus together. -DNA is involved in the expression of stored genetic information.

-DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information

What is a gene mutation? -the source of all genetic variation -an inherited changed in DNA sequence that is always bad for an organism -change in DNA that leads to death -an inherited change in a DNA sequence -an inherited change in DNA sequences that is the source of all genetic variation

the source of all genetic variation

How is genetic information encoded in a DNA molecule? -Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the amounts of different amino acids. -Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of bases and amino acids. -Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the amounts of different bases. -Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of amino acids. -Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of bases.

-Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of bases.

Why do you think discoveries in genetics have been recognized with so many Nobel Prizes? Select all that apply. -Genetics is difficult to investigate. -Genetics guided our understanding of living systems. -Genetics aided rational drug design. -Genetics provides the framework for universal biological processes. -Genetics helps to explain species stability and diversity.

-Genetics guided our understanding of living systems. -Genetics aided rational drug design. -Genetics provides the framework for universal biological processes. -Genetics helps to explain species stability and diversity.

What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? -It states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes that are transmitted by gametes. -It states that inherited traits are controlled by chromosomes residing on genes that are transmitted to offspring by gametes. -It states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes that are transmitted to offspring by somatic cells.

-It states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes that are transmitted by gametes

What are the arguments for and against human gene patenting by companies and individuals? Select all the correct statements -Patents on genes and genetics tools can be potentially lucrative for consumers but not for patent-holders -Patents can protect the investments of individuals and institutions that develop needed and useful product -Mechanisms need to be in place to protect consumers to ensure that relatively free and fair access to genetic tools is available -Preventing the holding of patents for genes or genetic tools could reduce the incentive for pursuing the research that produces genes and genetics tools

-Patents can protect the investments of individuals and institutions that develop needed and useful product -Mechanisms need to be in place to protect consumers to ensure that relatively free and fair access to genetic tools is available -Preventing the holding of patents for genes or genetic tools could reduce the incentive for pursuing the research that produces genes and genetics tools

How has the use of model organisms advanced our knowledge of the genes that control human diseases? Select the two correct statements. -Most model organisms are more susceptible to disease (easier to understand causes). -What is learned in one organism can usually be applied to all organisms. -What is learned in model organisms can always be applied to humans. -What is learned in one organism can always be applied to all organisms. -Most model organisms have peculiarities (ease of growth, genetic understanding, abundant offspring). -Most model organisms do not have mutated genes (no side effects).

-What is learned in one organism can usually be applied to all organisms. -Most model organisms have peculiarities (ease of growth, genetic understanding, abundant offspring).

If you were in a position to control the introduction of a GM primary food product (rice, for example), what criteria would you establish before allowing such introduction? Select the three correct criteria. -cost of production -environmental impact -likelihood of cross-pollination -ability to supply large quantities -external consistency -allergenicity

-environmental impact -likelihood of cross-pollination -allergenicity

What are some of the impacts of biotechnology on crop plants in the United States? Select all that apply -the development of pest-resistant crops -the development of herbicide-resistant crops -quicker identification of hazardous organisms in food -the development of nutritionally-enhanced crops -the spread of transgenes from genetically modified crops to wild plants - the development of transgenic crops

All correct

What is the central dogma of genetics? DNA → RNA → protein RNA → DNA → protein Protein → RNA → DNA DNA → protein → RNA

DNA → RNA → protein

Contrast chromosomes and genes. -Genes are composed of chromosomes complexed with DNA. They take part in cell division during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes are proteins, they take part in gene expression and are the functional units of heredity. -Genes take part in the production of proteins through the processes of transcription and translation. They are the functional units of heredity. Chromosomes carry genes and take part in cell division during mitosis and meiosis. -Genes are composed of DNA. They carry genetic information and transcribe it into mRNA and tRNA. Chromosomes are composed of proteins and do not carry genetic information. Chromosomes take part in cell division during mitosis and meiosis.

Genes take part in the production of proteins through the processes of transcription and translation. They are the functional units of heredity. Chromosomes carry genes and take part in cell division during mitosis and meiosis.

How is it related to Mendel's findings? -The chromosome theory of inheritance is based on the parallels between Mendel's model of heredity and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. -The chromosome theory of inheritance is based on the parallels between Mendel's model of heredity and the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis. -The chromosome theory of inheritance is based on the parallels between Mendel's model of heredity and the mutations of chromosomes.

The chromosome theory of inheritance is based on the parallels between Mendel's model of heredity and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis.

If somebody knew that a devastating late-onset inherited disease runs in his or her family (in other words, a disease that does not appear until later in life) and he or she could be tested for it at the age of 20, should the person find out whether he or she is a carrier?Select One -The person should be tested for the disease at the age of 20. -The person should be tested for the disease at the age of 40. -The person should be tested if he or she wants to have children. -The person should make a decision him- or herself and the decision may change depending on his or her age and other factors. -The person should never be tested for the disease.

The person should make a decision him- or herself and the decision may change depending on his or her age and other factors.