Genocide

After War

- Ally forces set up refugees and displaced person camps - between 1948 and 1951 70,000 Jews emigrated to the newly established state of Israel and others were relocated to other countries around the world - International commitment and humanitarian assistance and intervention proved strongest after genocide ended - the world vowed to never let such atrocities happen again and many people signed the Genocide Convention

1935 Legislation

At a annual party rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, Nazi leaders announced the creation of the Nuremberg Laws: - the Nuremberg Laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and didn't allow for them to marry Germans - the laws said that anybody who had three to four jewish grandparents was considered a Jew regardless of wether or not that Jew recognized him/herself a Jew - this law created a new wave of antisemetic legislation - made segregation of the jews by not allowing Jewish patients at municipal hospitals and not hiring jews to work in the army

How Hitler Implemented the Final Solution

Before invading Poland, the Nazis made plans to annihilate the whole Jewish population ion Europe and all other undesirable groups (the disabled, homosexuals, Slavs, and Romanies) - the Nazi camps made concentration camps and trained killing squads - this is preparation - Beginning in 1941, all Jews over the age of 6 were forced to wear the yellow Star of David on their clothing - symbolization and preparation - during war, ghettos were able established for the Jewish people as well as Transit and labor camps - also, killing during the Holocaust was a highly organized process . Nazis devoted many resources to carrying out this action and many supporters were needed for the genocide to be successful . hundreds of thousands of people were sent to extermination camps and were murdered in gas chambers . others were worked to death in labor camps . others were killed by mobile death squads that traveled throughout the Soviet Union . others were sent on death marches -> made victims march for miles without food, water, or rest and the goal was to kill these marchers

Stage 1 of Genocide- Classification

Every culture has various categories to distinguish groups of people from diff ethnicities, races, religions, and nationalities including the Jews, Germans, Hutu, and Tutsi - classifications divides the society and creates a major difference between the groups by "us and them" - In bipolar societies such as Rwanda and Burundi, there is a lack of diversity -> therefore, people these societies are more likely for genocide to occur - the key measure that is taken at this early stage is to form universal intimations that promote the understanding of tolerance of those from diff backgrounds Example of Classification in the holocaust -> hitler's Nuremberg laws excluded Jews from German citizenship and Hitler wanted to remove the Jews from Germany to create more Lebensarum for the superior Aryan race

Stage 5 of Genocide- Polarization

Extremists are the cause of groups drifting apart - hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda everywhere - terrorism targets moderates by silencing and intimidating these centers - prevention is needed to protect these moderate leaders and should give help to human rights groups Example of Polarization in the Holocaust -> Propaganda was created to portray the Jews in an inhumane and savage way - public demonstrations were organized against the Jews - attacks against these victims were blamed on the victims - Jews were hoarded into ghettos and concentration camps - the knight of the broken glass -> jewish shops and synagogues were destroyed and jews were rounded up into concentration camps

Facism Definition

Fascism is a far-right, ultranationalist, authoritarian political philosophy that came about in the early 20th century. It combines elements of nationalism, militarism, and totalitarianism Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual who exists to serve the nation Fascism rejects liberal democracy and pluralism (two or more leading parties) -> instead fascist Govs are one party states led by an authoritarian leader who embodies the national will . attempts to craft a society to the ultimate ambitions of a single ruling party Fascism is supportive of violence to achieve political means

Fascism - Nation over People

Fascism places an emphasis on the nation itself rather than the people - this makes an intense interest in defining which groups belong and don't belong to the national body

Holocaust

In 1939, Nazi Germany began war of conquest and expansion when they invaded Poland - three days later Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany - within months, nearly all of Europe was at war

How many Jews were killed in the Holocaust

In six years, nearly 12 million people were killed in the holocaust and of these 12 million people were 6 million jews

Liberation

Liberation occurred in camps when US soldiers came to concentration camp[s and immediately gave assistance to the survivors. Some of the Jews were skeptical of their liberation because they didn't know if they were being tricked, whereas others were elated. Soon, Infantry units rapidly liberated the Jews and set up tents with cots and cleaning/medical stations to help the individuals (the survivors weighed nearly 70 pounds, had very thin and fragile skin, and were all bone). - the story of the holocaust must be told because people must discuss the genocides and dehumanization so that it does not occur in the future - the liberators sought to humanize the victims, but in some ways they were still dehumanizing them . the soldiers humanized by sharing their food with victims, helping carry them out to tents and get medical assistance . the soldiers also dehumanized them by putting the group of people over the needs of the individuals and by feeding them with odd methods - The victims were so happy to finally be freed from this horrible event and the Liberators were very glad that they could leave an impact on many survivor's lives. Both groups also have trouble moving forward from such a horrible situation as they have much PTSD from the event

Uighurs

Muslim minorities

Nazi Party

Small German Fringe Party that staged its own coup attempt known as the Munich Beer Hall Putsch to seize control of the Bavarian state. This coup failed though

Final Solution

The Final Solution to the Jewish question was a codename for the genocide killing committed against the Jews. This was the Nazi plan for the Jewish Genocide during WWII

1933-1934 Legislation- First Wave

This wave limited the participation of Jews in the German public life The Law for Restoration of Professional Civil Service - curtailed the rights of Jewish citizens - Jewish civil servants and employees were excluded from state service and jobs that were part of German public life - restricted the number of Jews at universities and limited the Jews in medical and legal professions - Nazi gov also revoked license of Jewish tax consultants, placed a 1.5 percent quota on admission in schools, and forbade Jews from certain jobs

WWII

in WWII the Nazis focused on the cleansing of the national community. They worked to eliminate threats to health and unity They used Concentration Camps - to drive out the sick, political opponents, and those seen as racially alien WWII was seen as the ultimate struggle for survival of the German Volk. They used the war to justify measures of exterminating the Jews in Europe

Genocide Definition

- Coined by a Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin in his book documenting the Nazi policies of destroying national groups, including the mass murder of European Jews . he led a campaign to have genocide recognized as an international crime - Term developed in response to the Nazi polices of murdering Jews during the Holocaust around 1941 - It was also developed in response to other previous events in history including actions aimed at the destruction of certain groups of people - Victims of genocide are chosen precisely, not targeted randomly - Main definition → the deliberate killing of a huge group of people from a certain nation or ethnic group with the intent of destroying that nation or group . refers to violent crimes that are committed against groups with the intent of destroying that group Codified as a independent crime in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) - Convention ratified by 149 states

Origins of Fascism and WWI

- Fascism started in the late 19th century but became more prevalent after WWI - In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party . he made the March on Rome 1922 -> where he led 30,000 armed men through the streets for him to assert dominance and seize power as prime minister in Italy . he established a dictatorship as leader . Benito's success inspired other fascist movements in Europe Even Hitler looked at the March on Rome as a model of a Fascist movement he attempted -> Munich Beer Hall Putsch

Origins of Nazi Persecution of the Jews

- In 1933 people in Germany faced economic hardship - many people were left unemployed - the Nazi Party, promising economic revitalization, rose to power with their Chancellor, Adolf Hitler as the leader of the group - The Nazi Party reduced unemployment and restored a sense of national pride in Germany - the heart of Hitler's philosophy was racism and anti-semitism . Hitler believed that the Germans were the dominant race and that other inferior groups were considered threats to Germany's political and cultural potential . Hitler and the Nazi Party gained many supporters and anti-semitism thus increased - in 1933, Hitler called for a boycott of Jewish owned business - officially marked that Jews were considered inferior and plunged them into economic distress - in essence, the success of this boycott gave Hitler encouragement to systematically start to export and exterminate the European Jews

Nazi State Puts Fascism into Practice - Third Reich

- In 1933, Hitler became chancellor and he created a Fascist single party gov known as the Third Reich

Crimes Against Humanity

- Not clear when the term "crimes against humanity" developed . scholars say in the 18th or 19th century, in the context of slavery to describe atrocities associated with European colonialism in Africa . others say it was in the declaration of 1915 by the allied governments condemning mass killing of Americans in the Ottoman Empire Basic definition → a deliberate act that is most of the time part of a systematic campaign that causes suffering or death on a large scale . refers to the specific crimes committed on a large-scale attack that targets civilians regardless of their nationality - These acts are not random - thoroughly planned out - Acts don't target specific groups

Response

- Preventing atrocity crimes is much more preferred over responding to them - sometimes, it is impossible to identify and prevent atrocity crimes before they take place - response is taking action after the crime is committed to stop the crime from creating further damage - putting an end to atrocity crimes as a response in a situation will make the start of a renewed society aimed at protecting and preventing itself from such crimes in the future

Fascism in Germany

- Struggles in WWI led to political instability for the Weimar Republic - many groups emerged to challenge the republic including many fascist organizations - Hitler became part of a Fascist group called the German Worker's Party and soon became leader and renamed the party: Nazi Party. The party intended to challenge the Weimar Republic He intended to make a new state based on unifying the Germans

Ethnic Cleansing Definition

- Term was first used in the 1990's conflict in Yugoslavia - The term has been used in resolutions of Security Councils and General Assembly → there was never a definition provided though - Ethnic cleansing has yet to be considered an international crime as the United Nations have not defined what it precisely means and it can also fall under the category of genocide and war crimes Ethnic Cleansing v. Genocide -> genocide is an intentional act to eliminate a group of people whereas ethnic cleansing whereas ethnic cleansing is more broadly about removing that group from an area. Genocide can be an act of ethnic cleansing, but not all acts of ethnic cleansing are considered genocide Ethnic cleansing does not have a precise definition of its concept - At the conflict in Yugoslavia, a United Nations Commission of Experts defined ethnic cleansing as rendering a place that is ethnically the same by using force to remove people from the area - In a final report, it was defined as a policy created by an ethnic/religious group to remove the civilian population of another ethnic group by violent means Main definition → mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic group

Acts Considered Crimes Against Humanity

- The 1998 Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court → document detailing the latest consensus among the international community on this matter . acts considered crimes against humanity in the Statue (when committed as a widespread or systematic attack against the civilian population) 1) Murder 2) Enslavement 3) Deportation 4) Imprisonment 5) Persecution against groups 6) Mutilation (cutting off hands of men specifically) 7) Forcing married individuals to break religious law by having sex with another individual

Rohingya

- The Rohingya are a muslim minorities from Myanmar (Rohingya are among the world's most persecuted ethnic minorities) - they fled from their homes after the military launched a brutal crackdown in 2017 . the 2017 exodus uprooted 740,000 Rohingya and killed thousands of Muslims - there are now nearly a million Rohingya refugees living in cramped spaces and temporary houses in Bangladesh (home to one of the world's largest settlement camps) - there was intense killing of children and the elderly - in covid-19, the Rohingya do not go to get tested because they don't want to be isolated from their families This is an example of Ethnic Cleansing and the Rohingya are living under the threat of genocide Rohingya wants justice and to do so, they must hold the people who committed such atrocities accountable. They also believe that it is very important to educate the next generation so that such atrocities can be prevented in the future

How did the World Respond

- The US and much of the rest of the world ignored the early signs of this genocide - because of Hitler's popularity among the German people and his significant political successes, some countries and individuals supported Hitler's actions . many other countries allowed for German Jews to enter and attempted to defend their country and Jewish citizens militarily - some countries just didn't get involved - Before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, most people in the US didn't want to get involved with the war - they wanted to stay out of Europe's problems . also, the US was still recovering from the Great Depression and other economic hardships . President Rosevelt anticipated the need to stop Hitler but was unable to take action because of domestic political opinion didn't support that . in 1941, when Japan attack the US naval base, the US declared war on Japan and several days later Germany declared war on the US . in 1942, Rosevelt began to receive info about the Nazi extermination practices and allies also realized the horrible conditions but took little action to stop them

Eyewitness Testimony Video Stephen Rapp

- The United Nations is involved with the International court of Justice - he wants the viewers of this video to understand the gravity of this situation by using evidence such as the Holocaust and torture of people in order to prove why people need to take collective action to stop atrocity crimes - since he is a defense lawyer of the International Criminal Court, he understands the importance of accountability and why we need to hold people responsible for the crimes they have committed

War Crimes Definition

- The concept of war crimes developed at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th → when international humanitarian law (law of armed conflict) was codified - War crimes often happen in the context of armed conflict - it is mistreating prisoners of war and destroying property that is not necessarily relevant to war - Hague Conventions → adopted in 1899 and 1907 focus on prohibition of warring parties to use methods of warfare - Geneva Convention → protection of people not or no longer taking part in hostilities - Additional Protocols of 1977 are similar to the Geneva Convention - There is no one single document in international law that codifies all war crimes Main definition → actions carried out during the conduct of a war that violate accepted international rules of war and armed conflict . happens when superfluous injury or suffering is inflicted on an enemy

How to Prevent Genocide Video

- The speaker in this video is a WWII survivor and Judge of the United Nation War Tribunals - Prevention is emphasized in this video through the understanding of past events in order to prevent atrocities in the future . not only should we look at the past for an example, but people should take collective action and stand up against atrocity crimes . though nations are afraid to risk their trade with other regions, individuals can threaten these nations with military intervention, can make laws to prevent these crimes, and can speak out to create international agreement as to what to do in the future - the speaker is a Judge in the United Nation War Tribunals -> his court brings people to court to be held accountable in order to prevent atrocities in the future - Response is also seen because there was a lack of prevention and accountability in the past which is why people need to respond to the actions and behavior to put an end to crime

Prevention

- To prevent atrocity crimes, it is important to understand the causes of the crime. This way, it is possible to identify warning signs of atrocity crimes and stop them from happening - this is action taken before crimes are committed in order to place measures to make sure they don't happen - The Office on Genocide Prevention and Responsibility to Protect made a Framework Analysis to identify signs and factors of atrocity crimes by using sustained effort over time to form a resilience to such crime in order to ensure human rights are respected and society is at peace Everyone must take collective action in oder to prevent atrocity crimes and contribute to international peace and stability

How Could This Have Happened

- WWII ended with Europe in 1945 when Germany's troops surrendered - the liberation of concentration camps revealed the horrors of the Holocaust for the world to finally see . there was no denying of the gravity of the situation - people are left to wonder how and why the international community didn't respond to the Holocaust and prevent it from getting this bad - the answer is extremely complicated . some people believe that it was not until the end of war that people realized the severity of the situation . others say that the gov and individuals knew that this was occurring but didn't stop it from happening

Accountability

- if properly pursued, accountability for atrocity crimes can lead to successful process of consolidation of peace in recovering societies - on the other hand, freedom from punishment forms mistrust among society and makes peace harder to establish - it is an obligation under law to hold people responsible for atrocity crimes accountable -> this ensures and helps prevent the reoccurrence of violence in the future by putting in place warning mechanisms and making strategies for prevention - the National Jurisdiction and Criminal Court have created a strong culture of accountability throughout the world and have educated the newer generations of the importance of respect from human right principles

Brief Background of Anti-Jewish Legislation

- over 400 decrees and regulations have impacted the lives of Jews by restricting aspects of their lives - these laws were mostly national laws that affected all Jews - hundreds of individuals from all levels of gov were involved in the persecution of Jews they conceived, discussed, and supported anti-Jewish legislation

Three Main Facts about Fascism

1) Fascism emerged as a political movement in the 20th century in Europe when Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919 2) Fascism was most successful in Germany under Hitler 3) Fascism opposes political philosophies of Englishtenment and the 19th century

Four Key Strategies to Resolve Hate Speech

1) Firs strategy: the method must be in check with the rights of basic freedom of opinion and expression 2) Second strategy: everyone from governments, societies, private sectors, and individuals themselves must take action and responsibility to tackle hate speech together 3) Third strategy: the United Nations must support a new generation of digital citizens who will recognize hate speech and fight against it 4) Fourth strategy: to collect significant data and research regarding the causes and drivers of the ongoing hate speech. Overall, it is everyone's responsibility to abolish hate speech in order to put a rise to peace and equality once again

Three Key Facts about Anti-Jewish Legislation

1) First wave of Nazi antisemetic legislation (1933-1934) - focused on limiting Jews from German public life 2) In 1935, Nazi leaders formed the Nuremberg Laws - they instituted radical theories prevalent in Nazi ideology 3) Nazi Legislation increased in 1937-1938 regarding segregation of Jews from Germans

Acts Considered Genocide

1) Killing members of groups 2) Causing mental harm to groups 3) Imposing measures to prevent birth within groups 4) Transferring children from the groups to another group 5) Worsened living conditions of group members

Actions Considered Ethnic Cleansing

1) Murder/severe physical injury of minorities 2) Rape and sexual assault 3) Forcible removal/deportation of inferior 4) Robbery/destruction of personal property

Acts Considered War Crimes

1) Willful killing of enemies 2) Torture 3) Extensive destruction of cultural sites from enemy's land 4) Compelling people to serve in forces of hostile power 5) Deportation 6) Intentionally directing attacks against civilians, personnel, material, units, or vehicles involved in peacekeeping

Nuremberg and Eichmann Trials

After the Holocaust, the Jews wanted justice rather than vengeance (they didn't want to put the Germans in the horrible situations they experienced, but they wanted to hold them accountable for the events that took place so that future genocides can be prevented) - Nuremberg Trial 1945-1949-> began a few months after the war in Europe and were held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice . defendants= Nazi Party Officials and Germans who took major part in this genocide . the trial reveals the enormity of the holocaust . at the end of the trials, the international war tribunals convicted some people . the Govs that took part in this genocide were held accountable under international law . crimes such as crimes against humanity and genocide were discussed during this trail by the international war tribunal . this was a public trial so that people could listen to the full account and take preventative measures in the future . this trial was so important to providing accountability and justice in future trials as it can be referred to in the future - Eichmann Trials -> Adolf Eichmann was a key perpetrator who killed about 1.1 million people during the Holocaust . unlike the Nuremberg trial, the Eichmann trial focused specifically on the Holocaust and gave the victims a chance to tell their story . pleaded innocent the entire trial . Eichmann was announced guilty and was sentenced to death . this trial had a significant impact on bringing awareness to the Holocaust to prevent such crimes in the future

1937-1938 Legislation

After the olympics, the German authorities increased legislative persecution of German Jews - Aryanization continued - Jewish doctors were forbidden from treating non-Jews and they revoked the liscnence of Jewish lawyers to practice law - Following Kristallnacht (the Night of the Broken Glass) -> Nazi leaders increased Aryanization and enforced measures to physically isolate the Jews from Germans - Jews could not enter non-Aryan zones - the gov required Jews to identify themselves as permanently separated from the germans and decreed that Jews with non-Jewish names in origin add "Israel" or "Sara" to their names - Jews must carry an identification card that indicated their heritage - Jewish passports marked with a "j"

Stage 3 of Genocide- Dehumanization

Dehumanization occurs when one group denies the humanity of another - Members of inferior groups are considered inhumane and are treated as animals, vermin, insects, or diseases - dehumanization overcomes that human revulsion against murder - at this stage, hate propaganda is used to vilify the victim group - genocidal societies lack prevention of offsetting speech Example of Dehumanization from the Holocaust -> Nazis transported jews in cattle cars like livestock and fed them food that resembled animal food. Also, the Nuremberg laws excluded the Jews from Reich citizenship and professions and education

United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech

Due to the alarming trends and increase of racism, intolerance, and hatred of those of different backgrounds and ethnicities, the United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech was established. This plan explains how hate speech is the origin of crimes and genocide. The two main objectives of this proposition are to address the causes and drivers of hate speech and to impose effective regulations and responses to the impact hate speech has left on people and society as a whole

Stage 4 of Genocide- Organization

Genocide is always organized by the state or even by terrorist groups (informal) - it is a group crime so it must always be organized - special army units are trained and detailed plans are made for genocidal killings - At this stage it is important to outlaw membership in these militias to combat this stage and the UN should ban from trade and commercial activity on the gov and citizens involved with genocidal massacre Example from the Holocaust -> German propaganda ministers sent storm troopers and members of the SS to beat and murder Jews along with other mobs - they also burned many synagogues and rounded up thousands of Jews - the Nazis organized genocide particularly with the SS

Aryanization

Government agencies excluded Jews from economic sphere of Germany and prevented them to earn a living - Jews had to register their property assets and prelude to the gradual exproporation of material wealth by state - German authorities were intended to Aryanize - transfer all Jewish business and companies to non-Jewish Germans Aryanization affectively reduced the number of Jewish-owned businesses in Germany by 2/3s

Hate Speech Definition

Hate speech is an attack on diversity, equality, peace, tolerance, inclusion, and our basic human rights. It is the main cause of violence, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Also, it weakens social cohesion and shared values

Extreme Nationalism

Having pride in one's country and it's religion/ethnicity makes it so that people from this group/nation will want to eliminate those of a different background because they want to have a nation of one ethnicity and religion (eliminating minorities to keep the other groups dominant . this all starts with hate speech → sharing ideas about minorities and then turning them into action . children are convinced that this ideology is acceptable -> little kids don't know any better, so it is important to educate them about such atrocity crimes and why we should prevent them in the future (otherwise they are more willing to believe the adults and do the same actions)

What Hitler and the Nazi Party Promoted

He promoted National Socialism which promotes the ideology of advancing the welfare of the German Volk - a national or ethnic group that is the pure German race - the party called to overturn the Treaty of Versailles - Treaty of Versailles held the Germans responsible for starting the WWI and the damages within it - to advance their agenda, the party formed paramilitary units called the Strumbteilungen (Stormtroopers)

Anschluss - WWI Info Ends

In 1938, German annexed Austria in Anschluss. This cerated the greater German state people had dreamt of

Stage 2 of Genocide- Symbolization

Names and symbols are associated with classifications - we name certain groups to distinguish them from others - if symbols are combined with hatred, they can be forced upon unwilling members of a group and can lead to dehumanization . it does not always mean genocide unless it leads to the next stage which is dehumanization - some hate symbols are legally forbidden Example of Symbolization in the Holocaust -> nazis forced the Jews to wear yellow stars on the outside of their clothing, their passports were stamped with a "j" to differentiate them from other people - the names and accessories easily distinguish between the groups and are associated with classifications

Stage 7 of Genocide- Extermination

The genocide becomes a mass killing known as genocide - it is an extermination because the killers don't believe that the victims are fully human - when the extermination is sponsored by the state, armed forces work with the militias to kill - In some cases, Genocide leads to revenge killings by groups against each other - bilateral genocide - at this stage, rapid intervention is required and refugee corridors should be established for protection - a UN or regional rapid intervention should be mobilized if genocide is just beginning - for larger intervention, multilateral force should intervene - also, the international community must now recognize the international law of humanitarian intervention Example of Extermination during the Holocaust (phases of methods of killing) -> Phase 1= shooting jews Phase 2= gas vans Phase 3=concentration and labor camps Phase 4= gas chambers

Nazi State Puts Fascism into Practice - Enabling Act 1933

This act destroyed the parliamentary democracy in Germany and allowed for Hitler to enact laws without the approval of the Parliament Overall, this act helped Hitler gain total control over Germany, and he began to implement Fascist aspects in an effort to create the ideal German national community known as the Volksgemeinschaft (an expression meaning the people's community and national unity)

Nazi State Puts Fascism into Practice - Hitler Creates the Ideal German National Community (Volksgemeinschaft)

This is a two step process: 1) unite all ethnic Germans in a single German state 2) Exclude all minorities in the German state, especially the Jews Hitler and the Nazis focused on cleansing the National Community by imprisoning the minorities in concentration camps, isolating those who were racially Alien, and creating the Nuremberg Laws to redefine German citizenship . Hitler believes that it is necessary to remove the non-Aryan race from Germany

What is the Uighurs Video an Example of?

This video is an extreme example of Ethnic Cleansing The Chinese are using force to remove the Muslims - they are removing the Muslims with the usage of camps The international community is afraid to fight against the Chinese because China is one of their major trading partners and China is also needed for stability in the region

Uighers Video

Two muslim girls left their home with their mom to see family in China. When they made it to China, the mother was taken to a Muslim camp in Xinjiang and her daughters we taken to other relatives in China. The mother was sent to a Muslim Camp referred to as a Voluntary Work Retaining Centers The Chinese place the Muslims in this camp because they believe that the Muslims are terrorists that will overthrow the gov. The muslims are forced to change their ethnic identity, men and women were separated to eventually die out, passports were taken so they could not leave, they could not have family visit, and security cameras are present everywhere to capture their every move. On the news, the Chinese show the Muslims enjoying the camps, but this is propaganda

Stage 6 of Genocide- Preparation

Victims are spotted and separated because of their ethnic/religious identities to prepare them for killing - members of these victim groups must wear identifying symbols - victims are sent to concentration camps and ghettos are can even be confined to famine struck regions - death lists are made - at this stage, Genocide Alert must be notified - if the political will of a lead nation, region alliance, or UN Security Council can be mobilized then armed intervention should be prepared to assist the victims by helping them prepare self-defense strategies - otherwise, humanitarian assistance should be organized for the mass amount of refugees Examples of Preparation during the Holocaust -> segregation into ghettos and concentration camps - there was segregation of the inferior groups into concentration camps and ghettos - in 1942, the Nazi officials met to discuss the final solution to getting rid of Jews

1936 Legislation

Weeks before the Winter and Summer Olympic Games, the Nazis toned down many of its anti-jew legislation and activities - Nazis removed signs saying jews were unwelcome because they did not want international criticism of Hitler's gov to result in a transfer of the Olympic Games to a diff country

Lebensraum

When WWII began in 1939, one of the Nazi's central war aims was to expand Germany's territorial boundaries so all Germans could be together and Germany could have Lebensraum (living space) for the nation to survive and grow

One Survivor Remembers- Gerda Weissman Video

When she returned from a summer trip, WWII began. She was forced to live in the bottom of her basement for a little until 1942 when she was sent to labor camps along with other Polish Jews - she was separated from her family. During her time there, the Nazis made death marches to kill the Jews (this got so bad that Gerda and others began to plan to run away in the woods). Soon, the guards abandoned the survivors and the victims found an empty bicycle factory to stay in. Then, a jewish man named Kurt Klein came to help Gerda and the others and they were finally freed - Nazis dehumanize jews by forcing them on death marches, placing them in cattle cars, calling them derogatory names - Gerda overcame this by looking for the positive and planning the perfect party for when she would return - the purpose of remembering the Holocaust is to understand the gravity of the situation and prevent such atrocities and genocides alike this one from happening in the future . the consequences of forgetting the Holocaust is not being able to learn from the situation and prevent such atrocities from occurring in the future - Distinctions between us and them in the Holocaust -> this distinction is known as othering - a group is made to seem fundamentally different and less human. In the Holocaust, Jews were forced to wear yellow stars, Jewish shops had a switstika painted on them, and Jews were treated as animals in the camps - in the face of injustice, people tend to not get involved for many reasons - they don't want to be punished for speaking out, they don't want to interrupt peace with other nations , their society might already have issues, and the international community might not want to risk their trade or peace with other nations

Stage 8 of Genocide- Denial

this stage follows the extermination in genocide - it is the best indicator of further genocidal massacres - the perpetrators will often attempt to cover up the evidence of the crime by intimidating witnesses and blaming the victims - perpetrators also block investigations and continue to govern until driven out by force The response to denial is punishment and accountability given by the national courts Example of Denial from the Holocaust -> Nazis denied that this event was a mass killing or that it had even happened - the destroyed any evidence - the call it a civil war instead of a genocide - the emphasize that the victims are really the horrible people and that they should be punished - however, we can't deny that the holocaust happened because then we will make the same mistakes