Geo 303 final (hw questions)

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Order the composition of magmas by their complete melting temperatures, from lowest temperature to highest.

1(highest) - ultramafic 2- mafic 3- intermediate 4- felsic

Refer to the mathematical formula in the previous question. If the gravitational force between two meteorites in outer space is 1 unit when they are 1 km apart, what is the gravitational force if the same meteorites are separated by 3 km?

1/9 unit

How much stronger is a magnitude 6 earthquake compared with a magnitude 4?

100

What is the age of the oldest intact rocks that have been found on Earth?

4 Ga (billion years)

Over the past 30 thousand years, what has been the relationship between the North magnetic pole and North geographic (rotational) pole?

Although the magnetic pole is constantly moving in random directions, it always stays near to the rotational pole.

The force of gravity is proportional to (m1 x m2) / r2, where m is mass and r is distance. Suppose that you weighed yourself at the Equator, and again at the North Pole. You would weigh less at the Equator because:

At the North Pole, the distance r between your center of gravity and the earth's center of gravity is shorter than at the Equator

Why do atoms naturally arrange themselves into crystal structures?

Because crystal structures represent a low-energy arrangement for atoms

Why is amphibole considered a "garbage can" mineral?

Because it can take in a lot of cations with odd sizes and charges that other minerals don't want

What type of stress is primarily responsible for the growth of the Himalayas?

Compression

Which of following lists the features in increasing order of the amount of magma that would be required to form them?

Dike, laccolith, pluton, batholith

What type of magma is best for generating a caldera-forming eruption?

Felsic

. Which statement best agrees with the Airy model for isostasy?

High topography regions have thicker crust than lower relief areas

Which statement best agrees with the isostasy model of G.H. Pratt?

High-elevation regions have lower-density crust than lower elevation areas.

Match the type of silicate with its relative temperature of crystallization in the discontinuous part of Bowen's Reaction Series.

Highest temperature (~1400 °C) isolated tetrahedra High temperature (~1200 °C) single chain Intermediate temperature (~1050 °C) double chain Low temperature (~900 °C) sheet

Darwin's Theory of Evolution tries to provide an explanation for:

How life diversified after it originated

In which setting is one most likely to find a gabbro?

In an ophiolite complex (oceanic crust pushed onto a continent)

Why does the mineral olivine take in either Fe or Mg into the same location in its crystal structure?

Iron and magnesium have about the same ionic radius

Which of the following is true of a batholith?

It cools slowly and contains relatively large crystals

How do we know that Enchanted Rock in Central Texas was formed at depth?

It is made of granite containing large crystals

. How does the Doppler Effect tell us about the motion of galaxies?

Light from galaxies moving away from us has a lower frequency (i.e. looks redder) than light from galaxies that are moving toward us.

Imagine a mountain range supported by a low-density root zone (Airy's hypothesis). What is the isostatic response as rivers erode the mountain away?

The mountains and root zone rise, and the mountains become lower as the root zone also diminishes.

Which of these factors are involved in determining whether X-rays will reflect off of parallel internal planes in a crystal structure (i.e. Bragg's Law) to create a dot in a diffraction pattern? Select all that apply.

The spacing between the planes The wavelength of the X-rays The angle between the incoming X-rays and the planes

Which of the following are forms of deformation?

Tilting Folding Faulting

Wegener's proposal that the continents had once fit together as a single supercontinent was criticized for many reasons, but in the end it was rejected by scientists at the time because

Wegener could not provide a driving force strong enough for continental drift.

The low seismic velocity zone is caused by

a change in rigidity of the mantle in the asthenosphere

The difference between a hypothesis and theory is

a hypothesis is a suggested explanation, a theory is supported by numerous lines of evidence

The asthenosphere is known from

a low velocity zone in the upper mantle

The Hawaiian Hot Spot is:

a rising mass of hot material under the Pacific plate, that is stationary while the plate moves over it, making volcanoes in whatever part of the plate happens to be over it at a given time.

A steinkern (German: "stony heart") of a snail is:

a solid object that has the form of the interior of the snail shell

What is isostasy?

a state of gravitational equilibrium maintained by a block of lithosphere that "floats" in the underlying mantle at a level determined by both its density and its thickness;

what the heck is a Wadati-Bennioff zone?

a zone of earthquakes occurring with depth in the subducting lithospheric plate

According to current scientific understanding, the age of our universe is:

about three times older than the age of the Earth

Choose the one statement that best describes foliation.

an alignment of mineral grains perpendicular to the direction of compression

In a typical granite, the crystals usually don't have nice facets because they grow into and interfere with each other, resulting in them being:

anhedral

If a sedimentary rock consists of the shells of an organism, which of the following type of sedimentary rock is it?

biochemical

Pure marble and quartzite are nonfoliated metamorphic rocks because

both are dominated by minerals that produce equant grains.

The two types of chemical sedimentary rocks are

carbonate, silicate

The two main types of sedimentary rocks are:

clastic and chemical

Wegener saw Pangaea as a jigsaw puzzle, where the puzzle pieces were

continents

Of the bonds discussed in class, the strongest in minerals is the

covalent

Identify the factors that cause melting and magma formation Choose one or more

decompression addition of volatiles crystallization heat transfer

What factors control the cooling time of magma within the crust? Choose as many as are correct.

depth at which the magma cools the heat difference between the magma and the surrounding rock the volume of the intruded magma

The earth is referred to as a layered planet because:

differentiation during and following planetary accretion allowed the materials making up the early Earth to separate based upon their density;

the elastic rebound theory states that

earthquakes occur when the rock strength is exceeded, releasing elastic energy stored during elastic deformation

The Moho and the base of the lithosphere are the same

false

The smallest structural unit describing the repeating pattern in a minerals crystal structure is the unit cell. True or false?: the chemical formula for the unit cell is the same as that of the mineral.

false

Choose the most likely product of partially melting a rock of intermediate composition? hint: think about what components melt first and what the melt composition will look like

felsic magma

select all of the following that are a mineral

graphite and diamond

in volcanic island arcs (e.g., associated with ocean-ocean collisions), the magma for volcanism comes from where?

hydration melting of the upper mantle

The earliest matter in the universe was composed of mostly:

hydrogen and helium

the deepest earthquakes occur?

in subducting plates

The youngest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is located

in the center - at the mid ocean ridge

Mafic minerals are defined as such by having which elements in them?

iron and magnesium

Within the eroded remains of a single mountain range,

it is possible to find a variety of metamorphic rocks produced in distinct facies, including high-, intermediate-, and low-grade rocks.

The polarity of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past is

known to have experienced numerous reversals, as shown by remnant magnetization of iron-rich minerals in rocks.

What does grain size generally indicate about the cooling of a melt. Choose one

larger crystals indicate that the melt cooled gradually

Compared to the average density of the mantle, the average density of the continental crust is:

less

Earthquakes don't always recur on the same interval because of which of the following (select all that apply)

local rock strength can change the rate of buildup of stress on a rock may evolve differently an earthquake may release variable amounts of accumulated stress

In Wegener's evidence for continental drift, continents were proposed to fit together, such as the east coast of South America with the

lower west coast of Africa.

If you were using both a compass and a map marked with latitude and longitude to navigate, you might note the angle difference between your compass and what is marked as North on the map, called

magnetic declination.

Plate movement is influenced by each of the following EXCEPT

mantle plumes, which are created when hot rock rises up from the deep mantle and creates melting at the base of the lithosphere.

The way atoms are arranged in a crystal depends on all of the following except:

mass of the ions

Evidence that the South American and African continents were once joined includes evidence from their coastlines such as

matching fossil distributions.

Earthquake intensity is measured on what scale

mercali scale

Marine magnetic anomaly belts run parallel to

mid-ocean ridges.

Identify which statements are true about earthquakes (select all that apply).

most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics an estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most are small

New lithosphere is created in which of the following settings

nowhere - mass balance says that crust cannot be created or destroyed

deep (>100km) earthquakes can occur in which of the following environments (select all the correct answers)

ocean-continent collisions ocean-ocean collisions

Which of the following processes is LEAST important in generating the components necessary for the formation of sedimentary rocks

photosynthesis

which tectonic processes are likely to be associated with very deep earthquakes? choose all that apply

plate subduction

The apparent tendency of the north (or south) magnetic pole to vary in position over time is termed

polar wander.

With increasing metamorphic grade, rocks from a given protolith will tend to become

poorer in water

Which of the following minerals are you most likely to find in a mature sediment eroded from a continental landmass?

quartz

Select all answers that are correct about the lithosphere

rigid outermost tectonic plates comprised of the crust and uppermost mantle

Chemical weathering would be expected to be highest in which of the following?

rocks that have been broken up by intense physical weathering

Which of the following is NOT an example of a chemical sedimentary rock

sandstone

Which of the following silicate groups may be hydrous (include the hydroxyl ion in their crystal structure)? Check all that apply.

sheet silicates double-chain silicates

Which of the following classes of minerals are most abundant in the Earth's crust and mantle?

silicates

Which of these locations is an example of a continental rift

the East African Rift

Obsidian is a volcanic glass that forms when lava cools very quickly to a solid. Why is it not classified as a mineral?

the atoms in obsidian are not arranged in a crystal structure

What information can meteorites provide about Earth? (select all that are correct)

the average composition of the whole Earth an upper boundary for the Earth's age the composition of Earth's core Which two discoveries are attributed to Edwin Hubble

Which correctly described the aesthenosphere?

the ductile part of the mantle

The surface location of an earthquake is called

the epicenter

Glacial isostatic rebound refers to

the isostatic rebound associated with the retreat of large ice sheets since the last glacial maximum

The Moho is:

the observation that seismic waves speed up below the crust mantle boundary in association with a compositional change

The fact that the outer core is liquid is known from

the s-wave shadow

Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic fossil that is the earliest known bird, retained many characteristics inherited from its immediate ancestors, which were:

theropod dinosaurs

An ultramafic rock is most likely to represent which geological environment?

The mantle

The Earth's layers are composed of which of the following, from outside to inside:

(Si,Al,O); (Mg,Fe,Si,O); (Fe,Ni)

All of these things are believed to be true of pegmatites, except one. Which is the exception?

Required millions of years for crystals to grow so big

Sulfate minerals are those that are organized around which ion?

SO42-

5. What is the most probable origin of Earth's moon?

The Moon condensed from material expelled from a gigantic collision between the proto-earth and a Mars-size impacting body

Why do the minerals in a geode form euhedral crystals rather than anhedral grains?

The crystals have abundant room to grow within a rock cavity

All of the following statements about the atmosphere of the early Earth are correct, except one. Which statement is incorrect?

The development of Earth's magnetic field caused the atmosphere at that time to be driven off.

Which of the following is true of effusive eruptions as compared with explosive eruptions?

The magma in effusive eruptions contains less silica than in explosive eruptions

This satellite image shows the Himalaya Mountains, the tallest mountain range on Earth, and the Tibet Plateau. Which of the following processes is responsible for the formation of the mountains in this region?

thickening of the crust caused by deformation during collision

The severity of shaking during an earthquake depends upon all of the following except

time of day of the earthquake

Particle size is used as an indicator of maturity (or the distance its constituent parts have traveled since being eroded out of their host rocks) in clastic sediments and rocks. This is because:

water tends to both break down particles, making them smaller, and sort them by size based on their transportability

Which of the following correctly lists the steps describing how a clastic sedimentary rock forms from its pre-existing parent rock from first to last?

weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, lithification

The presence or absence of cleavage in a mineral indicates

whether there are planes through the crystal structure with relatively sparse and/or weak atomic bonds;


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