Genetics test 4

What is a competent cell? Multiple choice question. A bacterial cell that can transfer its genetic material to other cells by conjugation A bacterial cell that can be infected by bacteriophages A bacterial cell that can take up foreign DNA A bacterial cell that can grow on minimal medium

A bacterial cell that can take up foreign DN

What is an episome? Multiple choice question. A chromosome that contains a large number of transposons A plasmid that carries a large number of mutations A plasmid that can integrate into a chromosome A chromosome that has undergone extensive horizontal gene transfer

A plasmid that can integrate into a chromosome

itochondria produce ______. Multiple choice question. carbohydrates in eukaryotic organisms carbohydrates in animals and ATP in plants ATP in eukaryotic organisms ATP in animals and carbohydrates in plants

ATP in eukaryotic organisms

When an F plasmid integrates into a bacterial chromosome, the bacterial cell becomes a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. Hfr strain F' strain virulent strain bacteriophage F— strain

Hfr strain

What event leads to the formation of an Hfr strain? Multiple choice question. Uptake of foreign DNA from dead bacterial cells Exposure to high temperatures Infection of a bacterial cell with a bacteriophage Integration of an F plasmid into a bacterial chromosome

Integration of an F plasmid into a bacterial chromosome

What is the major component of the bacterial cell wall? Multiple choice question. Lipoprotein Proteoglycan Peptidoglycan Lipopolysaccharide

Peptidoglycan

Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants. Multiple select question. Resistance to herbicides Resistance to insects Rate of photosynthesis Resistance to viruses Increased yield Enhanced nutritional value Resistance to waterlogged (anaerobic) conditions

Resistance to herbicides Resistance to insects Resistance to viruses Increased yield Enhanced nutritional value

Which of the two types of mtDNA in kinetoplasts contain(s) protein-encoding sequences? Multiple choice question. The maxicircles only The minicircles only Both the maxicircles and the minicircles

The maxicircles only

Which of these statements are true for human mitochondrial diseases? Multiple select question. They can usually be overcome by functional genes in the cell nucleus. They usually affect cells that require high levels of ATP. They are usually chronic degenerative disorders. They result from genomic imprinting. They often exhibit varying degrees of severity within families.

They often exhibit varying degrees of severity within families. They usually affect cells that require high levels of ATP. They are usually chronic degenerative disorders.

Insertion sequences belong to which class of molecules? Multiple choice question. Plasmids Transposable elements Transducing phages Hfr strains

Transposable elements

Bacteria can be grown on media solidified by ---- in a petri dish

agar

Species that break down the hydrocarbons in oil to use as an energy source are called ----- bacteria because they bloom after oil spills and assist in their clean-up.

bioremediation bacteria

Alcanivorax borkumensis is a ________. Multiple choice question. drug-resistant bacterium that causes disease in humans bioremediation bacterium that helps clean up oils spills bacterium that plays a major role in the nitrogen cycle.

bioremediation bacterium that helps clean up oils spills

transgene

can be made in vitro using recombinant DNA technology introduced into eukaryotic cells by chemical treatment or injection

Totipotent cells _____. Multiple choice question. can become any cell type are the only type of mammalian cell that can be grow in culture can become any cell type except germ-line cells and gametes are restricted to becoming a particular type of cell

can become any cell type

Mice that are made up of cells from two different organisms are called _____. Multiple choice question. chimeras clones knockout mice knockin mice

chimeras

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique used in ____. Multiple choice question. cloning creating a knockout mouse P element transformation gene therapy

cloning

A bacterial cell that is able to take up foreign DNA from its environment is called a(n) ----- cell

competent

Extrachromosomal circles of DNA that can be transferred from a bacterial donor cell to a recipient bacterial cell following contact are called --- plasmids.

conjugation

The bread mold Neurospora has been used for a number of genetic studies. The cells in Neurospora colonies are ______ and can be of two different mating types. Each mating type produces ______. Multiple choice question. diploid; either male or female mating cells (not both) haploid; both male and female mating cells haploid; either male or female mating cells (not both) diploid; both male and female mating cells

haploid; both male and female mating cells

A variegated four o'clock is a plant that ______. Multiple choice question. always gives rise to white plants has a mixture of purple and white flowers always gives rise to green plants has a mixture of green and white leaves or parts of leaves can have either purple or white flowers

has a mixture of green and white leaves or parts of leaves

Gene targeting relies on _____. Multiple choice question. homologous recombination DNA repair mechanisms nonhomologous recombination

homologous recombination

The small transposable elements found in bacterial genomes are called ---- ------

insertion sequences

In a mitochondrion, genetic material is located within the

matrix

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called ------

metagenomics

A growth medium that contains only the essential nutrients required for the growth of a wild-type bacterial species is called a(n) ______ medium. Multiple choice question. complex minimal defined

minimal

The unit of measure that is used for the distance between two genes on a bacterial chromosome is the ---- of chromosome transfer.

minute

A plant with chloroplasts that have transgenic DNA that was inserted via biolistic transformation is called a ______. Multiple choice question. selected plant transplastomic plant homoplasmic plant mutant plant

transplastomic plant

What percent of the genome of E. coli and humans encodes proteins? Multiple choice question. About 50% in both E. coli and humans About 50% in E. coli and less than5% in humans About 90% in E. coli and less than 5% in humans Less than 5% in E. coli and about 90% in humans

About 90% in E. coli and less than 5% in humans

When does conjugation result in the transfer of part of the bacterial chromosome to recipient cells? Multiple choice question. When two F— strains conjugate with one another When two Hfr strains conjugate with one another When an Hfr strain conjugates with an F—strain When an F+ strain conjugates with an F— strain

When an Hfr strain conjugates with an F—strain

When cytoplasmic segregation occurs, _____. Multiple choice question. a homoplasmic cell can give rise to one heteroplasmic and one homoplasmic cell a heteroplasmic cell can give rise to two homoplasmic cells, each with a different type of cpDNA a homoplasmic cell can give rise to two heteroplasmic cells a heteroplasmic cell can give rise to two homoplasmic cells, each with the same type of cpDNA

a heteroplasmic cell can give rise to two homoplasmic cells, each with a different type of cpDNA

The bacterial genome typically consists of ______. Multiple choice question. a single linear chromosome multiple circular chromosomes multiple linear chromosomes a single circular chromosome

a single circular chromosome

Although chloroplasts and mitochondria contain genetic material, these organelles cannot exist outside of eukaryotic cells because ______. Multiple choice question. they are too small to exist outside of other cells their genome is too unstable proteins for their function and reproduction are supplied by the nuclear genome they are not surrounded by a membrane to protect them from the environment

proteins for their function and reproduction are supplied by the nuclear genome

what can pharming be enhanced by?

reproductive cloning

P element transformation is a technique that can be used with which model organism to study gene function? Multiple choice question. Mice Drosophila Zebrafish E. coli Arabidopsis

Drosophila

The mitochondrial genomes in animals encode the rRNA genes needed for translation. However, the nuclear genome must supply which of these for translation to occur? Multiple choice question. Initiator tRNA only All tRNAs mRNAs to be translated Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins

Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins

The process that converts a pre-mRNA in the kinetoplast of trypanosome to a mature mRNA is called ______. Multiple choice question. tRNA processing RNA editing transcription posttranslational editing

RNA editing

In E. coli, strain A is met— bio— thr+ leu+ and strain B is met+ bio+ thr— leu—. Which of the following is true about these strains? Multiple select question. Strain A is auxotrophic for threonine and leucine; strain B is auxotrophic for methionine and biotin Strain A can synthesize threonine and leucine; strain B can synthesize methionine and biotin Strain A can synthesize methionine and biotin; strain B can synthesize threonine and leucine Strain A is auxotrophic for methionine and biotin; strain B is auxotrophic for threonine and leucine

Strain A can synthesize threonine and leucine; strain B can synthesize methionine and biotin Strain A is auxotrophic for methionine and biotin; strain B is auxotrophic for threonine and leucine

How are the protein-coding sequences in the maxicircles of kinetoplasts related to their corresponding cDNA sequences? Multiple choice question. They are identical. They are closely related but far from identical. They are so different, that they appear to be completely unrelated.

They are closely related but far from identical.

What is the function of the pili during conjugation? Multiple choice question. They protect the cell from viruses that can attack it. They rejoin the ends of the linear DNA after it has been transferred. They make contact with recipient cells. They cut the DNA of the F plasmid at the origin of transfer.

They make contact with recipient cells.

How can a transgene be introduced into cells? Multiple select question. Via viral particle Through ingestion of the DNA Injection of DNA into the cell Through a treatment that disrupts the cell wall

Via viral particle Injection of DNA into the cell Through a treatment that disrupts the cell wall

Conditional knockout mice are important to study the function of _____. Multiple choice question. non-essential genes genes involved in the majority of diseases most wild-type genes essential genes

essential genes

three major evolutionary lineages of living organisms are the

eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea

The core genome of E. coli refers to the ______. Multiple choice question. genes that encode proteins involved in pathogenesis genes that are shared by all E. coli strains genes that are derived from bacteriophages genes that encode proteins involved in gene expression

genes that are shared by all E. coli strains

Mice containing a chromosome with an amorphic allele of a targeted gene are called ----- mice.

knockout

For a given gene, a bacterial cell is usually ______. Multiple choice question. diploid monoploid meroploid polyploid

monoploid

Organisms that have chloroplasts include ______. Multiple choice question. algae and photosynthetic bacteria plants and algae plants and photosynthetic bacteria plants and fungi

plants and algae

what are methods of creating transgenic organisms?

pronuclear injection P elements Ti plasmids random insertion

How is Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy shows transmitted? Multiple choice question. From mother to sons only From father to all offspring From mother to daughters only From mother to all offspring From father to all sons

From mother to all offspring

When both parents do not contribute a gene equally to their offspring, the inheritance pattern is _______. Multiple choice question. non-Mendelian Mendelian unpredictable recessive dominant

non-Mendelian

single chromosome of a bacterium is called the ---- body

nucleoid body

During conjugation, how many strands of the F factor DNA are transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell?

one

An Hfr bacterial strain is very efficient at _______. Multiple choice question. producing new bacteriophages and releasing them into the environment transferring genes from its chromosome to F— strains taking up foreign DNA from the environment

transferring genes from its chromosome to F— strains

Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______. Multiple choice question. disease resistance tumor growth herbicide resistance cell death

tumor growth

If the progeny of a cross obtain their organelles from the paternal gamete, the mode of transmission is ______. Multiple choice question. biparental inheritance maternal effect maternal recessive uniparental inheritance

uniparental inheritance

Select the features that are shared between mitochondrial and prokaryotic translation. Multiple select question. Both use N-formyl methionine to initiate translation. Both share the same exceptions to the universal genetic code. Antibiotics inhibit both types of ribosomes. Both use tRNAIfMet for translation initiation.

Both use N-formyl methionine to initiate translation. Antibiotics inhibit both types of ribosomes. Both use tRNAIfMet for translation initiation.

Select reasons why mouse embryonic stem cells are used for gene targeting. Multiple select question. When ES cells are used, all cells undergo homologous recombination and contain the desired transgene. Investigators can screen through a large number of cells to find one containing the targeted mutation. ES cells be moved from a dish to a developing embryo, where they are incorporated into all cell types, including germ-line cells. The only way to alter the mouse genome is using embryonic stem cells.

Investigators can screen through a large number of cells to find one containing the targeted mutation. ES cells be moved from a dish to a developing embryo, where they are incorporated into all cell types, including germ-line cells.

Which statement accurately describes the typical number of copies of the mitochondrial genome in a single organelle? Multiple choice question. Every mitochondrion contains a single copy of the mtDNA. Mitochondria are diploid, i.e., they contain two copies of the mtDNA. It varies depending on cell's energy needs, with a typical copy number of 2 to 10.

It varies depending on cell's energy needs, with a typical copy number of 2 to 10.

Select all of these that are true of human mitochondrial DNA. Multiple select question. Roughly half of the human mtDNA consists of DNA that does not encode a protein or an RNA. Mitochondrial genes are very tightly packed and, in some cases, overlap. Human mtDNA carries 37 genes. Human mtDNA is circular. All genes on the human mtDNA encode important mitochondrial proteins.

Mitochondrial genes are very tightly packed and, in some cases, overlap. Human mtDNA carries 37 genes. Human mtDNA is circular.

Which of the following is not one of the steps in a F+ x F— conjugation? Multiple choice question. The F— recipient cell is converted to an F+ cell. The F+ donor cell remains F+. One strand of plasmid DNA is degraded. An F pilus brings the F+ and F- cells together.

One strand of plasmid DNA is degraded.

A bacterial strain that cannot synthesize a particular nutrient and therefore requires that nutrient to be included in its growth medium is called a(n) -----

auxotrophs

Knockout mice _____. Multiple choice question. contain a chromosome with an amorphic allele of the targeted gene contain chromosomes where an exon of a gene was replaced with an exon containing a mutation in a single amino acid do not have genomes are clones

contain a chromosome with an amorphic allele of the targeted gene

Loss-of-function of mitochondrial tRNA genes is associated with myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber (MERRF) disease. Why do muscle fibers from these individuals have a red appearance when stained? Multiple choice question. Cells have increased blood flow to try to get more oxygen. Cells make more mitochondria to try to compensate for reduced function. Cells have fewer mitochondria.

Cells make more mitochondria to try to compensate for reduced function.

Which statement accurately describes the similarity between a cloned mammal (for example a cat) and the donor from which it was generated? Multiple choice question. Cloned animals are not identical to their donors for a variety of reasons, such as, for example, differences in mitochondrial genomes. Cloned animals are identical to their donors in all respects. Cloned animals can be identical to their donor if they are allowed to develop in the uterus of the donor's female parent.

Cloned animals are not identical to their donors for a variety of reasons, such as, for example, differences in mitochondrial genomes.

What are conjugative plasmids? Multiple choice question. Viruses that can transfer DNA from one infected bacterium to another DNA molecules that contain pathogenicity islands, and which can jump into the host chromosome Transposable elements that can insert themselves in various locations on a bacterial chromosome DNA molecules that can be transferred one-way from a donor to a recipient bacterium

DNA molecules that can be transferred one-way from a donor to a recipient bacterium

Select the factors or events that are involved in successfully producing a knockout mouse. Multiple select question. Genome duplication Nonhomologous recombination Drugs Embryonic stem cells Blastocysts Homologous recombination

Drugs Embryonic stem cells Blastocysts Homologous recombination

Select genes that are used in reporter constructs to detect gene expression. Multiple select question. GFP Cre loxP lacZ

GFP lacZ

What is introduced into animals or plants to create a genetically modified organism? Multiple choice question. Bacteria Genetic material Cellular organelles Proteins

Genetic material

A strain of E. coli that frequently transfers chromosomal genes to recipient bacterial cells is designated a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. F— strain virulent strain F+ strain Hfr strain

Hfr strain

How are bacteria grown? Multiple choice question. In solid media only In liquid media only In either liquid or semi-solid media In neither liquid nor solid media; rather semi-solid media

In either liquid or semi-solid media

How does translation in mitochondria compare to translation in bacteria and cytoplasmic eukaryotic translation? Multiple choice question. Mitochondrial translation is more similar to bacterial translation than to eukaryotic cytoplasmic translation. Mitochondrial translation is more similar to eukaryotic cytoplasmic translation than to bacterial translation. Mitochondrial translation is unique and has little in common with either bacterial or eukaryotic cytoplasmic translation.

Mitochondrial translation is more similar to eukaryotic cytoplasmic translation than to bacterial translation.

Which statement accurately compares the genomes of E. coli and a human? Multiple choice question. Most of the DNA in a human is protein-coding, while only a small percentage of the DNA in E. coli's chromosome encodes proteins. E. coli and humans have roughly equal percentage of protein-encoding sequences in their DNA. Most of the DNA in E. coli's chromosome is protein-coding, while only a small percentage of the DNA in humans encodes proteins.

Most of the DNA in E. coli's chromosome is protein-coding, while only a small percentage of the DNA in humans encodes proteins.

How do F+ and F— strains of E. coli differ from one another? Multiple choice question. Only F— strains require a nutritional supplement in their growth media. Only F+ strains can be infected by bacteriophage. Only F+ strains contain an F plasmid.

Only F+ strains contain an F plasmid.

Which of the following statements about conjugation is correct? Multiple choice question. The F factor DNA is replicated first, then both strands are transferred. Both strands of the F factor DNA are transferred, and the donor cell loses its F factor in the process. Only one strand of the F factor DNA is transferred.

Only one strand of the F factor DNA is transferred.

What DNA sequence in the F plasmid is recognized and nicked to begin the process of conjugation? Multiple choice question. The promoter The start codon The origin of transfer The origin of replication

The origin of transfer

What is genetic transfer? Multiple choice question. The transmission of genetic material between bacterial cells The mechanism that occurs during a crossover between two genes The rearrangement of genes within a chromosome The conversion of a mutant allele to a wild-type allele

The transmission of genetic material between bacterial cells

Lederberg and Tatum used two E. coli strains in their classic conjugation experiment. Strain A was met— bio— thr+ leu+ and strain B was met+ bio+ thr— leu—. The scientists performed three growth experiments on appropriately supplemented media: strain A alone, strain B alone, strains A and B mixed together. They then transfered cells from each growth experiment onto minimal media. What did they observe? Multiple select question. When strain A grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, no growth was observed. When strain A grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, some colonies were observed. When strain B grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, no growth was observed. When a mixture of strains A and B grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, some colonies were observed. When strain B grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, some colonies were observed. When a mixture of strains A and B grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, no growth was observed.

When strain A grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, no growth was observed. When strain B grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, no growth was observed. When a mixture of strains A and B grown on supplemented medium was transferred to a minimal medium, some colonies were observed.

The genes that are carried on F plasmids are required for ______. Multiple choice question. transformation electroporation transduction conjugation

conjugation

The genome of a human mitochondrion _____. Multiple choice question. consists of a linear, single-stranded RNA chromosome consists of a circular, single-stranded RNA chromosome consists of a circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome consists of a linear, double-stranded DNA chromosome

consists of a circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome

transgenic organism

contains a transgene from another individual of the same or different species progeny inherit the transgene because cells containing the gene are able to form gametes

Fill in the blank question. The approximately 1000 genes that are shared by all strains of E. coli are known as the ---- -------

core genome

The process during which one bacterium gives genetic material to another bacterium is called ______. Multiple choice question. recombination infection competence gene transfer

gene transfer

Many bacterial genomes contain large segments of DNA whose properties suggest that they originated via horizontal gene transfer from another bacterial cell. These segments of DNA are called

genomic islands

Genomic islands are ______ segments of a bacterial genome which originated via ______ gene transfer. Multiple choice question. small; horizontal small; vertical large; vertical large; horizontal

large; horizontal

The size of a human mitochondrial chromosome is ______ the size of a human haploid genome. Multiple choice question. equal in size to more than 1% less than 0.001%

less than 0.001%

A rare condition known as myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease (MERRF) is most often caused by ______. Multiple choice question. loss-of-function mutation in the mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA gene loss-of-function mutation in the mitochondrial small ribosomal RNA gene loss-of-function mutation in the mitochondrial tRNALys gene loss-of-function mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene

loss-of-function mutation in the mitochondrial tRNALys gene

In tunicates, the paternal gamete contains mitochondria, but only the sperm nucleus, and not the cytoplasm, is allowed to enter the egg, leading to ______ of mitochondria. Multiple choice question. biparental inheritance maternal inheritance paternal inheritance Mendelian inheritance

maternal inheritance

Most animals exhibit maternal inheritance as _______. Multiple choice question. offspring receive mitochondria from the maternal gamete offspring receive both mitochondria and chloroplasts from the maternal gamete offspring receive mitochondria from the paternal gamete genes in the maternal mitochondrial DNA are dominant to the paternal mitochondrial DNA

offspring receive mitochondria from the maternal gamete

To initiate gene transfer during conjugation, the F plasmid must be nicked at a site called the --- of----

origin of transfer

A bacterial strain that causes disease in the host organism is called a(n) ----

pathogen

Horizontal gene transfer among bacterial species has led to the development of strains that are ______. Multiple choice question. more likely to acquire harmful mutations resistant to many antibiotics able to infect multiple species

resistant to many antibiotics

Evidence for the endosymbiont theory includes a number of similarities between organelles and bacteria, such as Multiple select question. use of N-formylmethionine to initiate translation. resistance to antibiotics. DNA bound by histone proteins. similar rRNA nucleotide sequences.

similar rRNA nucleotide sequences. use of N-formylmethionine to initiate translation.

Plasmids are _____. Multiple choice question. regions of a bacterial chromosome that are devoid of genes smaller chromosomes of bacteriophages that may be transferred to bacteria small circles of extra-chromosomal double-stranded DNA in bacteria

small circles of extra-chromosomal double-stranded DNA in bacteria

In order to perform targeted mutagenesis of a gene, a researcher must know ______. Multiple choice question. the DNA sequence of the gene the location of the gene product in a cell all the post-translational modifications of the protein encoded by the gene the sequence of the gene's enhancer

the DNA sequence of the gene

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______. Multiple choice question. infants implanted embryos the testis the blastocyst

the blastocyst

Pharming can refer to _____. Multiple select question. the production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock the use of livestock to gather DNA molecules the collection of natural livestock proteins for use in medicine the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants

the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants the production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock

Cloned animals and their donor are not perfectly identical in all respects because _____. Multiple select question. their mitochondrial genomes are different female clones will have different patterns of X inactivation than their donors the uterine environment for each animal during development will be different donors and clones only share half of their chromosomes

their mitochondrial genomes are different female clones will have different patterns of X inactivation than their donors the uterine environment for each animal during development will be different

what are the uses of transgenic organisms?

to study the function of the gene gene expression studies how transgenic organisms serve to produce proteins needed for human health GM organisms transgenic animals to model gain-of-function genetic diseases in humans