Geo 2750 Exam #2 Africa

what are the two "hidden" contributions to economic development in most of africa? identify and explain both of them

1. informal economy- millions of people work as street vendors and maids, and neither of these are taxed or monitored by gov. as much as have of GNI and 3/4 jobs associated with it in some countries. 2. africans who work abroad and send REMITTANCES of more than US 32 billion dollars home in 2013

what are the three broad problems facing sub saharan africa in the future

1. many govs are still fragile and struggling with internal ethnic and religious tensions, long term corruption, poverty, and high unemployment-- need a professional government with broad-based participation, transparent elections 2. economic opportunities- theyve had debt forgiveness, foreign investment, and local entrepreneurship, but would benefit from economic diversification- more manufacturing and services- and from fairer trading and investment need to reduce the gap between actual and potential yields, add value to resources through processing or manufactoring sectors, build an educated workforce 3. they need access to safe water, adequate food, clean energy, and basic health care

when did the first major european presence in africa (the portuguese) begin? had any kingdoms or civilizations emerged in africa before this time

1497, yes, early human footprints go back 3.7 million yearsa go in tanzania, a 1700 year old obelisk in the city of aksum. theres the earliest evidence of tools and footprints in africa. crop and animal production spread from about 8000 bce with metal smelting dating from 4000 years ago

explain important substitution. when and why was it adopted as an economic strategy in many latin american countries. what are criticisms of it

1929 stock market crash caused eclines in exports, restrictions on investment, general economic crisis. countries like mex, brazil, and argentina developed gov protected and subsidized domestic industries for goods that used to be imported gov nationalization (converting key industries from private to governmental organization and control) and investment in new manufacturing industries fostered production of chemicals, steel, automobiles, and electrical goods in regions like NE mex (steel) gov criticisms include oversized government bureaucracy and high costs of subsidizing industries that were inefficient and produced goods of poor quality

when was NAFTA enacted? explain the ways in which NAFTA Has had positive and negative effects on mexico

1994. wanted to reduce barriers to trade among its three member countries, reducing customs tariffs and quotas. its created new jobs in mex and increased wages in some industries. maquiladoas (manufacturing facilities where components can be imported duty free and assembled for export) have generated 1.5 milion jobs in mexican cities. economic crsies following mex 1994 currency devaluation and continuing inequality in both urban and rural areas hurt NAFTA. prices rose when US began to promote corn based ethanol. also had environmental problems as water demand rose for export crops

what present day country received the greatest number of enslaved people from africa? in what other parts of latin america were slave populations from africa most dominant

3.5 million to brazil and 750000 to cuba. many of the carib islands, including haiti and trinidad, with small indigenous euro pops, had a large number of african slaves working on plantations

how much as the level of urbanization in latin america changed since 1900? what are the two largest cities in latin america

80% of people now live in cities, compared to only 10% in 1900, making it most urbanized region in the world. two largest megacities are Mexico City and Sao Paulo

Why is Cuba's native population no longer in existence?

Because the indigenous Taino were wiped out by European diseases when Christopher Columbus claimed the area for Spain in 1492

Explain why "A" and "B" climates appear in these places? (refer back to the information we covered in our first module if you're unclear about this)

Latin America and the Carib are experiencing the effects of global warming, esp. in the Andes. **

what parts of Latin America have wet, tropical (A) climates? What countries are in these areas?

Middle America (lower half of Mexico, and Northern South America- like Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama

What parts of Latin America have dry (B) climates? What countries are in these areas?

Scattered parts of Mexico, along with patches of Peru, Ecuador, much of Chile and Argentina, also Eastern Chile.

explain why some sub saharan african countries experienced a sudden decrease in their debt burdens after 2005

a G8 summit (Canada, france, germany, italy, japan, russia, UK, and US), agreed to write off the debts of the worlds 18 poorest countries, 12 of them in africa. overall external debt fell from 66% of GNI in 2002 to less than 25% in 2013

what is altitudinal zonation? Know the names and relative altitudes of each altitudinal zone

a classification of environment and land use according to elevation based mainly on changes in climate and vegetation from lower (warmer) to higher (cooler) elevations. In Latin America, these zones are defined as: tierra caliente (sea level)- sugarcane, bananas, yams, maize, rice tierra templada (2950 ft) coffee, maize, coca, tomatoes, melons, cute flowers, dairy, and cattle tierra fría (5900 ft) wheat, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, sheep, guinea pigs, llamas, alpaca, and vicuna tierra helada (tree line) (11800 ft) highland grains and potatoes, sheep, guinea pigs, llamas, alpaca, and vicuna

explain the term "reciprocity"

a gift is given to obtain a favor, and of helping family members can be a major source of culturl confusion. these traditions provide an explanation for the way in which some regional leaders have favored family members with jobs in their administrations and for the role bribes play in requests to government officials

what are tthe reasons for rapid population growth in latimn america since 1900

a large percentage of the population is under 15, and pops are likely to continue to grow as this age group enters its reproductive years... higher fertility rates are characteristic of poorer, rural regions, where infant mortality is high, childrenm can contribute in labor in fields, and women dont have access to education, employmemnt, or contraception

do most africans practice traditional religions? what other two religions are most common in the region

about 70 million (10%) of africans practice traditional religions. christianity and islam today dominate religious practice in sub saharan africa 360 million christans, 300 million muslims

describe the nature of china's presence in africa. what are the positive and negative effects of this presence for africans

access to raw materials drives chinese investment and interest in africa, and as a result, exports of wood, minerals, and foodstuffs from the region to china are growing china imports more than a quarter of its oil from africa. cheap chinese textiles and clothes have invaded markets, hurting local producers in areas such as west africa. china has also made massive investments in infrastructure in africa

explain how and why the issue of ethnicity is associated with many conflicts in sub saharan africa. how is this connected to past colonialism of the region

africa has hundreds of different ethnic groups who have their own traditional cultures, religions, and languages africa can be described as having a tribalist society-- describes a form of social identity created by groups who share a collective set of ideas about loyalty and political action the largest ethnic groups are often associated with the dominance of certain languages like Hausa, Yoruba, and Zulu, but almost all groups were split geographically by colonial national boundaries or grouped together with their neighbors, enemies, or others with whom they shared no affinity. this has been a major cause for conflict in contemporary africa

explain where and how trade winds and westerlies affect climates in Latin America

air flows from the tropics to the equator into an east-west flow called the TRADE WINDS, and air flows poleward from the tropics into a west-east flow called the WESTERLIES. the WESTERLIES bring heavy rains to the west coast of Chile. The Atlantic TRADE WINDS bring rain to the Caribbean Islands and east coasts of Central America. As EASTERLY winds blow across the warm Caribbean they absorb moisture, esp. during the fall, when the sea surface is warmest. when the storms start to circulate, the warm sea fuels both the moisture and energy of the storms, producing hurricanes At the margins of the trade winds and at the edges of the tropical rainfall zone, climates occur with a distinct rainy season.

when did the green revolution begin? what problem did it attempt to solve?

an effort beginning in the 1940s to address low productivity and poverty in rural areas through intro of new varieties of crops that produced more food, but required higher levels of industrial inputs, including fertilizer, and pesticides.

traders from what other part of the world were present in africa in the 1500s, and why were they there?

arabs were also there from the middle east, because african slaves were in demand among them, who were used as soldiers, courtiers, and concubines

how long have humans been in latin america? how did they arrive there

around 10,000 years, early inhabitants were the descendants of migrants who came from siberia into north america across the bering strait

during what time frame did most african countries gain political independence? what factors contributed to independence movements

around the 1950s variety of events, including indian and pakistani independence in 1947, loyalty of the half million africans who fought with the allies in WWII, several foreign-educated activists like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Jomo Kenyatta of kenya, and a pan african movement led by black activists in the US including WEB DuBois and Marcus Garvey

art/sports

art and lit display variety and regional specialization. traditional textiles, pottery, and folk art are sold to tourists and by imprt stores in north america and europe. lit traditions include realism of novel prize winning authros such as gabriel marquez and mario vargas llosa. caribbean global influences include reggae of jamaica and steel drum of trinidad. latin pop and rock music also popular soccer is most popular sport in mainland latin america but the regions athletes also excel in other sports

why did the US actively support so . many nondemocratic authoritatrian and military govs in latin america

as a result of cold war politics and interest of US national security to prevent formation of governments allied with the soviet union or with socialist orientation.

why is africa referred to as the "cradle of humankind"

beause the earliest evidence of tools, footprints, bones, of human species and earlier ancestors like australopithecus have been unearthed by archaeologists in east africa

how did export economies that developed in latin america shortly after independence create economic vulnerability in the region

because after gaining independence, there was a huge loss of trade with europe and internal struggles left latin america economically unstable for first half of 19th century.. resorted to limited number of commodities for much of national income-- like nitrate (for fertilizer) and copper in chile, livestock in argentina, coffee in brazil, colombia, and CA, and bananas in CA and Ecuador

why has the effort to fight drug cartels only had limited success? what has been suggested as a more effective way of fighting this problem

because as power declined in colombia, it rose steeply in mexico through cartels- orgs and networks thatwork together to control a product- drug traffickers control prod areas and dist networks and also influence police, army, judges, and political leaders through intimidation and bribery legalization of marijuana in US states is reducing power of some cartels

climatic variability creates a variety of hazards for people. explain why the poor are often the most severely affected by these hazards

because in places like haiti and honduras, where there's high levels of poverty and many people live and farm on steep slopes or in flood prone areas, its difficult for poor people to recover from disasters.. lack the money and resources to rebuild their homes and livelihoods

why do many scholars say that wealthier regions are obligated ot help sub saharan africa cope with the impacts of climate change

because in places where people are better off, resources are shared, and countries are peaceful and well governed are more resilient

by 20th century, populations in many latin american countries supported revs to address problems of widespread poverty and inquality.. why did US oppose these. how is it connected iwth the cold war

because latin america became caught up in cold war olitics, and the us views outside intervention in the region by any country other than itself as threats to its own security. social and economic inequality produced frustration among poor, cold war intensified. cuban rev by fidel castro created a socialist state, and us took an aggressive stance against cuban government. mounted bay of pigs in 1961, embargoed trade, and closed its embassy.

explain why many countries of sub saharan africa went into deep debt in the post colonial era? what happened in the 1980s to cause a debt crisis for many poor countries of the world? how did such entities as the world bank and IMF handle sub-saharan africas debt problems? did this help africans?

because many african countries relied on a couple products, and the export value of these products declined in relation to the price of imports, especially manufactured imports- africans had to sell more and more to purchase the same amount of manufactured goods. modernization or import substitution** needed to be instilled, many african countries looked outside the region to borrow money and with poor commercial credit ratings got loansf rom govs lke the US or world bank. as in other regions, increased interest rates in the 1980s led to a financial crisis for severely indebted countries. THe IMF and world bank responded with loan adjustments but demanded that african governments cut budgets and remove subsidies and trade barriers in return for debt relief. they even forgave some debt in 33 african countries as long as they showed a willingness to purse policies of reduced gov spending and free trade and to develop property reduction strategies **HAS IT HELPED?

explain how sub saharan africa's relatively low level of development is connected to its colonial past

because many argue that colonial powers transformed the political and economic structures of africa to serve their own interests- the colonial focus on obtaining cheap raw material to export undermined local agriculture and social development- many emerged dependent on a couple products like minerals or cocoa post independence

explain some of the reasons why crop production has not been able to meet the needs of sub saharan africas growing population

because most farmers in the region have small plots and grow just enough food to feed their families at a subsistence level, but commercial cash and export crops are also important. crop yields ar elow in many african countries and crop production has ont been able to keep up w growing pop and urban demands large scale land purchases can undermine food security, esp when purchaseers use land for biofuels, mineral or water rights, or private export crop production

explain why latin america has a particularly high level of biodiversity

because of a diversity of physical environments. its because of the region's size, range in climates from north to south, altitudinal variations within short distances, an dlong history of fairly stable climate and isolation from other world regions

why has catholicism declined in recent years

because of conversion to protestantism, like evangelical groups with messages of literacy, education, sobriety, frugality, and personal salvation

why are soils in most parts of africa not very fertile? where are the most fertile soils? why there?

because of the great age of the underlying geology and because of high levels of rainfall wash out nutrients from exposed soils, esp in deforested areas some areas have salty, alkaline, and iron or aluminum rich soils that are toxic to crops fertility is higher where volcanic activity has deposited ash, such as east african highlands, and in wider river valleys where sediment from floods creates richer soils

what was the berlin conference? when and why did it take place

because of the reasons that sparked interest in 1850 in africa, european powers aggressively moved to colonize africa, partly through private trading comanpies. the hasty scramble was formalized at the berlin conference in 1884-85, a meeting convened by german chancellor otto von bismarck to divide africa among the european colonial powers 13 countries were represented at the conference, but it did not include a single african rep from sub saharan africa

why was africa called "white mans grave" in the 1500s, and how did it affect the process of european colonization of africa

because so many euroeans died from diseases like malaria, yellow fever, and sleeping sickness, against which they had no natural immunity. slowed down establishing control, along with the fact that african armies attacked ports and fiercely resisted europeans attempts to move inland

explain how land grabs threaten african food security

because sometimes large corporations or countries purchase alot of land and then use the land for bio fuels, export crop production, water rights, etc.

as with climatic variability (addressed above), why are the poor often the most severely affected by the hazards associated with tectonic activity

because the greatest damages occur when people live in unsafe houses or on unstable slopes because they lack the money or power to live in safer places, cannot afford insurance, or are unable to obtain warnings of impending natural disasters (example haiti, killed 300,000 people and displaced over a million)

why are some groups opposed to organizations like REDD?

because they see it as a threat to their traditional rights, taking their resources in a new form of colonialism that turns forests into commodities for the international carbon marker

explain how reduction in poverty can help to promote more environmentally sustainable practices in africa

because two thirds of the region rely on things like wood, charcoal, dung, amnd crop waste to cook and heat things, which contributes to deforestation and loss of soil fertility. in east africa, loss of forests has disproportionately affected women who are primarily responsible for heating and cooking and have limited access to electricity, gas, or petroleum fuels

explain reasons for asian migration to latin america

began during the colonial period and picked up after the end of slavery when chinese, indian, and japanese workers were brought over to work on plantations and in construction.

explain the policy of apartheid that existed in south africa from 1948 to 1990. when and why did apartheid finally end. has the ending of apartheid brought better conditions to south africa?

black, white, and so called mixed race populations were kept apart and the south african gov controlled the movement, employment, and residences of blacks. -- stemmed from dutch and british colonization and the settlers who imposed strict racial segregation, native reserves, and required that blacks have permission to enter or live in white areas. nelson mandela revolting as well as youth organizations and activism in the african national congress youth league helped alot postapertheid constitution in south africa includes one of the worlds most comprehensive bills of rights and prohibits discriminatiobn based on race, gender, pregancny, marital status, ethnic or social origin, color, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion conscience, belief, culture, language, and birth but hopes are somewhat squashed by high rates of crime, lack of economic opportunities and access to land, and continued poverty

who were the boers and the afrikaners? where in africa did they settle? why there?

boers were a group of strict puritan christian calvinists, who saw themselves as superior to black africans, (boer is dutch word for farmer), they were a dutch settlement at cape town, and french and german settlers were called afrikaners. they were attracted to settle in southern africa by the more temperate climate and the strategic significance of the trading routes from europe to asia around the southern tip of the continent

what two latin american countries are the regions highest emitters of greenhouse gasses? what actions are they taking to address this problem

brazil and mexico, they have promised to cut use by up to 40% by switching energy sources to gas, biofuels, and renewables, through energy efficiency, and by protecting forests.

what are the two largest economies in latin america

brazil and mexico?

describe the ways in which racism is still evident in latin america, despite its multicultural history and traditions

brazil has promoted an image of racial democracy nad equality, and musical, religious, and dietary traditions merge into a uniquely brazilian culture.... this mytho f racial democracy is contradicted by evidence of continuing racism in brazil and other lat amer countries eg- indigenous people face multiple forms of prejudice, and studies show that race and class correlate strongly. afro-brazilians are on the whole poorer, less healthy, less educated, and more dscriminated against in employment and housing in mexico, media have tended to promote lighter skin as more desirable through choice of more european looking actors in commercials and programs

did all european colonizers control their colonies in the same way? explain

british ruled mostly indirectly through preexisting power structures in a decentralized and flexible admin structure. brits took over land and laws in the areas they settled, but maintained some local property rights and laws in west af. french was more direct and materialistic, with top down administration from paris, esp of agriculture and mining. some locals became french citizens belgian and portuguese models of colonialism in centeral and southern africa were much harsher, with direct rule and often ruthless and armed control of land and labor

during what period of time did the atlantic slave trade take place? when did the berlin conference (marking the beginning of full african colonization) take place?

by about 1700 around 50,000 slaves were shipped each year to the americas to provide labor on colonized land. really kicked up in about 1600 until 1870 berlin conference was in 1884

what solutions to deforestation have been implemented by brazilian government?

by removing incentives for land conversion, establishing protected areas, and enforcing forest laws. however forest loss remained high in non brazilian amazon, and theres a risk that weaker laws and high soybean prices may increase forest loss inbrazil

based on the pie graph on page 268, what is the beiggest immediate cause of the amazon deforestation?

cattle ranching, second biggest cause is small-scale agriculture

what country has the highest share of its population living in slums?

central african republic

what are the main reasons for high birthrates in africa? what changes are most likely to lead to fertility declines in africa

children are the main source of security for elderly people in countries where there are few pensions or public services for the aged- and its traditional for younger gens to respect and care for their elders children can work in the fields and as herders, to help with household work, and care for siblings large families are seen as prestigious fertility rates tend to be lower in urban areas with high rates of female education and employment, where women marry when they are older. as people get wealthier and more educated, fertility rates go down

what impact did european colonialism have on economic patterns and practices in africa

colonial mines extracted large amounts of gold, diamond, and copper for export to europe. new roads and railways were made from inland to coasts to speed the export of crops and minerals.

what were maroon communities, when did they develop, and where were they located

communities that escaped and liberated slaves created. they developed from 1630 to 1694 in the brazilian interior. they were along the plantation coasts of mexico, central america, northern south america, and ecuador palmares was a huge one in the brazilian interior

what latin american country has declared a goal of becoming carbon neutral? (they recently changed the goal from 2021 to 2085)

costa rica

what latin american country is most associated with ecotourism, bioprospecting, and PES

costa rica?

explain the problems associated with water quantity and quality in many parts of africa

demand is starting to exceed supply in parts of the region, esp where climate is dry and population and irrigation create higher demand. quality is bad in many places like slum areas of cities, because of lack of sanitation and infrastructure like treatment facilities or drainage- contributes to spread of disease women spend many hours fetching heavy buckets of water for their families

what problems have been associated with the green revolution

dependence on imports of chemicals and machines from foreign companies, creating debt. benefits accrued to wealthy farmers in irrigated regions who could afford inputs, but poorer farmers whose land was watered only by rainfall fell behind. green rev tech also excluded women, who play important roles in food production ALSO MOST IMPORTANTLY, contributed to the worldwide loss of genetic diversity, wide range of local crops and varieties were replaced with a narrow range of high-yield varieties of just a few crops

how are womens changes helping

developments from women have led to agencies, charities, and governments to realize that supporting women can be the fastest way to reduce poverty, disease, and conflict to both enable and inspire furutre gens to provide their own innovative contributions.

what important change happened in Cuba after 1959? why did this happen?

discontent with elite and US control of the economy and politics prompted a left-wing revolution led by Fidel Castro. The comm. government aligned with the USSR, nationalized much of the economy, and redistributed land to peasant farmers

what other factors have caused migration flows in latin america since 1900

drought and poverty, armed conflict, humanitarian crises

how do africans adapt to not having alot of fertile soil

early humans first survived by hunting wild animals, fishing, gathering plants, and domesticating a number of crop and livestock species including cattle, sorghum, yams, oil palm, and african rice. the highlands of ethiopia are considered one of the early centers of domestication- adaptation of wild plants and animals into cultivated or tamed forms through selective breeding for preferred charactestics ALSO shifting cultivation- moving crops from one plot to another slasha nd burn agriculture- after an area is burned, the area is used to fertilize crops bush fallow- crops are planted around a village, and plots are left fallow for shorter periods than in the slash and bern system intercropping- planting several crops together in a single field- common technique for keeping the soil covered to reduce erosion, evaporation, and nutrient loss, and improve soil fertility

new approaches to sustainability include "ecotourism" "bioprospecting" and "PES". explain each of these and explain the positives and negatives ass. with them

eco tourism- aims to protect environment and provide employment for local people, doing things like setting aside biosphere and wildlife preserves. ecotourism is a source of foreign exchange with 2.4 million tourist visiting in 2013, but some parks and beaches are becoming so crowded that environmental degradation is occurring. bioprospecting- for new medicines and products with commercial uses. costa rica signed agreements with multinational pharmaceutical companies, giving rights to prospect and develop in return for sharing profits with gov and local people search for plants, animals, and other organisms that may be of medicinal value or may have other commercial use PES- important where people are paid to protect their local environment because preservation of that environment brings value to others. eg, upstream communities are paid to protect their forests because of the role the forests play in sustaining the flow of rivers for downstream water users, such as plantations and hydroelectric plants

what factors led to latin americas debt crisis in 1980s, explain how IMF and US government responded. were they helpful?

economic growth in 60's attracted low interest loans to mex, arg, brazil, cihle, to support economic development. but rates rose and dept payments soared in 70s, and many latin american govs were unwilling to cut back on popular sibsidies, ran budget deficits, overvalued currencies. resulted in 80s being a lost decade US extended repayment period for debts and lent more money, and IMF moved to restructure loans on the condition that govs initiate new econ policies BUT the new econ policies required cutting public spending on gov jobs and services, increased interest, control wages, etc. reduced inflation and debt but really hurt the poor, food prices increased as subsidies were cut. health services and education were reduced

indicate why each of these survival is threatened and what is being done to counter the threat: elephants, rhinos, gorillas, and chimps

elephants- have been hunted for their ivory tusks, but theres been a general ban on international sales of african ivory. have been listed under the convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES) as a species in need of protection rhinos- poachers who hope to sell rhino horns have placed rhinos under enormous threats. rhino horn is sold in yemen and other countries in the middle east where it is made into dagger handles or in asia where it is ground into a highly valued medicinal powder. conservation drones- unmanned aerial machines that can map and observe wildlife and poachers gorillas/chimpanzees- theyre hunted for trophies and bushmeat (meat from wild animals hunted for human consumption) their habitats are being destroyed by deforestation, but conservationalists study their behaviors and campaign for their protection

many mexican families in the US say "the border crossed us, we didnt cross the border" what does this mean

emphasizes that they are not migrants but long standing residents..

in addition to tropical forests, latin america has many other valuable resources (mineral, water, etc). explain how the exploitation of these resources is often associated with economic, environmental, and political conflicts

environmental has been a problem with contaminated waterways of waste oil, widespread ecosystem damage, health problems among residents. land right disputes have occurred between peru and ecuador in forest areas between indigenous, gov, and corps. people have been accused of causing toxic spills and cancer outbreaks

what two indigenous empires came into direct conflict with the europeans? explain

europeans followed columbus looking for gold, fame, territory, and more resources. hernan cortes took the aztec empire in 1519 in mexico, and francisco pizarro seized control of inca empire in peru in 1533

explain how latin america cultural practices (in food, art, sports, etc) both influences, and is influenced by, societies in other parts of the world

food- food here blends indigenous crops like corn and potatoes with euro influences from spain. mexico has spicy dishes using chile, but the food is mild in rest of latin america. grilled meat popular, the poor eat meals or rice, corn, potatoes, and beans modified versions of mex food have diffused throughout north america and are basis of many chains food in carib reflect medley of cultures in the region, combining african, asian, and euro influences

explain how climate change is affecting conditions in the high andes mountains. what impact does this have on both small and large nearby populations?

glaciers and snowfields are shrinking. creates big problems for communities that rely on ice and snowmelt for irrigation and drinking water, and for hydroelectric power where dry conditions mean electricity cutoffs in major cities

what is a "failed state"? what african country is a prime example of a failed state? what factors lead to its failure

government is so weak it lacks legitimacy and control over its territory. the boundaries laid out by italy andbritain in 1960 left out and split some traditional somali cultures and territories, which were instead given to kenya, djibouti and ethipia. somalia has been in civil war for much of the time since 1990. combined with war, natural disasters, and conflict, has resulted in thousands of somalis becoming internationally or internally displaced

as explained in the text, immediate causes of deforestation have deeper underlying drivers. what are they

government policy (tax breaks, subsidies, land reform) international exports, local demand, pop growth and migration, poverty

describe the general climate conditions in sahel and explain how people living there adapted to it

herders move their livestock to follow the rains and allow farmers to use the manure from their animals. with variable rainfall and political unrest, the growth of human and animal populations, and changes in land access and use- threaten food security and can trigger famine

when and why did cuba gain political independence?

in 1902, following local rebellions and the Spanish-American war.

explain the role of urban agriculture in the creation of food security and incomes for many africans

in cities like Nairobi, Lusaka, Kano, and Kinshasa, more than half the residents cultivate gardens, either at their homes or an unused land in the city. crops from these urban plots contribute to urban food security and local incomes as surplus is sold at markets. more than 200 mill people in sub sah africa are food insecure because they cannot afford to buy food, do not have land, or their land is used for exports

how has the drug economy nbeen connected with political conflicts in latin america

in colombia, guerilla movements with links to powerful drug lords controlled large areas and assassinated local officials and polic

in what areas of latin america did "complex societies" arise? when? what indigenous groups are associated with these complex societies

in the andes such as inca (about 1200), mexico and central america with the mayas in 1800 BCE, and aztecs from about 1200

in what general areas of latin america are indigenous languages most present

in the caribbean, which reflects the colonial histories of the islands

explain how and why cuba's relationship with the united states has gone through many changes during the 20th and 21st centuries

in the early 1900s, US retained influence over cuban policy and a US naval base at Guantánamo bay- now known for the US prison for suspected foreign terrorists. then there was the discontent e elite and US control in the 50's. in the early 60s, thousands of cubans fled to the US, and the US had the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of '61 and an ongoing trade and travel embargo, making it hard for americans to visit or trade with Cuba and made the Cuban economy vulnerable, especially after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Relations between the two have improved since 2009 when the United States eased travel restrictions and reduced economic sanctions against Cuba. in 2014, Obama and Raul Castro announced a plan to normalize relations between the two, lifting travel and trade restrictions and reopening embassies

explain how the maya, inca, and aztec civilizations adapted their environments to meet their needs. which of these adaptations had negative consequences? explain

increased yields from domesticated crops in ancient latin america made a surplus that permitted the specialization of tasks, growth of settlements, and ultimately devel of complex societies and cultures they modified their environments to increase agricultural production and to exploit water, wood, and mineral resources maya-placed a ton of pressure on regional landscapes and environmental degradation aided in collapse, they overused their soils. tried burning forest to capture nutrients in ash of burned trees. inca- responded to difficulties of living in mountain environment by constructing agricultural terraces so they could farm the steep slopes of the andes aztec- extensive network of damns, irrigation systems, and drainage canals in basin of mex to cope with highly season and variable rainfall pattern also chinampa agri system, farmers grow crops on islands of soil and vegetation built in lake and wetland environments. they cleared forests, which may have contributed to drop in water table and resulting in water crisis leading to abandonment of some settlements

explain the ipact of the ocld war on sub saharn african countries

independence movements and transitions in africa directly coincided with the cold war. many africans found communist and social ideas of equity and state ownership appealing nfollowing repression, foreign domination, and inequality of colonial rule tanzania for example developed a concept in 1678 of african socialism based on traditional values of communal owenership and kinship ties to extended family expressed as ujamaa

how did the caribbean differ from the rest of latin america in terms of its colonial experience

it came much later than other parts of latin america, it came in late 1800s, even late 1900s in case of belize. jamaica, barbados, trinidad, and tobago became indep. in 1960s

in what ways was the green revolution a success

it did increase crop production in many parts of latin america, eg higher yielding seeds of wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans

what does it mean when a product is labeled as "fair trade"

it ensures that producers are paid a reasonable wage and that crops are produced sustainably- liek with proucts such as flowers, vegetables, cocoa, and coffee

whats urban primacy? why can it be problematic?

its concentration of population and development in one or two cities within a country, it can create problems when physical and human resources, political power, and pollution are all focused in one major settlement

why have fertility rates remained high among some populations

its remained high in the areas where people are poorer, in rural areas, where infants mortality rate ishigh, and people contribute in the fields, and women dont have access to education, employment, or contraception

how is kenya adopting more environmentally sustainable practices

kenya plans to get 50% of its energy from solar energy in next few years, but use steam from tectonic hot spots in the rift valley

how might the cultural importance of kinship be connected with instability in some african governments?

kinship ties emphasize importance of extended family and go back multiple generations-- defining "clan" allegiances in some subregions. can be an issue in places like contemporary Somalia, where interclan conflict has DOMINATED recent political events in civil war

what is desertification, and what causes it

land degradation and persistent drought, arid and semiarid lands become degraded and less productive desertlike conditions come about culprits are climate change, overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation, and unskilled irrigation.

describe inequality problem in lat america, what is being done to fix it

latin america is the most economically unequal region of the world. wealth and land are often concentrated in hands of elite, while many are poor and landless. but poverty and inequality have declined across the region with stronger economy, more women in workforce, and policies that raise minimum wages and provide support for poor. Bolsa Familia gives money to poor families as long as their children attend school and are vaccinated

what are the main factors that lead to migration within africa?

mainly associated with the search for employment and with flight from famine, floods, and violent conflict traditional migrations included seasonal movements to take advantage of rains, rotate livestock, or for trade labor migrations become a factor during colonial period when the loss of traditional land to colonists and high taxes forced people to move in search of work, and employment became available in mines and on plantations. residents from sahel migrated to work in peanut, cotton, and cocoa producing areas along the west coast.

economic sectors important in lat america

manufacturing- smaller countries manufacture more, oil, cars, trucks, machines and electronics like computers and telephones, processed food agriculture and fisheries- argentina focus on grains and livestock, guatemala, nic, and hond, export crops of bananas coffee and sugar. NTAEs have become important in areas of mex, cent america, colo, and ecuador where flowers and vegetables have replaced grain and traditional exports like coffee and cotton tourism- in caribbean especially, cornerstone of economy. 24 million internation visits in 2011, revenue of over 150 billion.

what parts of latin america experience the biggest hazards from tectonic activity? explain

many of the region's mountain areas and island chains, earth quakes and volcanoes occur near plate boundaries in parts of the caribbean, central america, andes, and mexico

in what ways are womens roles in sub saharan african society changing

many people have started business, many of which are women. also campaigned to end civil wars, labored in remote regions to improve health care and education. ghana has an impressive profile of women's business prominence in rields ranging from fair trade, cooperative chocolate prod to high level public relations. ghanaian womens businesses have transformed the goods and services produced for african and international markets and fostered schools grace amey obeng started a skin care company thats a multibillion dollar enterprise, and she has a training college and nonprofit foundation for poor women womens saving clubs and micro loans help women overcome temporary hardship or borrow money to invest in entrepreneurial ventures such as small shops, restaurants or manufacturing companies

what factors contribute to the HIV/AIDS problem in africa? what actions have been taken in the last 15 years to combat the problem

married couples are frequently affected with it and die from it, and mothers pass it onto their children alot. poverty makes the situation worse because many cant afford condoms, testing, or antiretroviral medicines that can prolong the lives of people who are infected combination of domestic policies, foreign assistance, and subsidized treatment helped reduce infection rates by 25% across the region between 2001 and 2009 and deaths by 20% over the same period

explain the terms "mestizo", "mulatto", and "zambo" which of these is most common

mestizo- mix of european and indigenous people (most common) mulatto- spanish and african mix zambo- african and indian mix

describe some of the problems in huge megacities like mex city, sao paulo, and rio de janeiro

mex city is clouded with pollution that obscures the snow peaks, vulnerable to flooding, landslides sao paulo is on a high plateau, 28% have no drinking water and 50% have no sanitation rio has an old city center with a wealthier residential zone, but it has the favelas, which are informal settlements or shanty towns that grow up around urban core of rio and lack good housing and services and are home to 11.4 million people

how has the flow of mexicans to the US changed since 2005? what are reasons for it

migration both with and without documents has dropped dramatically since 2005 and may have reached a net flow of zero from mex (with migration into the US balanced by those returning home) after 2010. explanations include recession and unemployment in the US, improved conditions in Latin America, and stricter border enforcement

when and where did the first european contact with latin america take place

more than 500 years ago with the arrival of the spanish and portuguese at end of 15th century. columbus arrived in the caribbean in 1492 in the bahamas

know the general areas of africa that have tropical wet . "A" climates and dry/arid "B" climates. be able to know why thoase areas have those types of climate

most has tropical climate with temps higher than 70, the ITCZ is a low pressure zone where air rises at the equator, producing heavy rainfall over the congo basin suptropical high occurs where air sinking over the tropics results in dry conditions over the sahara and kalahari deserts area between them like west african coast and east africa have seasonal rainfall as global circulations shift nortwar din april and southward in october these same areas often have unreliable rainfall and frequent droughts that pose challenges to agriculture and water resources management in july, southwestern trade winds blow onto the coast of west africa, bringing seasonal monsoon rains to inland countries such as mali. during december, winds reverse and very dry winds called the harmattan blow out of inland africa carrying large amountso f dust that stress humans and animals

describe the general cultural views of family and gender roles in latin america. in what ways are these views changing? why?

multiple generations often live and work together, individual intersests are subordinate to those fo the family. machismo constructs the ideal latin american man as fathering many children, dominant in family, proud, and fearless. marianismo is ideal woman in image of virgin mary, chaste, submissive, maternal, dependent on men, and closeted within the family changing as fertility rates decline, women enter the workforce and politics, and migration and divorce lead to many women-led households. feminists have obtained right to vote, change in divorce, rape, and property laws, gain access to education and jobs, elect women to political office

whats an example that explains how traditional african culture is expressed through today's african art forms

music- african popular music mixes indigenous influences with those of the west- eg- the highlife music of west africa is derived from caribbean calypso and military brass bands film- nigeria is home to a booming film industry known as Nollywood, produces hundreds of recording for the home video and diaspora market each year and is the third-largest film industry int he world after US and India. films are often shot on location for very little money but are incredibly popular, dealing with moral questions and issues such as AIDS, corruption, and witchcraft

explain the importants of the rivers to the people in africa

nile flows north to egypt, some waters dropping over victoria falls, others to inland wetlands and deltas shifting back to ocean. some rivers flow directly from the high plateaus to the coasts provides significant potential for hydroelectric devel.

what was the cause of mexican migration ot the US during 1900-1930? why did the US encourgae Mexican migration to the US again in 1942 after a period of deporting mexicans during the 1930s

original cause was to escape the chaos of the mexican revolution and to fill labor shortages created by WWI. 400,000 mexicans (some of them US citizens) were deported during the Great depression in 40s. growth of US economy from 1940 for WWII created a demand for low cost labor, especially in agriculture, that the US and Mex govs indroduced a formal guest farmworker program distributed 4.6 million temporary work permits for mexicans to work in the US between 42-64. many of these braceros never returned to mexico, and migration contiued through social networks after the program ended, even as US immigration restrictions were tightened

during what time frame did most latin american countries gain independence, what facots led to this change

over time merchants and land owners in spanish colonies started to resent spains strict control of trade and taxation. wars in europe weaked spain, and revs in US and France provided inspiration. by 1800s, regional independence movements were calling for liberation from spanish and portuguese rule

explain how tectonic plate activity has created much of africas physical geography (be sure to include discussion of Pangaea, Gondwanaland, and rift valleys as part of your expl)

pangaea was the supercontinent at which africa was the heart, and the southern part broke off to form gondwanaland 200 mill years ago-- eventually became africa a deep trough slices through eastern africa where tectonic processes continue to pull eastern africa away from the rest of the continent, forming a rift valley- long and large depression between steep walls formed by the downward displacement of a block of the earths surface between tectonic faults eastern rift valley runs from red sea in mozambique in south, has lake tanganyika and lake victoria, the age, size, and depth of these lakes make them diverse fresh water eco systems with important fisheries

what factors have caused rapid urban growht in sub saharan africa over the last several decades? (push and pull)

people are leaving rural areas because of poverty, lack of services or support for agriculture, scarcity of land, natural disasters, and civil wars. urban areas are more attractive because they offer jobs, higher wages, better services (including education and electricity), and entertainment. urban areas have benefitted urban bias, which have tended to invest disproportionately in capital cities that house centralized administrative functions

explain the push and pull factors that have led to massive rural to urban migrations in latin america since 1900

people leave rural areas because wages are low, services like safe drinking water arent good, health care, and education are absent or limited, or because not access to enough land to produce food for home consumption or for sale. also environmental degradation, natural disasters, civil wars pull factors-high wages and more employment opportunities, access to education, health, housing, wider range of consumer goods. govs also have an urban bias and provide services and investments to cities, which are seen as engines of growth and the locus of social unrest promotion of urban lifestyles and consumption habits, through tv and other media

while spanish is the official language in most latin american countries, many countries have other official languags. know the countries in main land latin america where portuguese, english, dutch, and french are the official languages

photo in folder, but: brazil is portuguese french guiana is french suriname is dutch belize and guyana is english

what factors have led to the emergence of more democratic govs in much of latin america. why has there been an increase in politically left-leaning movements in latin america since about 2000

public and foreign outrage at authoritarian repression and human rights violations, the inability of military govs to solve econ problems, end of cold war, and international and internal pressures linked economic globalizatin to democratic govs in most latin american countries **

what impact did european colonialism have on patterns of infrastructure and land tenure?

railways went from inland to coasts, plantations were established to produce crops like rubber, areas that were more attractive, like east african highlands and southern africa, were taken by white settlers for tea and tobacco plantations, livestock ranches, and other farming activities. traditional land-tenure systems of communal land and flexible boundaries were often subsumed into privately owned and bounded plots, and traditional agriculture, decision making processes, and legal systems were often replaced with european science, managers, and courts

discuss the factors that contribute to civil wars that continue to erupt in many sub saharan african countries. how is the legacy of colonialism connected?

rwanda- in 1993/94 when long standing tensions between hutu and tutsi tribes within each ountry erupted into violence. there was genocide, effort to destory an ethnic, tribal, racial, religious, or national group big challenge is of reconciliation between the two where memories of violence persist, divisions are deep. liberia and sierra leone in 1990s where resentment between oppositiong roups fueled by arms acquired through the sale of diamonds. in sieraa leone, civil war between rival paramilitaries kiled more than 50,000 people and displaced 2 million people. there was rape and cutting off of limbs for the forced recruitment of child soldiers

explain how substantial mineral wealth has affected africas trade and colonial history- how has mineral wealth been a contributing factor to violence and instability in some parts

salt was a key commodity in trans saharan trade from the 10th century, gold was valued in west africa from early times. because of immense value of diamonds, and size, they were smuggled easily, they are blood diamonds and account for 10-15% of all global trade in diamonds during 1990s discovery of the diamonds in 1867 at kimberley and gold in 1886 in south africa created conflicts between colonizers and indigenous groups. gold and diamonds along with oil, continue to incite conflict within africa and to amplify interest in african economies

countries in what part of sub saharan africa appear to have the worst AIDS problem in terms of percent of population affected? (norther, southern, eastern, or western)

seems to be the highest in southeast africa

what factors led to the end of the trans-atlantic slave trade? when did this happen

social movements led to the banning of slavery in britain in 1772, the end of the slave trade in british colonies in 1807, and the emancipation of slaves in the british caribbean in 1834. slavery was a divisive issue that played a role in us civil war, eventually abolished in 1865 by the 13th amendment to the us constitution.

explain how religion in latin america reflects european, indigenous, and african cultures

some indigenous resisted missionary efforts, others found ways to blend traditions of catholic church to new syncretic religions (practices have evolved and merged with one another) slave trade brought afrian religious traditions to latin america and caribbean, and these often merged with indigenous and catholic beliefs into syncretic beliefsthat are followed by more than20 million people. eg include voodoo in haiti, santeria in cuba. involves dance, drums, spirit trances, altars with candles and flowers, traditional herbs, medicine, chicken sacrifice

what ocuntry of sub saharan africa has the most extensively developed manufacturing sector

south africa, includes iron and steel, automobiles, chemicals, and food processing. BMW, toyota, volkswagen, ford , and GM produce there

what two colonial powers were most dominant in latin america? what was the treaty of tordesillas

spain and portugal. the two negotiated over new lands, dividing the world between spain and portugal along a north-south line about 1800 kilometers west of cape verde islands. with approval of pope julius II, portugal go tarea east of line including brazil and africa, spain received areas to west

what are carbon markets? how is the organization known as REDD related to carbon markets?

system in which countries and companies are required to reduce emissions and can earn carbon credits toward meeting their reduction obligations by investing in reducing emissions and developing countries; allows developing countries that have ratified the kyoto protocol agreement to receive payments as incentives for investments in climate-friendly projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions REDD programs allow credit for emission reductions by providing financial and other incentives for forest protection

what impact did the political boundaries established by europeans have during colonial era have on africans?

the arbitrary boundaries paid little attention or respect to existing cultural, ethnic, political, religious, or linguistic regions.

what was the cause of increased european interest in africa during the later part of the 19th century? note that this was AFTER the trans atlantic slave trade ended

the cause was after the 1850 discovery that quinine could suppress malaria and the discovery of gold and diamonds in southern africa.

what european power was the first to establish a presence in africa? why were they there?

the portuguese traded to get gold from coastal settlements in west africa, and in 1497, the portuguese explorer vasco de gama rounded the cape of good hope at the southern tip, initiating trade with the southeast coasts of africa en route to india

explain the demographic, economic, and cultural impacts of european colonization on latin america. how is the columbian exchange related to these impacts?

the push took over two centuries. the search for labor to work in the mines and fields created demo collaps- after 1500, indigenous populations of americas died off because of diseases from europeans. 75% of latin america died in epidemcs in the century following contact columbian exchange included crops animals and people along w diseases between old world europe, africa, asia, and new world of americas that began with voyages of columbus spanish brought plants nd animals, diseases, weeds, pests. for reutrn voyages, exploreres and colonists collected species for europe, introduced crops and domesticated animals to latin america like wheat, cattle, fruit, horses, etc. they took corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and syphilis back to europe.

has the rate of deforestation in the brazilian amazon generally increased or decreased in the years between 2004 and 2015? how does this compare with the rate of deforestation in non-brazilian countries

the rate of deforestation in the brazilian amazon has generally slowed down??** over the past years, but in comparison its much lower in hectares than deforestation in non-brazilian countries anyway

what industry, beginning in the 19th century, created a sudden increase in the amazon rainforest as a generator of large econ profits? what caused the eventual decline of this industry

the rubber industry, you get it tapping the latex sap of rubber trees, at the time only in latin america. the boom ended when seedlings were exported to south asia, where they became a successful cash crop. there was success in asian plantations

where is sahel located

the southern border of the sahara desert, which has highly variable rainfall. depend on livestock with some crop production along rivers and at oases

how do traditional african concepts of land tenure differ from those common in the west

the tie to land in africa is connected to traditional forms of land tenure, where land was viewed as given by the spirits or held in trust for ancestors and future generations-- endows the land with communcal natures such that it cant be bought or sold by individuals land rights are held by extended families or the community

explain El Niño

the warm phase of ENSO. it brings rain to the coasts of peru and ecuador, which are usually dry because of the cool offshore currents, and is also linked to droughts in northeast brazil, floods in southern brazil, and fewer caribbean hurricanes

how many languages are spoken by more than a million people? why are european languages used in so many african countries?

there are 1000 living languages in africa... 40 of them are spoken by MORE than a million people english, french, portuguese, and afrikaans are spoken in areas that were under colonial control and had european education systems or settlemnets

what part of africa was the main source area of slaves who were brought to the americas? why was there such a high demand for african slave labor in the americas? what country in the americas was the destination for the greatest number of africans brought in as forced slave laborers

there was such a high demand for slaves because of sugar cane plantations on the atlantic islands of madeira in cape verde. they were first shipped to work in brazil in 1540, more than 9 million were shipped to the americas from africa between 1600 and 1870.

what problems are associated with accommodation of refugee populations in africa? what special problem is faced by people who are refugees within their own communities

there were around 3 million refugees in sub saharan africa in 2014. people are fleeing armed conflict, human rights violations, drought, etc. they have serious burdens on neighboring countries that lack the resources to feed and resettle impoverished starving arrivals. guinea for eg, absorbed almost a half a million refugees from liberia and sierra leone, and tanzania took in a similar number from burundi. diseases spread rapidly in the crowded conditions of the camps, and food supplies are sometimes interrupted or diverted by military groups or governments-- refugees are often accused of spreading HIV and other diseases but are excluded from HIV/AIDS programs at the same time.

what aspects of mexico city's physical geography increase the severity of that city's air pollution problem? explain why and how there have been improvements in mexico city's air quality over the last couple decades

theres over 4 million cars, and transportation is responsible for 75% of the air pollution, the rest from dust, fires, indust. plants, and energy production. pollyted air gets trapped in the basin by surrounding mountains and inversions (where warm air traps cold air near the ground) very dry and rain rarely washes away the pollutants citizen protests and gov regulation have improved air quality, industry has been closed down or moved out of the basin

how is climate change affecting islands of the caribbean?

they are at risk from warmer temperatures because of potential increase in the intensity of hurricanes and the impact of warmer oceans on coral reefs. sea level rise threatens coastal ecosystems and settlements in the carib, including economically critical tourist beaches and resorts and water supplies at risk from saltwater intrusion

why do many latin american farmers grow drug crops rather than food or other legal crops? are these famers the ones who are exporting drugs to markets in the Us and Europe?

they are grown because of the high prices they yield in comparison to other agricultural products. in areas where crop yields are low, people only have small plots of land and market prices for legal agricultural crops dont cover production costs the bulk of the exports are controlled by powerful families in colombia and mexico who move the drugs from rural latin america by land, air, and boar into the US, often LA and Miami

biofuel production is increasing in latin america. what are the positives and negatives associated with this? what might potentially be a better energy option and why?

they can potentially slow climate change by reducing fossil fuel waste, but its driving deforestation, diverting land from food production and consuming limited water and fertilizer resources. wind, sun, and hydropower may be more sustainable

sub saharan africa has approximately what percentage of total world deaths from HIV related causes

three of every four deaths from HIV causes take place in sub saharan africa

Explain La Niña.

trade winds strengthen, and warm water and rainstorms are pushed to the far western equatorial pacific over indonesia-- cooler surface water in pacific, dry conditions in pacific coastal south america

many parks and other protected areas have been established to protect african wildlife. what positive results haev come from these efforts? why have these efforts faced criticism

traditional african societies hunted and gathered wild species for food, and while human populations were low, property was unfenced, and hunting technologies were less effective, wildlife populations ranged naturally where climate, veg, and terrain were most suitable. about 5% of sub saharan africa hs some sort of protected status, there are more than 1000 protected areas over half of africa. they have become high profile tourist destinations, bringing millions of dollars to national eocnomies and employing many. but parks have been criticized for providing inadequate benefits to local people whjo may have been displaced and have lost traditional grazing and hunting rights, or who have had crops destroyed by marauding wildlife too much tourism sometimes and high animal densities have destroyed fragile habitats, and poaching has pushed some species close to extinction

ecosystems in africa

tropical climates of congo basin host earth's second largest arae of rain forest after the amazon, covering 2.2 million square kilometers. forests make iup 20% of land, w incredible biodiversity, home to monkeys and apes, tropical hardwoods of significant economic value, but forests are threatened by demands for timber and firewood, savanna grassland areas cover about 2/5 of africa. they have open stands of trees interspersed with shrubs and grasses, vegetation typically found in tropical climates that have a pronounced dry season and experience periodic fires-- provide extended grazing areas for both wildlife and livestock deserts cover another 2/5, with sparse and seasonal vegetation with drought resistant plants like acacias and woody shrub cooler climate in south africa has a unique eco dominated by vegetation that is characterized by waxy or needlelike leaves and long roots that help plants survive long dry periods

what are te positive and negative effects of dam projects in africa

used to harness the energy of rivers, provide electricity ato industry and cities, and to irrigate agricultural fields. but also create problems that include resettlement of displaced people and animals, loss of sediment, fish, and livelihoods downstream of the dams, and spread of diseases and insects (like malarial mosquitoes) in stagnant water

what factors contribute to sub saharan africa's relatively low levels of development according to several social and economic indicators? overall, have conditions generally improved or declined in the last 30 years

varies greatly, but people who work in the urban formal sector or are producers of cash crops generally have longer life expectancies, better service access, and higher incomes than those who work in the informal and rural subsistence agricultural sectors the richest 20% of the pop receive more than 50% of overall income in most counries especially in southern africa. more than 46% of the population lived on less than the equivalent of US 1.25 a day GENERALLY THOUGH, conditions have improved over the last 30 years- life expectancy up from 45 to 56.8, infant mortality dropped from 138 to 64 in 1000. the lowest 18 countries on the human development index are all in africa.

in what ways is africa extremely vulnerable to climate change? what is meant by the statement that "africa's vulnerability to climate change is caused as much by poverty as by climate itself"

warmer temps, changes in ecosystems, and impacts on poor have been observed. many africans depend on rain fed agriculture and livestock which suffer greatly from the effects of drought and heatwaves harming food security and incomes. scientists think the climate chaneg will expand the range of diseases and insects

Describe the type of economy that was established in Cuba after European contact

when Christopher Columbus came, the island became a center for sugar plantations worked by West African slaves.

what factors, since the ending of colonialism, have caused out migration from africa to other regions

when many africans who retained british commonwealth passports or french citizenship moved to britain and france (or other commonwealth countries such as canada) in search of work. also the brain drain- every year thousands of african students and professionals, especially doctors, move to study or work in universities or companies in europe and americas-- sometimes coming back as economic and political conditions improve

describe the disadvantages women experience as a result of traditional gender roles in sub saharan africa. how does this inhibit overall development in the region? what recent policy changes have begun to address some of the issues

women have less education and lower incomes, but they live slightly longer. earn about 1300 usd less than men, and have less schooling. more likely to be poor, malnourished polygamy gave men control over more female labor and is sesn as providing both possibilities for women to support each other but alsof or conflict between them and spread of disease those who understand the role of womens work and economies have criticized development policies that ignore, undervalue, displace women. policies have gradually begun to change to include projects that provide technology, credit, and training to women; that link womens productive and reproductive roles; and that seek to overcome gender related differences and barriers to improving the lives of both men and women

is telecommunications an important growth sector in sub saharan africa

yes, its grown explosively with rapid adoption of mobile phone tech, the telecommunications markets fastest growing world region is africa, they are transforming the economy and culture- even in remote areas, with 608 million internet connections across the region in june 2014

what is liberation theology? what might be the political implications of practicing this

(catholic practice) focuses on needs of the poor and disadvantaged and aligned with social movements. butcatholic church has lost people to protestant, evangelical, with messages of literacy, education, sobriety..

explain how orographic precipitation and corresponding rain shadow affects climate in some areas of Latin America.

**

why did the slave trade also produce profits for some africans

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