Genetics Chapters 1, 2, 3

Middle of prophase 1

At which phase of meiosis does synapsis of homologs occur?

Equational division

In meiosis, the second division produces four cells from the two cells formed in the first division by splitting the replicated chromosomes. This second division is called a(n)

Red blood cells

Which human body cells do not contain two copies of the genome?

Mistakes in DNA replication

Which is the mechanism responsible for the mutations found in sperm due to the "paternal age effect"?

Dominant Single Gene Disorders

Which is the typical inheritance pattern for diseases caused by the "paternal age effect"?

DNA profiling

Which of the following is a technique that compares DNA sequences among individuals to establish or rule out identity?

Germline cells

Which of the following special cells form gametes?

G2

Which phase of the cell cycle follows S phase and is characterized by additional protein synthesis and membrane assembly into vesicles?

G1

Which phase of the cell cycle follows immediately after mitosis and is characterized by synthesis of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids?

germline cells

Which special cells form gametes?

Embryonic induction

What occurs when the specialization of one group of cells causes adjacent groups of cells to specialize?

First 60 days of prenatal development

When is a prenatal human known as an embryo?

Geome

Complete set of genetic information.

Transcription

DNA sequence is copied into an RNA molecule during this process.

Complex traits

Determined by one or more genes and environmental factors (hair/eye color).

acrosome

During fertilization, the sperm releases enzymes that bore through the protective layers surrounding the secondary oocyte. The enzymes are released from the bursting of the sperm's

prophase 1

During meiosis, synapsis occurs during

Metaphase 1

During which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur?

Cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine

The DNA double helix contains four building blocks

Translation

Each group of three RNA bases in a row act as a signal to recruit a particular amino acid during

organogenesis

What is the transformation of the simple three layers of the embryo into distinct organs called?

Clevage

A day after fertilization, the zygote divides by mitosis, beginning a period of frequent cell division called

4

A diploid cell containing eight chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes are present in each cell after meiosis I?

Phospholipid

A fat molecule with attached phosphate groups depicted as a head with two parallel tails is a

Apoptosis

A cell can be rapidly and neatly dismantled into membrane-enclosed pieces that a phagocyte can mop up through the process of

Interphase

A cell continues the basic biochemical functions of life, while also replicating its DNA, during

Cytoskeleton

A meshwork of protein rods and tubules that serves as the cell's architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall three-dimensional shapes, is the

Expresses different subsets of genes

A specialized characteristic of a cell, as opposed to a basic life function, emerges when the cell

Progenitor cell

A stem cell divides by mitosis to yield either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself, or one that is a stem cell and one that is a partially specialized

Mendelian

A trait caused by a single gene (extra fingers or toes).

Meiosis

A type of cell division in which the chromosome number is halved is known as

Bioethics

Addresses issues and controversies that arise in applying medical technology and using genetic information.

Centromere

After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the

Gene pool

All of the alleles in a population constitute the

Translation

Bases of messenger RNA are recognized by connectors that carry the amino acids needed to form a specific protein in the process of

Meiosis

Genetic diversity is enriched by the formation of differing sex cells via the process known as

Mitosis divides the DNA while cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell contents.

How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ?

3

How many nitrogenous bases in DNA code for a single amino acid?

Haploid

Human gametes have only one copy of each chromosome, so they are

Nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes are enclosed in a membrane-bound structure called

S phase

In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the

Gene

Instructions to manufacture proteins which determine traits.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Most protein synthesis occurs on a maze of interconnected membranous tubules and sacs called

Traditional breeding

Natural occurring without modifying genes.

oogonium

Oogenesis begins in a diploid cell called a

Exome

Part of the genome that encodes protein.

Genotype

Refers to the underlying DNA instructions (alleles present).

Sister chromatids

Replicated chromatids that are joined at a centromere .

Metagenomics

Revealing of how species interact.

seminiferous tubules

Sperm cells develop within a 125-meter-long network of vessels called the

Syndromes that accelerate aging and shorten life, or make a person appear older than they are but do not affect life expectancy, are called

Syndromes that accelerate aging and shorten life, or make a person appear older than they are but do not affect life expectancy, are called

human microbiome

The cells within and on us that are not actually part of us constitute the

Replication

The chains of the DNA double helix untwist and separate, and then each half builds a new partner chain from free DNA bases. This process is best described as

blastomeres

The early cells resulting from the frequent division of the zygote are known as

Meiosis

The form of cell division that produces sperm or eggs

Nucleus

The majority of genes in a eukaryotic cell are found within the

Cell or plasma membrane

The outer boundary of the cell

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

The primordial embryo consists of three layers. These are called

Cell cycle

The series of events describing the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division is called

Mitotic spindle

The structure formed of microtubules that will pull chromosomes apart during mitosis is called the

Interphase and mitosis

The two major stages of the cell cycle are (not dividing) and (dividing).

Genetic diversity

The variation in DNA that causes differences in traits among individuals and species.

4 genetically different

Unlike mitosis, meiosis in humans leads to the production of how many daughter cells?

Phenotype

Visible trait, biochemical change, or effect on health (alleles expressed, hair/eye color).

secretion

What begins when the body sends a biochemical message to a cell to begin producing a particular substance

Biochemicals

What do organelles sequester that could harm other cellular constituents?

human prenatal development

What is a highly regulated program of genetic switches that are turned on in specific body parts at specific times?

GMO

altering a gene or genome in a way that does not occur in nature.

Mitosis

cell division