GEOG 1401 - Weather & Climate SHSU - Exams 3 & 4

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The gust front occurs near the anvil part of a thunderstorm cloud

The gust front occurs on the lee shore of the Great Lakes

The marine west coast climate most extensive on this continent -- North America

The marine west coast climate most extensive on this continent -- South America

The most common cloud type in a hurricane is cirrus

The most common cloud type in a hurricane is nimbostratus

The most common cloud type in a hurricane is stratus

The temperature of rising air parcels increase as they move upward

Tropical cyclones do NOT form at the Equator because water is cold there

Tropical cyclones do NOT form at the Equator because water is too warm there

Typically straddles the Equator, year-round precipitation -- Desert

Typically straddles the Equator, year-round precipitation -- Steppe

Typically straddles the Equator, year-round precipitation -- Tropical Savanna

Updraft dominance relates to the dissipating stage in the development of a thunderstorm

A damp, humid climate with an abundance of cloud cover

Marine West Coast

An approaching wave cyclone would be indicated by a rapidly falling barometer reading

Leaching of soils would be a minor problem in the Steppes climates

Leaching of soils would pose a serious problem in the Tropical Rainforest climate

Lifting of warm air over cold is common to both cold and warm fronts

Lightning is likely during the mature stage of a thunderstorm

The arrival of a cold front brings cumulonimbus clouds

The marine west coast climate most extensive on this continent -- Europe

The most common cloud type in a hurricane is cumulonimbus

The tundra climate supports some plant life but no trees

The vegetation associated with the Aw climate is termed savanna

The west coast deserts are characterized by higher humidity and some fog

If a warm front is approaching, you can expect calm winds

If a warm front is approaching, you can expect clearing skies

If a warm front is approaching, you can expect falling temperatures

In order to qualify as a hurricane, winds in a tropical disturbance must reach 50 mph

It is in the C climates that would one find the greatest annual temperature range

Jungle -- Desert

Jungle -- Steppe

Jungle -- Tropical Savanna

Jungle is synonymous with selva

North Carolina is struck by the largest number of tornadoes

North Dakota is struck by the largest number of tornadoes

The Zone of Conflict refers to orographic precipitation

The greatest proportion of thunderstorms occurs in the subarctic regions

The greatest proportion of thunderstorms occurs in the subtropics

The greatest variability in rainfall would generally be associated with A climates

The greatest variability in rainfall would generally be associated with C climates

The greatest variability in rainfall would generally be associated with D climates

The gust front occurs during the development of thunderstorm clouds

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Cirrus

All of the cities described below are in North America and are classified as Humid Continental climates. Which city has the smallest variation in rainfall from month to month throughout the year

City A, a leeward coastal city at 40 degrees north latitude

A damp, humid climate with an abundance of cloud cover -- Humid Continental

A damp, humid climate with an abundance of cloud cover -- Subarctic

A damp, humid climate with an abundance of cloud cover -- Tundra

A desert soil is likely to be black in color

A desert soil is likely to be deep

A desert soil is likely to be well-watered

About 50 percent of North American tornadoes are classified as violent -- F4-F5 --

Absolute stability prevails only in theory, but never in reality

Approximately 40 percent of the land surface of the Earth is desert and steppe

Drizzle from gray, overcast skies is typical of winter -- Subarctic

Drizzle from gray, overcast skies is typical of winter -- Tundra

Dry climates are always at low latitudes -- within 10 degrees of the Equator --

During April-May hurricane formation in the North Atlantic is at a peak

During January-February hurricane formation in the North Atlantic is at a peak

During November-December hurricane formation in the North Atlantic is at a peak

List two problems scientists encounter as they attempt to divide the Earth into climatic zones.

-identifying the boundary -variability and similarity of climate elements -subjective-inter -relationship

Describe three methods used to study past climates.

-ocean deposits -ice cores-fossils -past vegetation -remnant landforms

If you were 200 miles ahead of the surface position of a typical warm front, you would find the frontal surface at a height of ____ mile or miles

Which scale number or numbers of hurricanes do only minimal or moderate damage

1 and 2

The approximate lifetime of an individual thunderstorm cell is about

1 hour or less

Of the past 2.5 billion years, what %? have been ice ages?

10-20%

The Storm of the Century struck in the winter of

1993

For a thunderstorm to be officially classified as severe by the National Weather Service, it must have winds in excess of

58 mph

In order to qualify as a hurricane, winds in a tropical disturbance must reach

74 mph

The most costly hurricane in terms of money between 1985 and 1996 was Hurricane

Andrew

Squall line thunderstorms that accompany fast moving fronts typically ________.

Accompany cold fronts, are 50 to 60 miles long and may produce severe weather

A Meoscale Convective Complex can be very dangerous because ________ They are slow moving and typically bring much rain They have a life of 8 to 24 hours They are most active at night All of the above

All of the above

Which one of these is a hazard of a hurricane Coastal Flooding Lighting High Winds All of the above

All of the above

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is primarily mandated to A. assess the present state of knowledge concerning climate change. B. report on the human and environmental impacts of climate change. C. offer mitigation strategies to deal with climate change. D. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

How is drought different from other natural hazards Occurs in a creeping manner No exact definition of drought exists Effects are less apparent than with other natural hazards All the above

All the above

Generally, the D climates are found poleward of the E climates

A generally accepted boundary beyond which trees will NOT grow is 55 degrees longitude

Tornadoes are most frequent during the

April to June period

What time of year is a hurricane most likely to occur in the Atlantic Ocean and move towards North America

August to October

Which Koppen climate classification takes up the most land area compared to any other?

B climates

Which of the following has historically proven most susceptible to large losses of life from storm surge in the twentieth century

Bangladesh

If you experience a category 5 hurricane, what type of damage are you most likely to encounter at the point of impact

Catastrophic

What type of storm was the Storm of the Century

Blizzard

What kind of vegetation is most closely associated with a desert Plants have waxy leaves, stems or thickened outer layer The roots of desert plants are deep or spread wide under the surface of the soil Very few kinds of plants Both A and B

Both A and B

What type of air mass might cause the following situation -- high temperatures and extremely low dew points across the southern Great Plains of Oklahoma and Kansas

CTs

In reference to an occluded front, the ________ is moving more rapidly than the _________

Cold Front, Warm Front

This type of front is largely responsible for violent weather

Cold front

Which of the following does NOT favor thunderstorm development?

Cold surface air

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of stability in the atmosphere

Conditional Stability

Activity -- lifting of air -- caused by intense heating of the surface is called ________

Convectional Activity

Which cloud indicates instability

Cumuliform Cloud

The 3 stages of a thunderstorm are _____, _____ and _____.

Cumulus, mature, dissipating

A generally accepted boundary beyond which trees will NOT grow is the 0 degree isotherm

As air moves down the leeward side of the mountain, its temperature falls at the ___ rate, which is ___ degrees per 1000 feet

DAR, 5.5

In the terms of their averages, arrange the three lapse rates in order from the steepest to the most gentle

DAR, ELR, WAR

In the case of orographic lifting, the dew point of an air mass will _______ after it has reached 100 percent relative humidity

Decrease

In the normal scheme of things in the atmosphere, the air is immobile and the temperature tends to ________

Decrease

The name of a scientist who studies tree rings.

Dendrochronologist.

Which of these radar types has significantly improved our ability to track thunderstorms and issue warnings based on their potential to produce tornadoes

Doppler radar

In a mature air mass thunderstorm, what processes are responsible for creating downdrafts?

Dry air is entrained into a cloud, resulting in localized evaporation and cooling.

The only humid climate that has a pronounced winter rainfall maximum, a feature that reflects its intermediate position, is the

Dry-Summer Subtropical, or Mediterranean climate

All months that have mean temperatures below 10 degrees C are what classification in the Koeppen system?

E (Polar Climates)

A generally accepted boundary beyond which trees will NOT grow is the selva

20-40 inches of precipitation, monsoon effect, wide temperature swings daily and especially seasonally -- Marine West Coast

20-40 inches of precipitation, monsoon effect, wide temperature swings daily and especially seasonally -- Subarctic

20-40 inches of precipitation, monsoon effect, wide temperature swings daily and especially seasonally -- Tundra

A Prairie is always found on the poleward side of a Steppe

A Savanna climate would be generally characterized by a well defined dry season during the high Sun -- summer -- season

A Tropical Rainforest would most likely be found in Cuba

A Tropical Rainforest would most likely be found in India

A Tropical Rainforest would most likely be found in Italy

A Tropical Rainforest would most likely be found in North Africa

A climate is classified as dry if it receives less than 30 centimeters of rain annually, on average

A cold air mass that is warmed at its base from contact with the warm ground will have its lapse rate changed to an inversion

A cold air mass that is warmed at its base from contact with the warm ground will have its lapse rate compressed

A cold air mass that is warmed at its base from contact with the warm ground will have its lapse rate decreased

A cold, dry environment would contain a largest number of different plant species than a cold, wet environment

A cyclone is air turning spirally inward round a center of high pressure

A cyclone is air turning spirally outward round a center of high pressure

A cyclone is air turning spirally outward round a center of low pressure

The taiga is a Mediterranean forest

A high number of days with cloudy weather, drizzle and or fog would best characterize Humid Subtropical climates

A high number of days with cloudy weather, drizzle and or fog would best characterize Subarctic climates

A high number of days with cloudy weather, drizzle and or fog would best characterize Tropical Rainforest climates

A hot, dry environment would contain a largest number of different plant species than a hot, wet environment

A most important source of energy for a hurricane is solar radiation on its cloud tops

A mountain -- H -- climate is a climate in which rainshadow conditions are the primary cause of drought

A mountain -- H -- climate is found in any area located over 1,000 feet above sea level

A mountain -- H -- climate is similar to Tundra climates

A perusal of a world climate map shows that similar climates are located at similar elevations

A perusal of a world climate map shows that similar climates are located at similar longitudes

A rainshadow occurs in the lee or leeward of a mountain range because air forced to rise is warmed by the adiabatic process

A rainshadow occurs in the lee or leeward of a mountain range because condensation has a drying effect upon the air

A rainshadow occurs in the lee or leeward of a mountain range because no water vapor remains in the descending air

A significant decrease in large-scale air flow aloft can diminish the intensity of a hurricane

A squall line is most closely associated with hurricanes

A squall line is most closely associated with tornados

A squall line is most closely associated with warm fronts

A stable atmosphere is one in which air layers are at their lowest elevations

A stable atmosphere is one in which clouds are forming

A stable atmosphere is one in which temperatures are adiabatic

A temperature change of 3.2 degrees F per1000 feet of ascent up a mountain represents the dew point lapse rate

A temperature change of 3.2 degrees F per1000 feet of ascent up a mountain represents the dry adiabatic lapse rate

A temperature change of 3.2 degrees F per1000 feet of ascent up a mountain represents the standard atmospheric lapse rate

A tornado is a large tropical cyclone

A tornado is a small, very intense example of the Coriolis effect

A tornado is a small, very intense example of the anticyclone

A tornado is a small, very intense example of the geostrophic wind

A tornado warning is issued by the National Weather Service when conditions are favorable for tornado development

A tornado watch is issued by the National Weather Service after a tornado has been sighted in an area

A typhoon is a mid-latitude cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean

A typical characteristic of Tropical Rainforest climates is continually cloudless skies

A typical characteristic of Tropical Rainforest climates is several months with less than 25 inches of rainfall

A typical characteristic of Tropical Rainforest climates is vegetation that contains only a small number of species

A very strong pressure gradient force causes the winds of a hurricane to be so fast

A warm front is said to exist when invading cold air pushes underneath warmer air

A warm front is said to exist when moving cold air overrides warmer air

A warm front is said to exist when warm and cold air meet

A well defined line which would experience a shift in wind direction -- high pressure center

A well defined line which would experience a shift in wind direction -- low pressure center

A well defined line which would experience a shift in wind direction -- squall line

A wind shift in a counterclockwise direction, as from east to north, is termed a frontal wind shift

A wind shift in a counterclockwise direction, as from east to north, is termed a veering wind shift

A wind shift in a counterclockwise direction, as from east to north, is termed an anticyclonic wind shift

The taiga is a broadleaf-coniferous forest

Absolute stability prevails when the lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic rate

Absolute stability prevails when the lapse rate is greater than the wet adiabatic rate and less than the dry adiabatic rate

Absorption of solar cosmic rays is important to the formation of lightning in a growing cumulus cloud

After a cold front passes, clearing skies do not usually occur

After a cold front passes, drops in relative humidity do not usually occur

After a cold front passes, marked temperature drops do not usually occur

After a cold front passes, wind direction shifts do not usually occur

Afternoon or early evening, warmer seasons or times of day -- cyclonic activity

Afternoon or early evening, warmer seasons or times of day -- orographic activity

Along the 50th parallel in North America, you would expect to find the warmest summers on the east coast

Along the 50th parallel in North America, you would expect to find the warmest summers on the west coast

Although detection and tracking of hurricanes is now quite accurate, damage from these storms continue to increase because hurricane intensity is greater than in the past

Although detection and tracking of hurricanes is now quite accurate, damage from these storms continue to increase because of changes in tidal patterns

Although detection and tracking of hurricanes is now quite accurate, damage from these storms continue to increase because of poor forecasts of landfall area

Although the subarctic and tundra climates generally have small precipitation totals, they are considered humid. The reason for this is most of the precipitation falls in the winter

Although the subarctic and tundra climates generally have small precipitation totals, they are considered humid. The reason for this is permafrost does not let the water escape

Although the subarctic and tundra climates generally have small precipitation totals, they are considered humid. The reason for this is these regions have great reserves of underground water that can be used for irrigation

An adiabatic process is one in which the altitude of the air parcel remains constant

An adiabatic process is one in which the pressure on the air parcel remains constant

An adiabatic process is one in which the temperature remains constant

An air mass thunderstorm is most intense during the cumulus stage

An air mass thunderstorm is most intense during the dissipating stage

An air mass thunderstorm is most intense during the multicell stage

An air mass thunderstorm more likely to develop around midnight

An air mass thunderstorm more likely to develop during midmorning

An approaching wave cyclone would be indicated by a high barometer reading

An approaching wave cyclone would be indicated by a slowly rising barometer reading

An approaching wave cyclone would be indicated by a very low barometer reading

An area on the north side of the low-pressure center of a middle-latitude cyclone usually has a cold front for the longest period of time

An area on the north side of the low-pressure center of a middle-latitude cyclone usually has a warm front for the longest period of time

An increase in surface covered with ice would lead to a decrease in albedo.

An increase in the lapse rate of an air layer results in the layer becoming cooler

An increase in the lapse rate of an air layer results in the layer becoming heavier

An increase in the lapse rate of an air layer results in the layer becoming more stable

Another common term for the wave cyclone is anticyclone

Another common term for the wave cyclone is intertropical convergence zone

Another common term for the wave cyclone is polar-front cyclone

Another common term for the wave cyclone is tropical cyclone

Approximate diameter of a mature hurricane -- 50 -100 km

Approximate diameter of a mature hurricane -- 50 km or less

Approximate diameter of a mature hurricane -- about 1000 km

Approximately 10 percent of the land surface of the Earth is desert and steppe

Approximately 20 percent of the land surface of the Earth is desert and steppe

As a mid-latitude cyclonic disturbance passes across the US, the cold air sector is generally east of the low

As a mid-latitude cyclonic disturbance passes across the US, the cold air sector is generally north of the low

As a mid-latitude cyclonic disturbance passes across the US, the cold air sector is generally south of the low

As a strong hurricane moves ashore, rains cause the most devastating damage in the coastal zone torrential rains

As a strong hurricane moves ashore, strong winds cause the most devastating damage in the coastal zone

At least one month, the temperature averages above 32 degrees F, dominated by the Polar Easterlies wind belt -- Humid Continental

At least one month, the temperature averages above 32 degrees F, dominated by the Polar Easterlies wind belt -- Marine West Coast

At least one month, the temperature averages above 32 degrees F, dominated by the Polar Easterlies wind belt -- Subarctic

Basically, there are three reasons that air rises. The types of precipitation that result when air rises for these reasons is called convectional, conductional, and radiational

Basically, there are three reasons that air rises. The types of precipitation that result when air rises for these reasons is called cyclonic, convectional, and conductional

Basically, there are three reasons that air rises. The types of precipitation that result when air rises for these reasons is called orographic, cyclonic, and conductional

Basically, there are three reasons that air rises. The types of precipitation that result when air rises for these reasons is called radiational, frontal, and convectional

Both Prairies and Steppes are grasslands, but Steppes have more trees than Prairies

Buildup of pollutants would not be associated with stable atmospheric conditions

Central pressure determines when a tropical depression or storm is given hurricane status

Citrus and tourism would be most closely associated with a Humid Continental climate

Citrus and tourism would be most closely associated with a Marine West Coast climate

Citrus and tourism would be most closely associated with a Tropical Rainforest climate

Climatic boundaries, such as those shown on a world map of climate regions, fluctuate very little from year to year and should be regarded as fixed

Cloud-to-cloud lightning is least likely

Cloudiness that may average 50-70% annually -- Humid Continental

Cloudiness that may average 50-70% annually -- Subarctic

Cloudiness that may average 50-70% annually -- Tundra

Coastal southern Alaska, Iceland, and the western coasts of Norway experience unusually mild winters considering their high latitude location. The main reason for this moderate climate is frequent outbreaks of mild mT air masses in winter

Cold air near the surface best describes the reason most high pressure systems bring clear skies

Collision of two air masses -- convergence or convectional

Collision of two air masses -- orographic

Compared to other types of fronts, the weather associated with a cold front usually covers more area

Compared to other types of fronts, the weather associated with a cold front usually involves less precipitation

Compared to other types of fronts, the weather associated with a cold front usually is less violent but of longer duration

Compared to warm fronts, cold fronts have a shallower gradient and a slower advance rate

Compared to warm fronts, cold fronts have a shallower gradient and the same advance rate

Compared to warm fronts, cold fronts have the same gradient and a faster advance rate

Condensation caused by moist air being forced over some physical barrier is caused by convectional uplift

Condensation caused by moist air being forced over some physical barrier is caused by cyclonic uplift

Condensation caused by moist air being forced over some physical barrier is caused by frontal uplift

Continental interiors between 50-65 degrees latitude -- Humid Continental

Continental interiors between 50-65 degrees latitude -- Marine West Coast

Continental interiors between 50-65 degrees latitude -- Tundra

Convectional thunderstorms are most common in autumn

Convectional thunderstorms are most common in spring

Convectional thunderstorms are most common in winter

Conventional radar measures raindrop and snowflake motion

Conventional radar measures raindrop motion

Conventional radar measures raindrop size

Converging surface winds cause the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm

Converging surface winds make the air rise within a low pressure system

Converging winds aloft cause the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm

Cool summer climates are found at east sides of continents

Cool summer climates are found at subtropics

Coriolis effect causes hurricanes in the Atlantic to move toward the west during their early stages

Coupling with the jet stream causes the winds of a hurricane to be so fast

Cyclones usually form alone, although sometimes they are associated with anticyclones

Cyclones usually move fastest in summer

Cyclonic storms, mP air masses and moderate temperatures -- Humid Continental

Cyclonic storms, mP air masses and moderate temperatures -- Subarctic

Cyclonic storms, mP air masses and moderate temperatures -- Tundra

Dairy, wheat and corn belts of the United States -- Marine West Coast

Dairy, wheat and corn belts of the United States -- Subarctic

Dairy, wheat and corn belts of the United States -- Tundra

Decreasing precipitation rates are common to both cold and warm fronts

Desert locations cool off rapidly at night due to the high specific heat of sand

Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of chinook deserts

Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of monsoon deserts

Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of subtropical deserts

Deserts such as the Sahara exist because of extreme continentality

Deserts such as the Sahara exist because of the drying influence of the trade winds

Deserts such as the Sahara exist because of the rain shadow effect of mountains

Destruction caused by a tornado is primarily due to the large pressure drop as the funnel passes over

Diameter determines when a tropical depression or storm is given hurricane status

Divergence in the upper-level jet stream hinders the formation of severe thunderstorms

Divergence of surface winds are common to both cold and warm fronts

Doldrums, precipitation most afternoons between 2 and 4PM -- Desert

Doldrums, precipitation most afternoons between 2 and 4PM -- Steppe

Doldrums, precipitation most afternoons between 2 and 4PM -- Tropical Savanna

Doppler radar can detect motion directly

Doppler radars detect lightning strokes

Doppler radars have much greater range than conventional radars

Doppler radars show the motion of air in clear areas

Downdrafts and updrafts found side by side relate to the cumulus stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Downdrafts and updrafts found side by side relate to the dissipating stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Downdrafts totally dominate the cumulus stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Downdrafts totally dominate the mature stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Drizzle from gray, overcast skies is typical of winter -- Humid Continental

During the adiabatic process, as air DESCENDS in altitude its temperature decreases at the rate of 3.2 degrees F per1000 feet

During the adiabatic process, as air DESCENDS in altitude its temperature decreases at the rate of 5.5 degrees F per1000 feet

During the adiabatic process, as air DESCENDS in altitude its temperature increases at the rate of 3.2 degrees F per1000 feet

During the process of adiabatic cooling, the temperature decreases because the air has emitted infrared radiation

During the process of adiabatic cooling, the temperature decreases because the air has lost heat to the colder air at higher altitudes

During the process of adiabatic cooling, the temperature decreases because the air has lost some of its water vapor

East sides of continents, 40-55 degrees latitude -- Marine West Coast

East sides of continents, 40-55 degrees latitude -- Subarctic

East sides of continents, 40-55 degrees latitude -- Tundra

Easterly waves -- also called tropical disturbances -- are usually associated with the formation of anticyclones

Easterly waves -- also called tropical disturbances -- are usually associated with the formation of extratropical cyclonic storms

Easterly waves -- also called tropical disturbances -- are usually associated with the formation of tornadoes

Entrainment refers to the tendency of thunderstorms to form in a line-like pattern or sequence

Evaporation sources are closely linked to the location of the major pressure and wind systems

First appearance of permafrost -- Humid Continental

First appearance of permafrost -- Marine West Coast

First appearance of permafrost -- Tundra

Florida Everglades, slash and burn agriculture, tall grasslands, lions and giraffes -- Desert

Florida Everglades, slash and burn agriculture, tall grasslands, lions and giraffes -- Steppe

Florida Everglades, slash and burn agriculture, tall grasslands, lions and giraffes -- Tropical Rainforest

Fogs and clouds would be more typical of a Mediterranean than a Marine West Coast climate

For Koppen, the distribution of precipitation best demonstrated the totality of a climate

For a continental area to experience a marine type climate, it must be located at high latitude

For a continental area to experience a marine type climate, it must be located at low altitude

For a continental area to experience a marine type climate, it must be located at low latitude

For conditional instability to prevail, a lapse rate greater than 1 degrees C per 100 meters is needed

For conditional instability to prevail, a relatively dry mass of air is necessary

For conditional instability to prevail, the lapse rate must be less than the wet adiabatic rate

Forceful lifting of air will not cause air to become more unstable

Formation of ice particles is important to the formation of lightning in a growing cumulus cloud

Four of the five major climatic groups listed below have temperature characteristics as their basis. The A climates do not

Four of the five major climatic groups listed below have temperature characteristics as their basis. The C climates do not

Four of the five major climatic groups listed below have temperature characteristics as their basis. The D climates do not

Freezing rain and or sleet occur most often with a cold front

Fronts -- convergence or convectional

Fronts -- orographic

Galveston, Texas has historically proven most susceptible to large losses of life from storm surge in the twentieth century

Generally the Cf climates of the world are concentrated in poleward of the D climates

Generally the Cf climates of the world are concentrated in the northeast regions of continents

Generally the Cf climates of the world are concentrated in the northwest regions of continents

Generally, the D climates are found Equatorward of the A climates

Generally, the D climates are found Equatorward of the C climates

Gradual increase in temperature with frontal passage -- cold front

Gradual increase in temperature with frontal passage -- occluded front

Gradual increase in temperature with frontal passage -- stationary front

Gray-brown, strongly leached, semi-fertile soils -- Humid Continental

Gray-brown, strongly leached, semi-fertile soils -- Subarctic

Gray-brown, strongly leached, semi-fertile soils -- Tundra

Greatest annual temperature ranges on Earth -- Humid Continental

Greatest annual temperature ranges on Earth -- Marine West Coast

Greatest annual temperature ranges on Earth -- Tundra

Heat lightning is actually a display of the northern lights

Heat lightning is also called ball lightning

Heat lightning is brighter than ordinary lightning

High humidity is less likely to be the most persistent climatological problem for people -- not necessarily their activities -- in an Af climate

High humidity, rainfalls of 60-80+ inches, an evergreen forest and heavily leached soils would be most characteristic of which of the Humid Subtropical climates

High humidity, rainfalls of 60-80+ inches, an evergreen forest and heavily leached soils would be most characteristic of which of the Mediterranean climates

High humidity, rainfalls of 60-80+ inches, an evergreen forest and heavily leached soils would be most characteristic of which of the Steppe climates

High precipitation is less likely to be the most persistent climatological problem for people -- not necessarily their activities -- in an Af climate

High temperatures aloft best describes the reason most high pressure systems bring clear skies

High temperatures are less likely to be the most persistent climatological problem for people -- not necessarily their activities -- in an Af climate

Humid Subtropical climates are distinguished from Mediterranean climates by being considerably less humid

Humid Subtropical climates are distinguished from Mediterranean climates by having no cyclonic precipitation at any season

Humid Subtropical climates are distinguished from Mediterranean climates by their location on the western side of continents

Humus is best described as a thin band of old, black pine needles

Humus is best described as black, inorganic vegetative material

Hurricane rainfall is not a useful precipitation resource for the affected areas

Hurricane storm surges do not combine with the normal tide cycles

Hurricanes and mid-latitude cyclones are similar in that both are most common and well-developed in the winter

Hurricanes and mid-latitude cyclones are similar in that both have conspicuous surface fronts

Hurricanes and typhoons are both names for storm systems at the polar front

Hurricanes and typhoons are both names for storms that develop wind speeds of over 250 miles per hour

Hurricanes are so severe because there is no airflow outward from their upper levels

Hurricanes can form over tropical land masses as well as over tropical oceans

Hurricanes form at the Equator

Hurricanes form between 20 degrees and 35 degrees latitude

Hurricanes form between 35 degrees and 50 degrees latitude

Hurricanes initially form only in the tropics because Coriolis is weaker there

Hurricanes initially form only in the tropics because stronger pressure gradients are found there

Hurricanes initially form only in the tropics because subsiding air currents are found there

Hurricanes tend to form between the Tropic of Cancer -- or Capricorn -- poleward to approximately 30 degrees latitude

If a severe thunderstorm produces large hail, it will not produce a tornado

If moist winds blow across a high mountain, little or no precipitation any place would be expected

If moist winds blow across a high mountain, precipitation at the top and more than half way down on the leeward side would be expected

If moist winds blow across a high mountain, precipitation on the leeward side would be expected

If you see lightning and then hear the associated thunder 10 seconds later, the lightning flash was about four miles away

If you see lightning and then hear the associated thunder 10 seconds later, the lightning flash was about one mile away

If you see lightning and then hear the associated thunder 10 seconds later, the lightning flash was about three miles away

If you were 200 miles ahead of the surface position of a typical warm front, you would find the frontal surface at a height of .5 miles

If you were 200 miles ahead of the surface position of a typical warm front, you would find the frontal surface at a height of 1.5 miles

If you were 200 miles ahead of the surface position of a typical warm front, you would find the frontal surface at a height of 2 miles

In 1918, J. Bjerknes published what came to be known as the polar front theory. Although it was useful at the time, it is no longer a useful model

In 1918, J. Bjerknes published what came to be known as the polar front theory. It was shown to be applicable only to winter storms in the Southern Hemisphere

In 1918, J. Bjerknes published what came to be known as the polar front theory. The polar front theory was largely incorrect from the very beginning

In A climates clothing should be lightweight, absorbent, minimal in quantity and tight fitting

In B climates annual temperature ranges increase with distance inland AND as one moves toward the Equator

In C climates, evaporation generally exceeds precipitation

In Europe, the warmest period since the last glacial advance was about 1300 AD to 1850 AD

In Europe, the warmest period since the last glacial advance was about 2000 BC to 500 BC

In Europe, the warmest period since the last glacial advance was about 400 AD to 900 AD

In Huntsville, what is the most likely sequence of wind shifts as a cold front approaches and passes east, northeast, north

In Huntsville, what is the most likely sequence of wind shifts as a cold front approaches and passes south, southeast, east, northeast

In Huntsville, what is the most likely sequence of wind shifts as a cold front approaches and passes west, northwest, north

In a Tropical Rainforest climate intervals between rains are frequent and relative humidities are low

In a Tropical Rainforest climate there is considerable variation of temperature from day to day

In a Tropical Rainforest climate winters are distinct, but quite mild

In a region where potential precipitation exceeds potential evaporation one would expect the prevailing conditions to be humid

In an Aw climate in the Northern Hemisphere, December tends to be wetter than July

In an Aw climate in the Northern Hemisphere, July tends to be drier than December

In an Aw climate in the Southern Hemisphere, December tends to be drier than July

In an Aw climate in the Southern Hemisphere, July tends to be wetter than December

In comparison with the west coast of the United States, the east coast has a climate that is milder in both summer and winter

In comparison with the west coast of the United States, the east coast has a climate that is milder in summer but more severe in winter

In comparison with the west coast of the United States, the east coast has a climate that is more severe in summer but milder in winter

In most deserts there is characteristically a high relative humidity

In most deserts there is characteristically an absence of wind movement

In most deserts there is characteristically heavy rainfall for at least six months each year

In most deserts there is characteristically not much temperature change from midnight to noon

In order to qualify as a hurricane, winds in a tropical disturbance must reach 100 mph

In order to qualify as a hurricane, winds in a tropical disturbance must reach 35 mph

In reference to the dry -- B -- climates, there are usually more years when rainfall totals are above the average than below the average

In terms of cloud cover, occluded front weather is most like cold front weather

In terms of cloud cover, occluded front weather is most like squall line weather

In terms of overall damage, the most destructive agent associated with a hurricane is lightning

In terms of overall damage, the most destructive agent associated with a hurricane is tornadoes

In terms of overall damage, the most destructive agent associated with a hurricane is wind

In the Koppen classification, many of the climatic boundary lines are designed to match faunal boundaries

In the Koppen classification, many of the climatic boundary lines are designed to match soil boundaries

In the Koppen classification, many of the climatic boundary lines are designed to match topographic boundaries

In the Koppen climatic classification system, Humid Subtropical climates are typically confined to the WESTERN sides of continental landmasses.

In the Koppen climatic classification system, the Mediterranean climate will tend to have cooler summers than the Humid Subtropical climate.

In the Koppen climatic classification system, the capital letter E indicates a climate which has at least ONE month with an average temperature above 32 degrees F.

In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes tend to recurve into higher latitudes around the Subtropical LOW pressure cells centered along 30 degrees N/S.

In the United States, a change in wind direction from southwest to northwest generally means bad weather will come soon

In the development of a thunderstorm, sharp and cool gusts beginning at the surface are characteristic in the cumulus stage

In the development of a thunderstorm, sharp and cool gusts beginning at the surface are characteristic in the dissipating stage

In the humid continental climate, shifts in wind directions sometimes cause rapid and large temperature changes. This is most pronounced during the summer season

In the middle latitudes high pressure cells are the main source of precipitation

In the middle latitudes low pressure cells are commonly associated with fair weather

In the southeastern United States, the major source of precipitation in summer is anticyclonic storms

In the southeastern United States, the major source of precipitation in summer is cyclonic storms

In the southeastern United States, the major source of precipitation in summer is hurricanes

In the wet tropics daily and annual temperature ranges are nearly identical

In the wet tropics the annual temperature range usually exceeds daily temperature ranges

In the wet tropics the warmest month is always June or July

Increase in relative humidities with increases in insolation and decreases in temperature -- Continental climates

Increase in relative humidities with increases in insolation and decreases in temperature -- Desert climates

Increase in relative humidities with increases in insolation and decreases in temperature -- Marine climates

Intense heating of the land -- cyclonic

Intense heating of the land -- orographic

Intense solar heating which warms the air from below will not cause air to become more unstable

Interior of a large land mass in the high Sun or summer season -- cyclonic

Intertropical front weather involves much less precipitation than mid-latitude weather

It appears that the most important influence giving direction to hurricanes is the general circulation in the Subtropical Low pressure cells at 30 degrees N/S.

It is in the A climates that would one find the greatest annual temperature range

It is in the B climates that would one find the greatest annual temperature range

Land is the dominant control, wide range in temperature -- daily and seasonally -- -- Desert climates

Land is the dominant control, wide range in temperature -- daily and seasonally -- -- Marine climates

Land is the dominant control, wide range in temperature -- daily and seasonally -- -- Mountain and Plateau climates

Largest of the severe thunderstorm systems -- squall line

Largest of the severe thunderstorm systems -- supercell

Largest of the severe thunderstorm systems -- tornadic

Laterite soils are widely praised by farmers for their ability to grow a wide variety of crops at high yields

Leached soil, large meandering streams, year-round water surplus -- Desert climates

Leached soil, large meandering streams, year-round water surplus -- Koppens Steppe climates

Leached soil, large meandering streams, year-round water surplus -- Tropical Savanna climates

Leaching of soils would be a minor problem in the Humid Subtropical climates

Leaching of soils would be a minor problem in the Tropical Savannas climates

Leaching of soils would pose a serious problem in the Desert climate

Leaching of soils would pose a serious problem in the Mediterranean climate

Leaching of soils would pose a serious problem in the Tundra climate

Light to calm winds are common to both cold and warm fronts

Lightning is usually associated with coastal gales

Lightning is usually associated with monsoons

Lightning is usually associated with warm fronts

Lightning only occurs under the central part of a thunderstorm cloud

Lightning results in a net flow of electrons from the ground to the cloud

Located on the fringe of continents between the Arctic Circle and 75 degrees N -- Humid Continental

Located on the fringe of continents between the Arctic Circle and 75 degrees N -- Marine West Coast

Located on the fringe of continents between the Arctic Circle and 75 degrees N -- Subarctic

Low latitude deserts in general have a characteristic location which might be described as centered at about 25 degrees of latitude on the east sides of continents

Low latitude deserts in general have a characteristic location which might be described as centered at about 40 degrees of latitude on the east sides of continents

Low latitude deserts in general have a characteristic location which might be described as near the Equator in the middle of continents

Low temperatures aloft best describes the reason most high pressure systems bring clear skies

Major volcanic eruptions are more likely to lead to an increase in global temperatures than a decrease would.

Many of the major and most extensive wheat producing regions of the world are located where Af climates prevail

Many of the major and most extensive wheat producing regions of the world are located where BW climates prevail

Many of the major and most extensive wheat producing regions of the world are located where Cf climates prevail

Mediterranean climates are noted particularly for having a summer rainfall maximum

Mediterranean climates are noted particularly for having summers that are relatively cold

Mid-latitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the US all year

Mid-latitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the US from January to July

Mid-latitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the US in the warmer 6 months of the year

Middle-latitude cyclones are large high-pressure systems

Middle-latitude cyclones have cold fronts but not warm fronts

Middle-latitude cyclones tend to die out once all the warm air has risen aloft

Middle-latitude cyclones travel from east to west

Midlatitude deciduous forest in equatorward locations grading poleward to a mixed boreal and mixed forest, spodosol and alfisol soil types are most common are typical of Subarctic climates.

Midlatitude locations on the WEST sides of continents is characteristic of Humid Subtropical climates

Midlatitude marine climates are affected most by the southeast trades

Midlatitude marine climates are affected most the midlatitude high pressure belt

Mollisol soil types and grass vegetation grading to thorny bushes on the drier margins would characterize the Steppe climates.

More hurricanes form in the South Atlantic and the eastern South Pacific than in any other regions

More of the land area of the Earth is covered by the wet tropical -- Af and Am -- climates than any other climate type

Mosses, lichens, permafrost, less than 10 inches of precipitation -- Humid Continental

Mosses, lichens, permafrost, less than 10 inches of precipitation -- Marine West Coast

Mosses, lichens, permafrost, less than 10 inches of precipitation -- Subarctic

Most hurricanes form in areas where the air is moist and stable.

Most places having an Aw climate experience a winter maximum of precipitation

Most places having an Aw climate experience it is not possible to generalize about seasonal distribution of rainfall in Aw climates

Most places having an Aw climate experience precipitation distributed evenly throughout the year

Most precipitation from thunderstorms originates through the collision-coalescence process

Most rainfall in the tropics is frontal in origin

Most thunderstorms in east Texas occur in the autumn

Most thunderstorms in east Texas occur in the spring

Most thunderstorms in east Texas occur in the winter

Most tornadoes in the central U.S. occur during the spring months because at this time of year divergence of air aloft is greatest

Most tornadoes in the central U.S. occur during the spring months because at this time of year surface air is most humid

Most tornadoes in the central U.S. occur during the spring months because at this time of year upper-air temperatures are warmest

Most tornadoes occur in the late fall and early winter

Most tornadoes occur in the late summer and fall

Most tornadoes occur over the Rocky Mountain region

Most tropical cyclones originate along the polar front

Most tropical cyclones originate in the belt of westerly winds

Most tropical cyclones originate in the centers of subtropical highs

Mountain ranges play an important role in determining climates because of their influence upon air density

Mountain ranges play an important role in determining climates because of their influence upon air pressure

Mountain ranges play an important role in determining climates because of their influence upon land and water contrasts

Movement away from areas of high ocean salinity cause hurricanes in the Atlantic to move toward the west during their early stages

Movement of cyclonic storms is the most important factor controlling the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the Aw -- Tropical Wet and Dry -- realm

New Mexico is struck by the largest number of tornadoes

Night is winter, temperature rarely above 95 degrees F -- Desert

Night is winter, temperature rarely above 95 degrees F -- Steppe

Night is winter, temperature rarely above 95 degrees F -- Tropical Savanna

No soils, no vegetation -- Humid Continental

No soils, no vegetation -- Marine West Coast

No soils, no vegetation -- Subarctic

No soils, no vegetation -- Tundra

Normally, midlatitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the United States all year

Normally, midlatitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the United States from March to September

Normally, much of the good or fair weather of the Northern Hemisphere is associated with fronts

Normally, much of the good or fair weather of the Northern Hemisphere is associated with lows

Normally, squall lines, if they occur, will form along the warm front

Normally, squall lines, if they occur, will form behind the cold front

Normally, squall lines, if they occur, will form in advance of the warm front

Northern California has historically proven most susceptible to large losses of life from hurricane storm surge in the twentieth century

Northern boundary coincides with the poleward limit of tree growth -- Humid Continental

Northern boundary coincides with the poleward limit of tree growth -- Marine West Coast

Northern boundary coincides with the poleward limit of tree growth -- Tundra

Numerous tree species, dimly lit forest floor, trees never bare -- Desert

Numerous tree species, dimly lit forest floor, trees never bare -- Steppe

Numerous tree species, dimly lit forest floor, trees never bare -- Tropical Savanna

Ocean currents are closely linked to the location of the major pressure and wind systems

Oklahoma is struck by the largest number of tornadoes

On a weather map, cold fronts are shown with triangular points on one side of the front and semicircles on the other

On a weather map, occluded fronts are shown with triangular points on one side of the front and semicircles on the other

On a weather map, warm fronts are shown with triangular points on one side of the front and semicircles on the other

On average, tornadoes kill more people every year in the United States than any other severe weather phenomenon

One could characterize rainfall conditions in desert areas as gentle

One difference between a Tundra climate and an Icecap climate is that an Icecap climate has only one month warmer than 32 degrees F

One difference between a Tundra climate and an Icecap climate is that one month is warmer than 50 degrees F in a Tundra climate

One difference between a Tundra climate and an Icecap climate is that there is considerably less precipitation in a Tundra climate

One of the reasons for the high incidence of tornadoes in Tornado Alley is the presence of stable mTg air.

Orographic precipitation occurs when an air mass heated by conduction at the surface of the Earth is forced to rise vertically

Orographic precipitation occurs when cyclonic storms develop

Other than dryness, what characteristic distinguishes the low latitude B climates from the A climates a definite, cold winter

Other than dryness, what characteristic distinguishes the low latitude B climates from the A climates a notable lack of association with global wind and pressure systems

Other than dryness, what characteristic distinguishes the low latitude B climates from the A climates lower maximum temperatures

Permafrost conditions are associated with the continental climates

Permafrost conditions are associated with the midlatitude climates

Permafrost conditions are associated with the tropical savannas

Places having humid subtropical climates typically experience the highest annual temperature range of any climatic type

Places having ice cap climates typically experience the highest annual temperature range of any climatic type

Places having tundra climates typically experience the highest annual temperature range of any climatic type

Polar climates are found only near the north pole

Polar climates have a small annual temperature range

Polar climates produce taiga forests

Poleward from the Equator the water requirements for plants generally increase

Poleward from the Equator the water requirements for plants generally remain the same

Precipitation in desert areas is frequent but quickly absorbed by the intense heat

Precipitation in desert areas is frequent but too sparse to be significant

Precipitation in desert areas is infrequent but at least predictable

Prediction success and observation of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes by the National Weather Service is limited because observers are not always well trained

Prediction success and observation of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes by the National Weather Service is limited because the structure of thunderstorms is not well known

Prediction success and observation of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes by the National Weather Service is limited because wind speeds are too fast to measure

Project Stormfury was aimed at improving hurricane forecasts by using computer models

Proximity to maritime tropical air masses is the most important factor controlling the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the Aw -- Tropical Wet and Dry -- realm

Radar detects a thunderstorm by measuring the electrical discharges within the cloud

Rain long foretold, long last -- short notice, soon past. The first five words of this weather proverb have no basis in fact

Rain long foretold, long last -- short notice, soon past. The first five words of this weather proverb refer to a cold front

Rain long foretold, long last -- short notice, soon past. The first five words of this weather proverb refer to an anticyclone

Rainfall would be most reliable -- that is, the amount received each year would vary the least -- in Aw climates

Rainfall would be most reliable -- that is, the amount received each year would vary the least -- in BS climates

Rainfall would be most reliable -- that is, the amount received each year would vary the least -- in BW climates

Rainfall would be most reliable -- that is, the amount received each year would vary the least -- in Cf climates

Rainiest areas on Earth -- convergence or convectional

Rainiest areas on Earth -- cyclonic

Relative hot summers, relatively cold winters, summers are periods of highest absolute humidities but precipitation is minimal -- Desert climates

Relative hot summers, relatively cold winters, summers are periods of highest absolute humidities but precipitation is minimal -- Marine climates

Relative hot summers, relatively cold winters, summers are periods of highest absolute humidities but precipitation is minimal -- Mountain and Plateau climates

Release of latent heat within the cloud causes the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm

Rising air aloft best describes the reason most high pressure systems bring clear skies

Rising barometer -- disturbed weather

Saffir Simpson Scale is used to measure the intensity of tornadoes

Seasonal variation of temperature is at a maximum for monsoon climates

Seasonal variation of temperature is at a maximum for subtropic climates

Seasonal variation of temperature is at a maximum for tropical dry climates

Semiarid climates are also called desert climates

Severe weather, including tornadoes, is most often associated with an occluded front

Since the humid continental climate is a land-controlled climate, it is never found bordering the ocean

Small daily and seasonal ranges in temperature, year-round cloudiness -- Continental climates

Small daily and seasonal ranges in temperature, year-round cloudiness -- Desert climates

Small daily and seasonal ranges in temperature, year-round cloudiness -- Mountain and Plateau climates

Small islands and along windward coasts -- Continental climates

Small islands and along windward coasts -- Desert climates

Small islands and along windward coasts -- Mountain and Plateau climates

Snow is rare except in the higher elevations, adequate rainfall at all seasons -- Humid Continental

Snow is rare except in the higher elevations, adequate rainfall at all seasons -- Subarctic

Snow is rare except in the higher elevations, adequate rainfall at all seasons -- Tundra

Source regions for cP air masses -- Humid Continental

Source regions for cP air masses -- Marine West Coast

Source regions for cP air masses -- Tundra

South Carolina has historically proven most susceptible to large losses of life from storm surge in the twentieth century

Squall lines are easily recognized because of their unique nimbostratus clouds

The taiga is a monsoon forest

Steppe and Prairie areas contain similar vegetation, but Steppes have taller, more luxuriant grasses

Storm Surge is most closely associated with extra-tropical cyclonic storms

Storm Surge is most closely associated with tidal waves

Storm Surge is most closely associated with tornadoes

Strong heating of the ground by the Sun associated with thunderstorms because it increases the pressure gradient

Strong heating of the ground by the Sun associated with thunderstorms because it reduces the dew point

Strong heating of the ground by the Sun associated with thunderstorms because it reduces the relative humidity

Stronger Coriolis force causes the winds of a hurricane to be so fast

Subarctic -- E -- climates tend to be more humid than Humid Continental climates

Suction spots are a phenomenon associated with hurricanes

Suction spots are a phenomenon associated with thunderstorms

Suction spots are a phenomenon associated with tsunamis

Summer in a Humid Subtropical climate is uncomfortable because of frequent precipitation and fog

Summer in a Humid Subtropical climate is uncomfortable because of high winds and high temperatures

Summer in a Humid Subtropical climate is uncomfortable because of low humidity, which dries the skin

Surface wind speeds increase toward the center of a hurricane because Coriolis effect is minimal here

Surface wind speeds increase toward the center of a hurricane because of reduced friction at the center

Surface wind speeds increase toward the center of a hurricane because warmer water is found here

Tall -- 100 feet or more, -- closely set, broadleaf, evergreen trees -- Desert

Tall -- 100 feet or more, -- closely set, broadleaf, evergreen trees -- Steppe

Tall -- 100 feet or more, -- closely set, broadleaf, evergreen trees -- Tropical Savanna

Tall, three story, deciduous evergreen trees underlain by little brush best describes which of the following climatic environments -- Prairie

Tall, three story, deciduous evergreen trees underlain by little brush best describes which of the following climatic environments -- Taiga

Tall, three story, deciduous evergreen trees underlain by little brush best describes which of the following climatic environments -- Tropical Savanna

Temperate rainforest -- Humid Continental

Temperate rainforest -- Subarctic

Temperate rainforest -- Tundra

Temperature and humidity form the BASIS for the Koppen climatic classification system.

Temperatures of 90-100 degrees F in the high Sun period, precipitation of 40-60 inches, trees generally too scrubby to be of commercial value -- Desert

Temperatures of 90-100 degrees F in the high Sun period, precipitation of 40-60 inches, trees generally too scrubby to be of commercial value -- Steppe

Temperatures of 90-100 degrees F in the high Sun period, precipitation of 40-60 inches, trees generally too scrubby to be of commercial value -- Tropical Rainforest

Ten months of winter and two months of bad sleighing would be most characteristic of Highland climates

Ten months of winter and two months of bad sleighing would be most characteristic of Humid Continental climates

Ten months of winter and two months of bad sleighing would be most characteristic of Icecap climates

The 10 degrees C summer isotherm marks the Equatorward limit of the humid subtropical climate

The 10 degrees C summer isotherm marks the Equatorward limit of the ice cap climate

The 10 degrees C summer isotherm marks the Equatorward limit of the subarctic climate

The A climates are characterized by 2 to 3 months during which a frost is possible

The A climates are characterized by a small daily, but large seasonal, temperature range

The A climates are characterized by most of the rainfall occurring as a result of frontal activity

The B climates are characterized by heavy summer precipitation that evaporates quickly

The B climates are characterized by low rates of evaporation

The B climates are characterized by surrounding highlands which rob incoming air masses of their moisture

The B climates are characterized by very high temperatures that cause all moisture to evaporate

The B climates are characterized by windy evenings

The C climates are characterized by low latitude location

The C climates are characterized by seasons based on precipitation rather than temperature

The Coriolis force does not play a role in hurricane circulations

The European climate record shows us that present climates, while not stable, can be depended upon to offer similar temperature and rainfall patterns over several thousands of years

The Fujita Intensity Scale -- F-scale -- is applied to lightning

The Fujita Intensity Scale -- F-scale -- is applied to thunderstorms

The Fujita Intensity Scale -- F-scale -- is applied to typhoons

The Fujita scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity

The Johnson scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity

The Koppen Marine West Coast climate influenced by moist trade winds in summer

The Plate Tectonics or Continental Drift Theory of climatic change is useful in explaining the climatic changes that have taken place since the last ice age

The Savanna climate is characterized by a well defined dry season coinciding with the low Sun -- winter -- season

The Savanna climate is characterized by evergreen trees

The Savanna climate is characterized by seasons based on temperatures

The Storm of the Century had its origins in Siberia

The Storm of the Century had its origins in northern Canada

The Storm of the Century had its origins in the North Atlantic

The Storm of the Century struck in the winter of 1888

The Storm of the Century struck in the winter of 1933

The Storm of the Century struck in the winter of 1975

The Storm of the Century struck in the winter of 1988

The Stormfury scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity

The Subarctic climates experience heavy winter snow

The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle are examples of locations determined by climate

The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle are examples of locations determined by measuring systems

The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle are examples of locations determined by the Koppen classification system

The Tropical Monsoon climate is most like the Desert

The Tropical Monsoon climate is most like the Steppe

The Tropical Monsoon climate is most like the Tropical Savanna

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by deciduous trees

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by fairly pure stands of one or two types of trees covering vast areas

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by gentle rains lasting one to two days and followed by bright, clear skies

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by precipitation totals which generally range from 50 to 60 inches per year

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by the presence of numerous large animal species on the forest floor

The Tropical Rainforest, or selva, gives way to other types of tropical forest in areas where mild winter temperatures allow deciduous trees to flourish

The Tropical Rainforest, or selva, gives way to other types of tropical forest in areas where needle leaf evergreen trees crowd out broadleaf evergreen trees

The Tropical Rainforest, or selva, gives way to other types of tropical forest in areas where there is at least one month of freezing temperatures

The Volcanic Dust Theory of climatic change holds that increased volcanic activity, by ejecting large quantities of gas, dust and ash into the atmosphere, reduces the rate at which terrestrial radiation is returned to the atmosphere

The Zone of Conflict refers to the information of easterly waves -- also called tropical disturbances --

The Zone of Conflict refers to the termination of occlusions

The absence of E climates in the Southern Hemisphere is explained by few elevations in excess of 8000 feet above sea level

The absence of E climates in the Southern Hemisphere is explained by position of the pressure cells

The absence of E climates in the Southern Hemisphere is explained by the lack of adequate ocean surfaces

The airflow pattern aloft is not usually related to severe thunderstorm development

The amount of warming predicted by climate models in the twenty-first century will be the same across the Earth

The approximate lifetime of a wave cyclone is 1 - 2 days

The approximate lifetime of a wave cyclone is 10 - 24 hours

The approximate lifetime of a wave cyclone is a month

The approximate lifetime of an individual thunderstorm cell is about 1 day

The approximate lifetime of an individual thunderstorm cell is about 15 minutes

The approximate lifetime of an individual thunderstorm cell is about 4 - 8 hours

The arrival of a cold front brings higher temperatures

The arrival of a cold front brings mild weather

The arrival of a cold front brings stationary winds

The atmosphere is most unstable when the temperature of the air increases rapidly with height

The atmosphere is most unstable when the temperature of the air increases slightly with height

The atmosphere is most unstable when the temperature of the air is uniform with height

The average life span of midlatitude cyclone from inception to dissipation is a month

The average life span of midlatitude cyclone from inception to dissipation is four to six weeks

The average life span of midlatitude cyclone from inception to dissipation is two weeks

The basic difference between a BW climate and a BS climate is the BS is poleward of the BW

The basic difference between a BW climate and a BS climate is the BW is more moist

The basic difference between a BW climate and a BS climate is the BW is usually cooler

The buoyancy of a rising air parcel is greatly affected by absorption of solar radiation

The buoyancy of a rising air parcel is greatly affected by air pressure

The buoyancy of a rising air parcel is greatly affected by wind speed

The cause of the dry season in Aw climates is the arrival of the ITCZ

The cause of the dry season in Aw climates is the break up of the intertropical front in the fall

The cause of the dry season in Aw climates is the departure of onshore winds in the fall

The change in the free air temperature as you go up into the atmosphere is called convergence

The change in the free air temperature as you go up into the atmosphere is called diffusion

The change in the free air temperature as you go up into the atmosphere is called latent heat

The chief source of energy for hurricanes is cool water surfaces

The chief source of energy for hurricanes is moist land surfaces

The chief source of energy for hurricanes is the jet stream

The circulation in the immediate vicinity of a thunderstorm is anticyclonic

The cloud-free area within a tornado is called the eye

The coldest -- daily reading -- spot on Earth -- Humid Continental

The coldest -- daily reading -- spot on Earth -- Marine West Coast

The coldest -- daily reading -- spot on Earth -- Subarctic

The coldest -- daily reading -- spot on Earth -- Tundra

The contact zone between a warm and cold air mass in which the cold air is actively pushing into and under the warm air and causing the warm air to rise, is called a warm front

The development of major winter storms in the Midwest depends strongly on wind speed near the surface

The development of major winter storms in the midwest depends strongly on amount of snow already on the ground

The development of major winter storms in the midwest depends strongly on wind speed aloft

The diameter of a typical tornado funnel cloud would be 1000 meters

The diameter of a typical tornado funnel cloud would be 2500 meters

The diameter of a typical tornado funnel cloud would be 50 meters

The direction of movement of a thunderstorm over the ground is determined by the gust front

The distinct wet-dry season in the Mediterranean Sea Basin is caused by a seasonal reversal of winds

The distinct wet-dry season in the Mediterranean Sea Basin is caused by a shift in the ITCZ

The distinct wet-dry season in the Mediterranean Sea Basin is caused by changes in ocean currents

The dry area to the leeward of high mountains is known as gravity pull

The dry area to the leeward of high mountains is known as the windward slope

The dry-summer subtropical climate is also called the monsoon climate

The dry-summer subtropical climate is also called the savanna climate

The dry-summer subtropical climate is also called the taiga climate

The easterly wave -- or tropical disturbance -- brings intensely cold weather

The easterly wave -- or tropical disturbance -- is an intense tropical storm

The easterly wave -- or tropical disturbance -- travels from west to east

The energy of a mid-latitude cyclone comes mainly from Earths interior

The energy of a mid-latitude cyclone comes mainly from greenhouse effect

The energy of a mid-latitude cyclone comes mainly from ocean water

The eye of a hurricane has the most intense rainfall

The eye of a hurricane is a figment of mans imagination

The eye of a hurricane is the portion with the highest wind speeds

The eye region of a hurricane is largely free of precipitation and clouds because of rising air motion

The eye region of a hurricane is largely free of precipitation and clouds because of the presence of cooler temperatures

The eye region of a hurricane is largely free of precipitation and clouds because the pressure gradient is weaker

The eye wall of a hurricane has the lightest precipitation

The eye wall of a hurricane lies at the hurricanes outer edge

The factor most responsible for triggering cyclonic waves is confrontation of like air masses

The factor most responsible for triggering cyclonic waves is easterly waves -- or tropical disturbances -- in the tropics

The factor most responsible for triggering cyclonic waves is topography

The first known attempt at classifying climates was made by Galileo

The first known attempt at classifying climates was made by ancient Romans

The first known attempt at classifying climates was made by the Chinese

The forests of the Tropical Rainforest climates are broadleaf deciduous

The forests of the Tropical Rainforest climates are needle leaf deciduous

The forests of the Tropical Rainforest climates are needle leaf evergreen

The general absence of continuous tree cover in the Tropical Savanna is caused by changes in seasonal temperature

The general absence of continuous tree cover in the Tropical Savanna is caused by elevation

The general absence of continuous tree cover in the Tropical Savanna is caused by overall temperatures are too cool

The general characteristics of C climates include a definite summer drought with a definite winter

The general characteristics of C climates include a severe, dry winter with a very hot, moist summer

The general characteristics of C climates include a winter not severe enough to affect vegetation and no moisture deficiency

The greatest number of hurricane-related deaths may be attributed to inland freshwater flooding

The greatest number of hurricane-related deaths may be attributed to lightning

The greatest number of hurricane-related deaths may be attributed to strong winds

The greatest proportion of thunderstorms occurs in the middle latitudes

The heating of an air mass from below as it passes over a warm surface would enhance both stability and instability

The heating of an air mass from below as it passes over a warm surface would enhance stability

The heaviest annual rainfalls occur over high latitude -- polar -- continental masses

The heaviest annual rainfalls occur over low latitude west coasts

The heaviest annual rainfalls occur over midlatitude continental plains having steady southerly winds

The higher the average annual precipitation of an area, the greater the variability -- the less consistent that average will be received -- of that precipitation

The higher the mean annual precipitation of an area, the greater the variability of that precipitation

The humid subtropical climate does not affect the United States

The humid subtropical climate has relatively cool summers

The humid subtropical climate is also called the tiaga climate

The humid subtropical climate is, in winter, similar to the wet tropics

The humid subtropical climate supports some plant life but no trees

The ice cap climate -- EF -- is largely confined to the Northern Hemisphere

The ice cap climate is also called the tiaga climate

The icecap climate supports some plant life but no trees

The influence of the ocean on the climate of most any coastal area is likely to make that climate drier

The influence of the ocean on the climate of most any coastal area is likely to make that climate more severe

The influence of the ocean on the climate of most any coastal area is likely to make that climate more severe in winter, but milder in summer

The initial detection and monitoring of tropical storms that may become hurricanes is accomplished by aircraft

The initial detection and monitoring of tropical storms that may become hurricanes is accomplished by ocean buoys

The initial detection and monitoring of tropical storms that may become hurricanes is accomplished by ocean ships

The largest rain area associated with a midlatitude cyclone is located behind the cold front

The largest rain area associated with a midlatitude cyclone is located behind the warm front

The largest rain area associated with a midlatitude cyclone is located in advance of the cold front

The latitude of a place is important for its climate since latitude determines distance from Sun

The latitude of a place is important for its climate since latitude determines elevation

The left front quadrant of a hurricane usually does the most damage

The lifting of air along a moving cold front, in terms of rate of ascent, is less than the rate of ascent along a moving warm front

The lifting of air along a moving cold front, in terms of rate of ascent, is the same as the rate of ascent along a moving warm front

The lifting of air and the resulting formation of clouds and rain is more gentle -- gradual -- for a cold front

The lifting of air and the resulting formation of clouds and rain is more gentle -- gradual -- for a mesocyclone

The lifting of air and the resulting formation of clouds and rain is more gentle -- gradual -- for a occluded front

The location of mountains and highlands are closely linked to the location of the major pressure and wind systems

The locations of the major pressure and wind systems on the Earth are denoted by parallels of latitude

The locations of the major pressure and wind systems on the Earth are fixed by astronomy

The locations of the major pressure and wind systems on the Earth are fixed by the poles and Equator

The marine west coast climate does not include coastal Oregon

The marine west coast climate most extensive on this continent -- Australia

The most common type of occlusion expected in the southeastern United States is cold front

The most costly hurricane in terms of money between 1985 and 1996 was Hurricane Hugo

The most costly hurricane in terms of money between 1985 and 1996 was Hurricane Iniki

The most costly hurricane in terms of money between 1985 and 1996 was Hurricane Opal

The most important determinant of temperature overall is distribution of land and water

The most important determinant of temperature overall is ocean currents

The most important determinant of temperature overall is position of mountains and highlands

The most important in a climatic description -- cloud cover and humidity

The most important in a climatic description -- precipitation and pressure

The most important in a climatic description -- wind and pressure

The most important tool for detecting and monitoring hurricanes is aircraft reconnaissance

The most important tool for detecting and monitoring hurricanes is radar

The most important tool for detecting and monitoring hurricanes is submarine reconnaissance

The most likely season for hurricanes to occur in the North Atlantic is April-June

The most likely season for hurricanes to occur in the North Atlantic is January-March

The most likely season for hurricanes to occur in the North Atlantic is any month

The most severe hurricane is a category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson scale

The most violent, erratic, and unpredictable type of cyclonic storm known is the hurricane

The most violent, erratic, and unpredictable type of cyclonic storm known is the typhoon

The name applied to the northern coniferous forest and to the climate that encompasses that forest is rainforest

The northwest quadrant of a hurricane usually does the most damage

The number and intensity of wave cyclones greatest during the late fall, winter and spring months because the density of the air is greatest at this time of year

The number and intensity of wave cyclones greatest during the late fall, winter and spring months because the temperatures are below freezing at this time of year

The only humid climate that has a strong winter precipitation maximum -- humid continental climate -- Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb

The only humid climate that has a strong winter precipitation maximum -- humid subtropical climate -- Cfa

The only humid climate that has a strong winter precipitation maximum -- tropical wet and dry climate -- Aw

The polar front represents the contact zone of Equatorial and polar air masses

The polar front represents the contact zone of Equatorial and tropical air masses

The polar front represents the contact zone of arctic and polar air masses

The potato would be most closely associated with A climates

The potato would be most closely associated with B climates

The potato would be most closely associated with C climates

The presence of mammatus clouds is important to the formation of lightning in a growing cumulus cloud

The presence of strong vertical currents is important to the formation of lightning in a growing cumulus cloud

The prevailing wind direction for an anticyclone is from the east

The primary control of solar radiation at a place is altitude

The primary factor which determines whether a place will have a dry climate is how much evaporation occurs

The primary factor which determines whether a place will have a dry climate is its distance to a large water body

The primary factor which determines whether a place will have a dry climate is its elevation

The primary force causing the fast winds of a tornado is electrical

The prime season for the occurrence of tornadoes in the southeastern United States is December-January-February

The prime season for the occurrence of tornadoes in the southeastern United States is July-August-September

The principal reason for aridity in cold deserts -- BW -- is cold ocean currents offshore

The principal reason for aridity in cold deserts -- BW -- is convergence of unlike air masses

The principal reason for aridity in cold deserts -- BW -- is subsidence of air associated with subtropical high pressure cells

The proper order of storm intensity in terms of increasing wind speed is hurricane, tropical depression, tropical storm

The proper order of storm intensity in terms of increasing wind speed is tropical storm, hurricane, tropical depression

The proper order of storm intensity in terms of increasing wind speed is tropical storm, tropical depression, hurricane

The rain shadow effect is very significant in the creation of mesothermal climates

The rain shadow effect is very significant in the creation of polar climates

The rain shadow effect is very significant in the creation of tropical climates

The rainfall distribution at a nondesert station located immediately to the north of the Sahara desert has a winter dry season

The rainfall distribution at a nondesert station located immediately to the north of the Sahara desert is dry all year around

The rainfall distribution at a station located along the Equator has a summer dry season

The rainfall distribution at a station located along the Equator is dry all year around

The rainfall distribution at a station located on an island in the Arctic Ocean at about 80 degrees N latitude has a summer dry season

The rainfall distribution at a station located on an island in the Arctic Ocean at about 80 degrees N latitude has a winter dry season

The rainfall distribution at a station located south of the Sahara desert at about 20 degrees N latitude has a summer dry season

The rainfall distribution at a station located south of the Sahara desert at about 20 degrees N latitude is dry all year around

The rainfall distribution at a station, such as New York City, located at about 40 degrees N latitude has a summer dry season

The rainfall distribution at a station, such as New York City, located at about 40 degrees N latitude is dry all year around

The side of a mountain range facing the prevailing wind is called continental

The side of a mountain range facing the prevailing wind is called leeward

The side of a mountain range facing the prevailing wind is called monsoon

The side of the mountain range facing the prevailing wind is called the chinook

The side of the mountain range facing the prevailing wind is called the foehn

The source of energy for development and intensification of a thunderstorm is powerful downdraft caused by falling rain

The source of energy for development and intensification of a thunderstorm is solar heating of the center of the storm

The source of energy for development and intensification of a thunderstorm is the melting of hailstones

The southeast quadrant of a hurricane usually does the most damage

The stability of an air layer refers to its albedo

The stability of an air layer refers to its average temperature

The stability of an air layer refers to its pressure as measured at its base

The stability of the air layer close to the surface of the Earth can vary markedly. Much of this variation is caused by changes in pressure

The stability of the air layer close to the surface of the Earth can vary markedly. Much of this variation is caused by changes in the number of particulates

The stability of the air layer close to the surface of the Earth can vary markedly. Much of this variation is caused by changes in wind direction

The stage in the life cycle of a thunderstorm when the storm is characterized or dominated by downdrafts of cool air is cumulonimbus stage

The stage in the life cycle of a thunderstorm when the storm is characterized or dominated by downdrafts of cool air is mature stage

The stage in the life cycle of a thunderstorm when the storm is characterized or dominated by downdrafts of cool air is the cumulus stage

The steering influence of ocean currents cause hurricanes in the Atlantic to move toward the west during their early stages

The taiga -- or boreal forest -- is characteristic of the A climates

The taiga -- or boreal forest -- is characteristic of the B climates

The taiga -- or boreal forest -- is characteristic of the C climates

The temperature of rising air parcels may either increase or decrease as they move upward

The temperature of rising air parcels remain constant as they move upward

The temperature range in desert areas is related to lack of humidity and vegetation

The temperature range in desert areas is related to strong winds and dust

The temperature range in desert areas is related to subsiding high pressure

The term cold desert would be most closely associated with Steppe climates

The term cold desert would be most closely associated with Subarctic climates

The term cold desert would be most closely associated with Tundra climates

The term cyclogenesis refers to the decay of a cyclone

The term front refers to a cold air mass

The term front refers to the contact zone between a cold air mass and the ground surface

The term occlusion is associated with cold air breaking contact with the ground

The term occlusion is associated with cool air breaking contact with the ground

The terms leader, flash, and stroke are used when describing a tornado

The terms leader, flash, and stroke are used when describing squall line formation

The terms leader, flash, and stroke are used when describing the passage of a hurricane

The terms leader, flash, and stroke are used when describing the stages of a thunderstorm

The tropical rain forest it is dominated by just a few different species of trees

The tropical rainforest consists primarily of jungle

The tropical rainforest is characterized by deciduous trees

The tropical rainforest is characterized by the dominance of conifers

The tropical rainforest is characterized by wet winters and dry summers

The tundra climate is also called the tiaga climate

The typical hurricane has atmospheric motions that lie within the macroscale

The typical hurricane has atmospheric motions that lie within the mesoscale

The typical hurricane has atmospheric motions that lie within the microscale

The vegetation associated with the Aw climate is termed jungle

The vegetation associated with the Aw climate is termed selva

The vegetation associated with the Aw climate is termed taiga

The vegetation associated with the Subarctic climate closely resembles the vegetation associated with the tundra climate

The vegetation associated with the subarctic climate closely resembles the vegetation associated with the tundra climate

The vertical motions that occur when the air is unstable are termed convergence

The vertical motions that occur when the air is unstable are termed cyclonic

The vertical motions that occur when the air is unstable are termed geostrophic

The warmer water temperatures cause hurricanes in the Atlantic to move toward the west during their early stages

The west coast deserts are characterized by higher temperatures than normal for the latitude

The west coast deserts are characterized by more precipitation than in interior areas

The west coast deserts are characterized by stronger winds than in interior areas

The width or horizontal extent of a typical mid-latitude low pressure system would be 10,000 km

The width or horizontal extent of a typical mid-latitude low pressure system would be 5 - 10 km

The width or horizontal extent of a typical mid-latitude low pressure system would be 50 - 100 km

The zone of contact between two unlike air masses is referred to as a chinook

The zone of contact between two unlike air masses is referred to as a foehn condition

The zone of contact between two unlike air masses is referred to as an occlusion

There is a saying that islands map themselves in the sky. Such cloud maps are probably the result of adiabatic heating of the air

There is a saying that islands map themselves in the sky. Such cloud maps are probably the result of frontal activity

There is a saying that islands map themselves in the sky. Such cloud maps are probably the result of radiational cooling of the air

Thunder generates lightning

False

There is usually little or no precipitation in Mediterranean climates during the summer. This is because such areas are dominated in summer by offshore-moving southeasterly trade winds

There is usually little or no precipitation in Mediterranean climates during the summer. This is because such areas are dominated in summer by the westerlies, which carry away the moisture

There is usually little or no precipitation in Mediterranean climates during the summer. This is because such areas are dominated in summer by winds that bring in very dry air from nearby desert areas

Thick, woody vines -- lianas -- buttressed tree trunks -- Desert

Thick, woody vines -- lianas, -- buttressed tree trunks -- Steppe

Thick, woody vines -- lianas, -- buttressed tree trunks -- Tropical Savanna

This climate type covers the largest amount of the land area of the Earth -- humid continental

This climate type covers the largest amount of the land area of the Earth -- humid subtropical climate

This climate type covers the largest amount of the land area of the Earth -- subarctic climate

This climate type covers the largest amount of the land area of the Earth -- wet tropics

This type of cloud brings thunderstorms -- altostratus

This type of cloud brings thunderstorms -- cumulus

This type of cloud brings thunderstorms -- nimbostratus

Thunderstorm tops most likely occur in the lower troposphere

Thunderstorm tops most likely occur in the mesosphere

Thunderstorm tops most likely occur in the middle stratosphere

Thunderstorms and large cumulus clouds are characteristic of all polar air masses

Thunderstorms and large cumulus clouds are characteristic of all warm fronts

Thunderstorms and large cumulus clouds are characteristic of isothermal lapse rates

Thunderstorms and large cumulus clouds are characteristic of stable air

Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the afternoon and early evening because it takes all day for them to mature

Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the afternoon and early evening because the lower atmosphere is too unstable in the morning

Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the afternoon and early evening because upper-level winds are too fast at night and in morning

Tiaga forest -- Humid Continental

Tiaga forest -- Marine West Coast

Tiaga forest -- Tundra

To officially be a hurricane, the disturbance must have rotary circulation and have wind speeds of at least 161 kilometers per hour

To officially be a hurricane, the disturbance must have rotary circulation and have wind speeds of at least 70 kilometers per hour

To officially be a hurricane, the disturbance must have rotary circulation and have wind speeds of at least 92 kilometers per hour

Tornadoes and midlatitude cyclones are similar in that both are most common and well-developed in the winter season

Tornadoes and midlatitude cyclones are similar in that both form in the trade-wind belt

Tornadoes and midlatitude cyclones are similar in that both have conspicuous surface fronts

Tornadoes are cyclonic while hurricanes are anticyclonic

Tornadoes are most frequent during the January-March period

Tornadoes are most frequent during the October-December period

Tornadoes are most frequent during the month of September

Tornadoes are rarely associated with cumulonimbus clouds

Tornadoes most often move toward the northwest

Tornadoes most often move toward the southeast

Tornadoes most often move toward the west

Tornadoes rarely occur in conjunction with hurricanes

Tornadoes usually occur along the warm front of a midlatitude cyclone

Tornadoes while most numerous in the United States, are fairly common features in tropical locations

Tropical cyclones do NOT form at the Equator because there is not enough precipitation there

Upward movement caused by general convergence will not cause air to become more unstable

Very humid air near the surface is a necessary ingredient for severe thunderstorms because high humidity makes the air more dense

Very humid air near the surface is a necessary ingredient for severe thunderstorms because high humidity makes the rising air cool more rapidly

Very humid air near the surface is a necessary ingredient for severe thunderstorms because high humidity strengthens the cold front

Warm air forced aloft on a low angle slope -- cold front

Warm air forced aloft on a low angle slope -- occluded front

Warm air gliding upward along the warm front causes air to rise within a low pressure system

Warm-type occluded fronts are the most common type of occluded front to form east of the Rockies

Water temperature determines when a tropical depression or storm is given hurricane status

We would normally expect more snow to fall each winter in the Subarctic climate than in the Humid Continental climate

We would normally expect more snow to fall each winter in the subarctic climate than in the humid continental climate

Weak tornadoes -- F0-F1 -- are responsible for the majority of tornado deaths because they are far more common than stronger tornadoes -- F2 and above --

Weaker Coriolis force determines when a tropical depression or storm is given hurricane status wind speed

Weather in midlatitude cyclones tends to be cloudy and wet because of the converging surface winds and sinking air

Weather in midlatitude cyclones tends to be cloudy and wet because of the diverging surface winds and rising air

Weather in midlatitude cyclones tends to be cloudy and wet because of the diverging surface winds and sinking air

West coast of landmasses between 40 and 60 degrees latitude -- Humid Continental

West coast of landmasses between 40 and 60 degrees latitude -- Subarctic

West coast of landmasses between 40 and 60 degrees latitude -- Tundra

What general circulation wind belt is the place of origin for hurricanes -- doldrums

What general circulation wind belt is the place of origin for hurricanes -- horse latitudes

What general circulation wind belt is the place of origin for hurricanes -- westerlies

When a hurricane moves onto land, it declines in intensity. Heating from below by the land surface is the most important factor contributing to this loss of punch

When cold air overtakes cool air -- cold front

When cold air overtakes cool air -- stationary front

When cold air overtakes cool air -- warm front

When cold air overtakes warm air -- occluded front

When cold air overtakes warm air -- stationary front

When surface cyclones form, they almost invariably occur just ahead of an upper air ridge

When the center of a mature wave cyclone passes to the south, you should expect generally fair weather

When the center of a mature wave cyclone passes to the south, you should expect to be influenced by an occluded front

When the center of a mature wave cyclone passes to the south, you should expect to experience a backing wind shift

When tornadoes develop it is usually in association with air mass thunderstorms

When warm air overtakes cold air -- cold front

When warm air overtakes cold air -- occluded front

When warm air overtakes cold air -- stationary front

Which of these pairs of processes, working together, will make the atmosphere most unstable -- cool the surface and cool the air aloft

Which of these pairs of processes, working together, will make the atmosphere most unstable -- cool the surface and warm the air aloft

Which of these pairs of processes, working together, will make the atmosphere most unstable -- warm the surface and warm the air aloft

Which scale number-- s -- of hurricanes do only minimal or moderate damage -- 2 and 3

Which scale number-- s -- of hurricanes do only minimal or moderate damage -- 3 only

Which scale number-- s -- of hurricanes do only minimal or moderate damage -- 4 only

Which two sets of conditions, working together, will make the atmosphere the most stable -- cool the surface and cool the air aloft

Which two sets of conditions, working together, will make the atmosphere the most stable -- warm the surface and cool the air aloft

Which two sets of conditions, working together, will make the atmosphere the most stable -- warm the surface and warm the air aloft

Wide DAILY ranges of temperature would be most closely associated with Humid Subtropical climates

Wide DAILY ranges of temperature would be most closely associated with Tropical Rainforests

Wide DAILY ranges of temperature would be most closely associated with Tundra climates

Widespread fog would not be associated with stable atmospheric conditions

Wind against a mountain -- convergence or convectional

Wind against a mountain -- cyclonic

Wind speeds at the eye of a hurricane drop to near zero

Winds in the upper atmosphere exert a lifting effect which causes air to rise within a low pressure system

Windward and leeward -- convergence or convectional

Windward and leeward -- cyclonic

You would expect most of the rainfall in the wet tropics -- Af and Am -- in midmorning

Using the Fujita Intensity Scale, we measure a tornado that tears roofs off of frame houses and demolishes mobile homes. This would be rated a _____ tornado

A Mesoscale Convective Complex, or MCC, is a large, fast moving storm

False

A Mesoscale Convective Complex, or MCC, is typically made up of 10 to 20 thunderstorms clustered together

False

A region dominated by cyclones is more likely to produce an air mass than a region dominated by anticyclones

False

A tornado consists of one large funnel

False

A tornado is a very intense and powerful tropical cyclone

False

A typical tornado may measure several miles across at the funnel

False

About 50 percent of North American tornadoes are classified as violent -- F4 or F5

False

After names are used for a six year cycle when naming tropical storms and hurricanes, the names are retired never to be used again

False

All deserts are affected by subsidence due to subtropical highs

False

Although it was a category 4 storm, Hurricane Andrew had a surprisingly high pressure value at its center

False

An air mass is a body of air whose temperature is always lower than that of the air it is replacing

False

As an air mass moves from its source region, climate begins to form at its leading edge

False

Atlantic hurricanes, in their final stages, often work their way northwest and die

False

Continental air masses tend to form over land and bring weather that is cool and wet

False

Deserts are typically found on the windward side of a mountain

False

Doppler radar can now provide adequate warning of impending tornadoes at least 95 percent of the time

False

Falling barometer -- fair weather

False

Frontal Cyclones are large low pressure system that tend to migrate from east to west

False

Frontal cyclones are large HIGH pressure systems that tend to migrate from west to east.

False

Frontal cyclones are large High-pressure systems that tend to migrate from west to east.

False

Frontal systems cause clouds by adding moisture to the air

False

Fronts are boundary surfaces that separate air masses of different temperatures

False

Hailstones never grow bigger than the size of a golf ball because at about that weight and size, the winds aloft can no longer hold it in the cloud

False

High winds account for most of the destruction associated with hurricanes

False

Hurricane wind speeds are fastest near the center of the eye

False

Hurricanes always move eastward with the Trades

False

Hurricanes are generally a few hundred miles in diameter and have a nearly circular pattern of WIDELY-SPACED isobars.

False

Hurricanes are measured on a category scale from 1 to 5 based on intensity, and category 4 and 5 storms are the most common

False

Hurricanes tend to form between the Tropics of either Cancer or Capricorn, poleward to approximately 30 degrees latitude

False

Hurricanes that affect the United States occur most frequently during the same months as tornadoes are most prevalent

False

In mT air mass source regions in North America, subsidence tends to be greatest on the EASTERN side of the high pressure cell.

False

In severe thunderstorms overshooting cloud tops are common when cloud heights reach 20, 000 feet.

False

In severe thunderstorms, a gust front occurs when upward moving air flow moves outward beyond the original cloud.

False

In the United States and Canada, thunderstorms are most frequent in the western margin of these countries

False

In the United States, in order for a cyclonic storm to intensify, the convergence inward flow of air at the surface must be more than the outward flow above

False

In the United States, the state of Kansas would NOT be closely associated with Tornado Alley.

False

It is virtually impossible to fly an airplane into a hurricane

False

Koppens B, or Dry climates, occupy approximately 25 percent of the land area of the Earth

False

Lightning always occurs between a cloud and the ground

False

Most precipitation from thunderstorms originates through the collision coalescence process

False

Occluded fronts characterize the beginning stages of a middle latitude cyclone

False

Once formed, tornadoes in the united states tend to move from southwest to northeast in advance of a warm front or dry line.

False

One of the reasons for the high incidence of tornadoes in Tornado Alley is the year-round presence of WARM fronts in the area.

False

Orographic precipitation occurs when cold and warm air masses collide

False

Plenty of hurricanes from poleward of 20 degrees latitude

False

Precipitation may be caused when relatively cold, dry air is forced to rise over a mass of warmer drier air

False

Squall line thunderstorms tend to accompany warm fronts

False

Steep environmental lapse rates are encouraged by strong surface COOLING.

False

The CUMULUS stage of a thunderstorm is characterized by heavy precipitation and sleet

False

The CUMULUS stage of a thunderstorm is characterized by strong horizontal development and a significant temperature gradient

False

The CUMULUS stage of a thunderstorm is characterized by strong horizontal development and a significant temperature gradient.

False

The MOST INTENSE hurricanes would be categorized as Category 1 storms in the Saffir Simpson Intensity Scale.

False

The Saffir Simpson Scale is used to measure the intensity of tornadoes

False

The Tropical Rainforest consists primarily of jungle

False

The clouds usually associated with a cold front are stratus while cumulus are more common with a warm front

False

The development of cumulonimbus clouds is favored by the presence of warm, dry air.

False

The dissipating stage of a thunderstorm is characterized by heavy precipitation and sleet.

False

The first sign of an approaching warm front is the appearance of cirrostratus clouds

False

The icecap or EF climate is largely confined to the Northern Hemisphere

False

The largest number of hurricanes form right along the Equator

False

The most severe hurricane is a category 1 on the Saffir Simpson scale

False

The presence of a cold current on the WESTERN sides of middle latitude landmasses assists in the formation of UNSTABLE air.

False

The primary factor causing the environmental lapse rate to vary is the quantity of Lenten heat released during the condensation process

False

The side of mountains AGAINST which winds blow is called the leeward side

False

The term overrunning is generally applied to cold air gliding up along a warm air mass

False

The tornado look alikes known as dust devils are the result of water surface heating and cooling.

False

The typical tornado that occurs in conjunction with a severe thunderstorm is a very intense CYCLONIC vortex that extends from the gust front of the storm to the surface of the earth.

False

The typical tornado that occurs in conjunction with a severe thunderstorm is a very intense CYCLONIC vortex that extends from the gust front of the storm to the surface of the ground.

False

The typical tornado that occurs in conjunction with a severe thunderstorm is a very intense cyclonic vortex that extends from the gust front of the storm to the surface of the Earth.

False

Tornadic thunderstorms and severe thunderstorms found in MCCs generate the greatest number of tornadoes

False

Tornadoes are always composed of dark or black funnels

False

Tornadoes are cyclonic, while hurricanes are anticyclonic

False

Tornadoes occur frequently in areas to the west of the Rocky Mountains

False

Tropical depression -- wind between 37 and 73 mph

False

Tropical depressions have higher sustained winds than tropical storms

False

Tropical disturbances are characterized by closed isobars and winds of at least 39 miles per hour.

False

Tropical storms are characterized by closed isobars and winds of at least 23 miles per hour.

False

Under certain conditions, a cold front can be forced aloft by a warm front

False

Visibility is generally better in a w air mass than in a k air mass

False

Water surge -- the rising water associated with an approaching hurricane which causes much more death and greater destruction than the more visible winds and rain

False

Weather radar, satellites, and reconnaissance aircrafts helped predict the Galveston hurricane of 1900

False

When comparing hurricanes and midlatitude cyclones, hurricanes and fronts both have winds that can exceed 130 miles per hour.

False

When comparing hurricanes and midlatitude cyclones, hurricanes are typically larger in size.

False

When tornadoes develop, it is usually in association with air mass thunderstorms

False

Within the center of the eye, skies are cloudless

False

You would expect most of the rainfall in the wet tropics, the Af and Am climates, in midmorning

False

Stable conditions in the atmosphere encourage the development of cirrus clouds and uplifting air

False - Stable encourages low level clouds

Lighting we see as a single_______ is really several rapid strokes between the cloud and the ground. Individual components that make up each flash are termed ___________.

Flash, Stroke

The process called _______________ is when the cooler denser air acts as a barrier over which warmer, less dense air ____________

Frontal Wedging , rises

There are different stages of a thunderstorm development. During the Mature stage what is taking place

Heavy Rain

We are currently living in the

Holocene epoch

Dairy, wheat and corn belts of the United States

Humid Continental

East sides of continents, 40 to 55 degrees latitude

Humid Continental

In the Koppen classification, the letter D represents what type of climate

Humid Middle latitude severe winters

In terms of a daily reading, the coldest spot on Earth is the ____ climate realm

Icecap

There are only two Koppen climates that cover land areas not in the prevailing westerlies. One of these is Koppen E -- what is the other one

Koppen A

In the United States, what the months of the year are at risk for developing a mesoscale convective complex storm

March to September

Snow is rare except in the higher elevations, adequate rainfall at all seasons

Marine West Coast

Temperate rainforest

Marine West Coast

If the temperature in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and western Atlantic is warm and humid the entire year, and the source region is unstable the entire year, what type of air mass is most likely to develop

Maritime Tropical

The dry-summer subtropical climate is also called the ____ climate.

Mediterranean

________________ consists of many individual thunderstorms organized into a large oval to circular cluster. These tend to form most frequently in the __________

Mesoscale Convective Complex, Great Plains

The Great Plains region is best classified as

Mid-latitude Steppe

The polar front theory provides meteorologists with a useful model of how a _______ develops

Midlatitude Cyclone

An air mass thunderstorm more likely to develop in midafternoon

What was the name of the largest hurricane ever to occur in Texas. In what year did it occur, and how many lives did it claim

No Name, 1900, 8,000 deaths

Climate change is defined as

Noting changes in meteorological statistical values over time

Nocturnal inversion

Occur at night

Describe three methods used to study past climates

Ocean deposits, ice cores, and past vegetation.

Of the following states, which is struck by the largest number of tornadoes

Oklahoma

An air mass thunderstorm is most intense during the mature stage

Upslope fog is similar in terms of its formation to which one of the four lifting processes

Orographic Lifting

What of the following reduces vegetative growth in the Polar climates?

Permafrost

What type of regions would typically make the best air mass source regions

Plains, plateaus, and oceans

When the air masses form between 50 to 70 degrees N/S, they are termed _______ air masses

Polar Air Masses

When the density of an air parcel is less than that of the surrounding air, the tendency of that air parcel will be to rise. This is called __________

Positive Buoyancy

The ____ scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity

Saffir-Simpson

Which scale or instrument measures the intensity of hurricanes

Saffir-Simpson

What is the first line of defense for detecting Hurricanes

Satellites

In which climatic environment would you most likely find a tropical grassland scattered with deciduous trees?

Savanna

Where in the U.S. would we find a Mediterranean climate?

Southern California

A _________________ is a dome of water 65 to 80 kilometers wide that sweeps across the coast near the point where the eye makes landfall

Storm Surge

Greatest annual temperature ranges on Earth

Subarctic

Northern boundary coincides with the poleward limit of tree growth

Subarctic

0349. Intense heating of the land -- convergence or convectional

20-40 inches of precipitation, monsoon effect, wide temperature swings daily and especially seasonally -- Humid Continental

A cold air mass that is warmed at its base from contact with the warm ground will have its lapse rate increased

A cyclone is air turning spirally inward round a center of low pressure

A damp, humid climate with an abundance of cloud cover -- Marine West Coast

A desert soil is likely to be fertile

A generally accepted boundary beyond which trees will NOT grow is the 50 degree isotherm

A high number of days with cloudy weather, drizzle and or fog would best characterize Marine West Coast climates

A hurricane has slower wind speeds than a tornado, but inflicts more total damage

A mesocyclone often precedes tornado development

A mountain -- H -- climate is a complex of miniature climatic regions often too difficult to map

A perusal of a world climate map shows that similar climates are located at similar latitudes

A rainshadow occurs in the lee or leeward of a mountain range because adiabatic warming lowers the relative humidity

A rising air parcel cools off as it expands

A squall line is most closely associated with cold fronts

A stable atmosphere is one in which vertical motions are resisted

A temperature change of 3.2 degrees F per1000 feet of ascent up a mountain represents the wet adiabatic lapse rate

A tornado is a small, very intense example of the cyclone

A typical characteristic of Tropical Rainforest climates is constant high humidity

A warm front is said to exist when advancing warm air overrides retreating cold air

A warmer climate is likely to cause an increase in wildfires.

A well defined line which would experience a shift in wind direction -- front

A wind shift in a counterclockwise direction, as from east to north, is termed a backing wind shift

About one half of the U.S. population lives near a seacoast

Absolute stability prevails when the lapse rate is less than the wet adiabatic rate

Africa holds the world record for the highest temperature, and Antarctica holds the world record for the lowest temperature

Afternoon or early evening, warmer seasons or times of day -- convergence or convectional activity

Along the 50th parallel in North America, you would expect to find the warmest summers in the interior

Although detection and tracking of hurricanes is now quite accurate, damage from these storms continue to increase due to continued development of coastal areas

Although the subarctic and tundra climates generally have small precipitation totals, they are considered humid. The reason for this is low temperatures mean only a small loss to evaporation

Among the following the tornado will typically have the steepest pressure gradient -- tornado, middle-latitude cyclone or hurricane

An adiabatic process is one in which the heat exchanged with the surroundings is zero

An area on the north side of the low-pressure center of a middle-latitude cyclone usually has a occluded front for the longest period of time

An increase in the lapse rate of an air layer results in the layer becoming less stable

Approximate diameter of a mature hurricane -- about 600 km

Approximately 30 percent of the land surface of the Earth is desert and steppe

April-June is the period of greatest frequency for tornadoes in the United States

As a mid-latitude cyclonic disturbance passes across the US, the cold air sector is generally west of the low

As a strong hurricane moves ashore, storm surge causes the most devastating damage in the coastal zone

At least one month, the temperature averages above 32 degrees F, dominated by the Polar Easterlies wind belt -- Tundra

At the same latitude, a continental climate is usually more extreme than a marine climate

Bangladesh has historically proven most susceptible to large losses of life from storm surge in the twentieth century

Citrus and tourism would be most closely associated with a Mediterranean climate

Climate consists of statistical properties.

Climate is defined over periods of at least 30 years.

Climate zones near the Equator have larger temperature changes from day to night than from month to month

Climates exhibiting continentality exhibit great temperature ranges

Climates exhibiting continentality have severe winters

Climates exhibiting continentality often have very warm summers

Cloud-to-Earth lightning is least likely

Collision of two air masses -- cyclonic

Compared to other types of fronts, the weather associated with a cold front usually is more violent but of shorter duration

Compared to warm fronts, cold fronts have a steeper gradient and a faster advance rate

Condensation caused by moist air being forced over some physical barrier is caused by orographic uplift

Constant overhead Sun is less likely to be the most persistent climatological problem for people -- not necessarily their activities -- in an Af climate

Continental interiors between 50-65 degrees latitude -- Subarctic

Convectional thunderstorms are most common in summer

Conventional radar measures rainfall intensity

Cool summer climates are found at high altitudes

Cool summer climates are found at high latitudes

Cyclones pass over Oregon more often in winter than in summer

Cyclones usually start out moving eastward, then turn northeast

Cyclonic storms, mP air masses and moderate temperatures -- Marine West Coast

Dairy, wheat and corn belts of the United States -- Humid Continental

Deserts and steppes are caused by location on the interior of large land masses

Deserts and steppes are caused by orographic effects

Deserts and steppes are caused by subsidence from high pressure cells

Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of rain shadow deserts

Deserts such as the Sahara exist because of the influence of the subtropical highs

Doldrums, precipitation most afternoons between 2 and 4PM -- Tropical Rainforest

Doppler radars show the motion of precipitation particles

Downdrafts and updrafts found side by side relate to the mature stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Downdrafts totally dominate the dissipating stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Drizzle from gray, overcast skies is typical of winter -- Marine West Coast

During August-September hurricane formation in the North Atlantic is at a peak

During the adiabatic process, as air DESCENDS in altitude its temperature increases at the rate of 5.5 degrees F per1000 feet

During the process of adiabatic cooling, the temperature decreases because the air has expanded to a larger volume

East sides of continents, 40-55 degrees latitude -- Humid Continental

Easterly waves -- also called tropical disturbances -- are usually associated with the formation of tropical cyclones

Falling barometer -- disturbed weather

First appearance of permafrost -- Subarctic

Florida Everglades, slash and burn agriculture, tall grasslands, lions and giraffes -- Tropical Savanna

For a continental area to experience a marine type climate, it must be located on a windward coast

For many tropical wet and dry -- Aw -- stations in the Northern Hemisphere, April and May are often warmer than June and July

Four of the five major climatic groups listed below have temperature characteristics as their basis. The B climates do not

Fronts -- cyclonic

Generally speaking, the lower the mean annual precipitation of an area, the greater the variability of that precipitation

Generally the Cf climates of the world are concentrated in the southeastern regions of continents

Generally, the D climates are found poleward of the C climates

Gradual increase in temperature with frontal passage -- warm front

Gray-brown, strongly leached, semi-fertile soils -- Marine West Coast

Greatest annual temperature ranges on Earth -- Subarctic

Gusty winds are likely during the mature stage of a thunderstorm as is heavy precipitation

Heat lightning occurs more than 20 kilometers from the person observing it

High humidity, rainfalls of 60-80+ inches, an evergreen forest and heavily leached soils would be most characteristic of which of the Rainforest climates

High wind and astronomical tides, caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon, often amplify the effects of storm surge.

Humid Subtropical climates are distinguished from Mediterranean climates by having a different season of precipitation maximum

Humid Subtropical climates generally have a denser vegetation cover than Mediterranean climates

Humus is best described as partially decayed organic matter

Hurricanes and mid-latitude cyclones are similar in that both are areas of low pressure

Hurricanes and typhoons are both names for large, low pressure cells of tropical origin

Hurricanes are characterized by a strong cyclonic INFLOW of air at the surface and an anticyclonic OUTFLOW of air near the top of the troposphere

Hurricanes do not form within about 5 degrees latitude of the Equator

Hurricanes form between 5 degrees and 20 degrees latitude

Hurricanes generally are areas of heavy rainfall and strong winds

Hurricanes generally are larger than tornadoes

Hurricanes generally are most common in late summer and early fall

Hurricanes generally are smaller than mid-latitude cyclones

Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean are called cyclones

Hurricanes initially form only in the tropics because warm water temperatures are found there

Ice cap climate locations tend to maintain themselves because they have high albedos

If a warm front is approaching, you can expect rising temperatures

If moist winds blow across a high mountain, precipitation and clouds on the windward side and at the top would be expected

If you see lightning and then hear the associated thunder 10 seconds later, the lightning flash was about two miles away

If you were 200 miles ahead of the surface position of a typical warm front, you would find the frontal surface at a height of 1 miles

In 1918, J. Bjerknes published what came to be known as the polar front theory. The main features of the theory remain an important part of present-day meteorological thought

In Europe, the warmest period since the last glacial advance was about 4500 BC to 2500 BC

In Huntsville, what is the most likely sequence of wind shifts as a cold front approaches and passes south, southwest, west, northwest, north

In a Tropical Rainforest climate annual temperature ranges are usually less than daily temperature ranges

In a region where potential precipitation exceeds potential evaporation one would expect the prevailing conditions to be arid

In an Aw climate in the Northern Hemisphere, December tends to be drier than July

In an Aw climate in the Northern Hemisphere, July tends to be wetter than December

In an Aw climate in the Southern Hemisphere, December tends to be wetter than July

In an Aw climate in the Southern Hemisphere, July tends to be drier than December

In comparison with continental climates, maritime climates have cooler winters

In comparison with continental climates, maritime climates have less precipitation

In comparison with continental climates, maritime climates have lower humidity

In comparison with continental climates, maritime climates have warmer summers

In comparison with the west coast of the United States, the east coast has a climate that is more severe in both summer and winter

In order to qualify as a hurricane, winds in a tropical disturbance must reach 74 mph

In summer the Mediterranean climate is strongly influenced by the dry subtropical high

In terms of cloud cover, occluded front weather is most like warm front weather

In terms of overall damage, the most destructive agent associated with a hurricane is water

In the A climates, maximum precipitation and humidites tend to be associated with the high Sun period.

In the Koppen classification, many of the climatic boundary lines are designed to match vegetational boundaries

In the development of a thunderstorm, sharp and cool gusts beginning at the surface are characteristic in the mature stage

In the humid continental climate, shifts in wind directions sometimes cause rapid and large temperature changes. This is most pronounced during the winter season

In the middle latitudes high pressure cells bring clear, cloudless weather

In the middle latitudes tropical low pressure cells provide most of the precipitation

In the southeastern United States, the major source of precipitation in summer is thunderstorms

In the wet tropics daily temperature ranges usually exceed the annual temperature range

In tropical climates, alluvial locations tend to yield more agricultural production than upland locations

Inadequate diets, improper sanitation and poor medical care are all major factors in the greater prevalence of disease in tropical areas as compared to midlatitude locations

Increase in relative humidities with increases in insolation and decreases in temperature -- Mountain and Plateau climates

Interior of a large land mass in the high Sun or summer season -- convergence or convectional

Intertropical front weather has no cyclonic storms

Intertropical front weather is mostly in the form of thunderstorms

Intertropical front weather lacks frontal activity, because its air masses are usually similar

It is generally true that the lower the mean annual precipitation of an area the greater the variability of the precipitation

It is in the D climates that would one find the greatest annual temperature range

It is not always possible to determine whether a climate is humid or dry by knowing only the precipitation total

Jungle -- Tropical Rainforest

Land is the dominant control, wide range in temperature -- daily and seasonally -- -- Continental climates

Large hail is associated with cold-front thunderstorms

Largest of the severe thunderstorm systems -- mesoscale convective complex

Leached soil, large meandering streams, year-round water surplus -- Tropical Rainforest climates

Located on the fringe of continents between the Arctic Circle and 75 degrees N -- Tundra

Low latitude deserts in general have a characteristic location which might be described as centered at about 25 degrees on the west sides of continents

Many of the major and most extensive wheat producing regions of the world are located where BS climates prevail

Mediterranean climates are noted particularly for having a summer temperature maximum

Mediterranean climates are noted particularly for having strong winds in summer

Mid-latitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the US in the cooler 6 months of the year

Middle latitude deserts -- BWk -- and steppes -- BSk -- are dominated by the subtropical highs

Middle latitude deserts -- BWk -- and steppes -- BSk -- are more common in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere

Middle latitude deserts -- BWk -- and steppes -- BSk -- are usually located deep in the interior of a continent

Middle-latitude cyclones rotate counterclockwise

Middle-latitude cyclones typically develop along segments of the polar front

Midlatitude marine climates are affected most the westerlies

Migration of the ITCZ is the most important factor controlling the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the Aw -- Tropical Wet and Dry -- realm

Millennial-scale oscillations likely lead to significant changes in precipitation patterns.

Mosses, lichens, permafrost, less than 10 inches of precipitation -- Tundra

Most climate models project Earth's temperature will continue to rise through the end of the twenty-first century

Most cyclones and anticyclones are generated by upper-level air flow

Most places having an Aw climate experience a summer maximum of precipitation

Most thunderstorms in east Texas occur in the summer

Most tornadoes in the central U.S. occur during the spring months because at this time of year air-mass contrasts are greatest

Most tornadoes occur in the spring and early summer

Most tropical cyclones originate in the latitude range 10 to 20 degrees of latitude

Mountain ranges play an important role in determining climates because of their influence upon rainfall distribution

Moving over cooler water can diminish the intensity of a hurricane

Nearly 10 percent of the land area of the Earth is in the category of ice cap climate

Night is winter, temperature rarely above 95 degrees F -- Tropical Rainforest

Normally, midlatitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the United States from October to March

Normally, much of the good or fair weather of the Northern Hemisphere is associated with highs

Normally, squall lines, if they occur, will form in advance of the cold front

Northern boundary coincides with the poleward limit of tree growth -- Subarctic

Numerous tree species, dimly lit forest floor, trees never bare -- Tropical Rainforest

On a weather map, stationary fronts are shown with triangular points on one side of the front and semicircles on the other

One could characterize rainfall conditions in desert areas as brief

One could characterize rainfall conditions in desert areas as scarce

One could characterize rainfall conditions in desert areas as undependable

One difference between a Tundra climate and an Icecap climate is that one month is warmer than 32 degrees F in a Tundra climate

Orographic precipitation occurs when an air mass moving across the land is forced to rise up over a land barrier -- for example, mountains --

Other than dryness, what characteristic distinguishes the low latitude B climates from the A climates much greater annual temperature range

Permafrost conditions are associated with the polar climates

Permanently frozen subsoil characteristic of the Tundra is termed permafrost

Places having subarctic climates typically experience the highest annual temperature range of any climatic type

Polar climates lose much solar radiation heat to reflection and ice melting

Poleward from the Equator the water requirements for plants generally decrease

Precipitation in desert areas is infrequent and highly variable as to amount and time

Precipitation may be caused when moist air is forced to rise over a land barrier -- for example, mountains --

Precipitation may be caused when relatively warm, moist air is forced to rise over a mass of colder, heavier air

Precipitation may be caused when there are strong vertical movements of air caused by local heating of the surface of the Earth

Prediction success and observation of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes by the National Weather Service is limited because weather stations are widely spaced compared to the size of the storm

Rain long foretold, long last -- short notice, soon past. The first five words of this weather proverb refer to a warm front

Rainfall patterns are closely linked to the location of the major pressure and wind systems

Rainfall would be most reliable -- that is, the amount received each year would vary the least -- in Af climates

Rainiest areas on Earth -- orographic

Relative hot summers, relatively cold winters, summers are periods of highest absolute humidities but precipitation is minimal -- Continental climates

Rising barometer -- fair weather

Saffir Simpson Scale is used to measure the intensity of hurricanes

Seasonal variation of temperature is at a maximum for subarctic climates

Shearing of air between two air masses forms waves crucial to cyclogenesis

Small daily and seasonal ranges in temperature, year-round cloudiness -- Marine climates

Small islands and along windward coasts -- Marine climates

Snow is rare except in the higher elevations, adequate rainfall at all seasons -- Marine West Coast

Source regions for cP air masses -- Subarctic

Speed divergence helps maintain surface lows

Spreading downdrafts cut off air inflow causing the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm

Steppes, the drier neighbors of Prairies, eventually grade into Deserts

Storm Surge is most closely associated with hurricanes

Storms that are known as hurricanes are FIRST given a name when they become tropical storms.

Strong heating of the ground by the Sun is associated with thunderstorms because it leads to greater instability

Strong hurricanes have a central pressure about 10 percent below normal sea level pressures

Subsidence of an air column will not cause air to become more unstable

Suction spots are a phenomenon associated with tornadoes

Summer in a Humid Subtropical climate is uncomfortable because of high temperatures and high humidity

Surface wind speeds increase toward the center of a hurricane because of conservation of angular momentum

Tall -- 100 feet or more, -- closely set, broadleaf, evergreen trees -- Tropical Rainforest

Tall, three story, deciduous evergreen trees underlain by little brush best describes which of the following climatic environments -- Tropical Rainforest

Temperate rainforest -- Marine West Coast

Temperature inversion would not be associated with stable atmospheric conditions dreary overcast with light drizzle

Temperature inversions -- stable layers -- in air layers above the ground can contribute to thunderstorm development

Temperature, pressure, wind and moisture are all ELEMENTS of weather.

Temperatures of 90-100 degrees F in the high Sun period, precipitation of 40-60 inches, trees generally too scrubby to be of commercial value -- Tropical Savanna

Ten months of winter and two months of bad sleighing would be most characteristic of Subarctic climates

Texas is struck by the largest number of tornadoes

The 10 degrees C summer isotherm marks the Equatorward limit of the tundra climate

The A climates are characterized by a high Sun angle

The A climates are characterized by precipitation which will always support tree growth

The Astronomical Theory of climatic change, which seems to be gaining acceptance among world scientists, is concerned with changes in the inclination or tilt of the Earths axis

The Astronomical Theory of climatic change, which seems to be gaining acceptance among world scientists, is concerned with precession -- a wobbling of the Earth upon its axis --

The Astronomical Theory of climatic change, which seems to be gaining acceptance among world scientists, is concerned with variations in the shape of the Earths orbit about the Sun

The B climates are characterized by erratic precipitation

The B climates are characterized by little precipitation and year-round high temperatures

The B climates are characterized by wide DAILY temperature ranges

The C climates are characterized by occasional killing frosts

The C climates are characterized by varied weather

The Fujita Intensity Scale -- F-scale -- is applied to tornadoes

The Humid Subtropical climate is warmer than the Humid Continental climate

The Humid Subtropical climate is warmer than the Marine West Coast climate

The Koeppen classification system gives detailed explanations of the causes of the different climates.

The Koppen Marine West Coast climate frequented by middle-latitude frontal lows and westerly winds all year

The Koppen Marine West Coast climate influenced by warm ocean currents all year

The Koppen Marine West Coast climate located on the western sides of continents in middle latitudes

The Milankovitch cycles deal with these changing characteristics of Earth: eccentricity, obliquity, precession

The Saffir-Simpson scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity

The Savanna climate is characterized by leached soils

The Savanna climate is characterized by summer temperatures that may run 95 to 100 degrees F during the day

The Storm of the Century had its origins in the Gulf of Mexico

The Subarctic climates experience cold, long winters

The Subarctic climates experience short growing seasons

The Subarctic climates experience warm, short summers

The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle are examples of locations determined by astronomy

The Tropical Monsoon climate is most like the Tropical Rainforest

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by dense vegetative growth with trees often exceeding 100 feet in height

The Tropical Rainforest climate is characterized by leached soils

The Tropical Rainforest, or selva, gives way to other types of tropical forest in areas where precipitation is less and more seasonal

The Variable Sun Theory of climatic change has, to this point, been difficult to test because of the difficulties of acquiring valid data

The Zone of Conflict refers to the formation of frontal disturbances

The absence of E climates in the Southern Hemisphere is explained by lack of land mass poleward of 30 degrees latitude

The anvil top of a thunderstorm often marks the beginning of the stratosphere

The approximate lifetime of a wave cyclone is a few days to a week

The approximate lifetime of an individual thunderstorm cell is about 1 hour or less

The atmosphere is most unstable when the temperature of the air drops rapidly with height

The average life span of midlatitude cyclone from inception to dissipation is three to five days

The basic difference between a BW climate and a BS climate is the BS is more moist

The best known system for determining world climate patterns is the Koppen climate system

The buoyancy of a rising air parcel is greatly affected by heat released if water vapor condenses

The cause of the dry season in Aw climates is the annual migration of the ITCZ out of the area

The change in the free air temperature as you go up into the atmosphere is called lapse rate

The chief source of energy for hurricanes is warm water surfaces

The circulation in the immediate vicinity of a thunderstorm is cyclonic

The circulation in the immediate vicinity of a thunderstorm is variable and gusty

The cost of the damage of one hurricane can exceed 1 billion dollars

The development of major winter storms in the midwest depends strongly on air mass contrasts

The diameter of a typical tornado funnel cloud would be 200 meters

The distinct wet-dry season in the Mediterranean Sea Basin is caused by a shift in cyclonic storm tracks

The dry area to the leeward of high mountains is known as the rainshadow

The dry-summer subtropical climate is also called the Mediterranean climate

The easterly wave -- or tropical disturbance -- travels from east to west

The energy of a mid-latitude cyclone comes mainly from sinking cold air and rising warm air

The eye of a hurricane is warmer than the rest of the storm

The eye region of a hurricane is largely free of precipitation and clouds because of sinking air motion

The eye wall of a hurricane has the greatest wind speeds

The factor most responsible for triggering cyclonic waves is confrontation of unlike air masses

The first known attempt at classifying climates was made by ancient Greeks

The forests of the Tropical Rainforest climates are broadleaf evergreen

The formation of tornadoes is associated with cold fronts

The formation of tornadoes is associated with middle-latitude cyclones

The formation of tornadoes is associated with severe thunderstorms

The general absence of continuous tree cover in the Tropical Savanna is caused by too little precipitation

The general characteristics of C climates include a definite winter with no ANNUAL moisture deficiency

The greatest number of hurricane-related deaths may be attributed to storm surge

The greatest proportion of thunderstorms occurs in the tropics

The greatest variability in rainfall would generally be associated with B climates

The gust front occurs at the leading edge of a thunderstorm downdraft

The heating of an air mass from below as it passes over a warm surface would enhance instability

The heaviest annual rainfalls occur over tropical mountains having steady onshore winds

The humid continental climate is affected by polar air masses

The humid continental climate is affected by tropical air masses

The humid subtropical climate sees significant rainfall throughout the year

The influence of the ocean on the climate of most any coastal area is likely to make that climate milder

The initial detection and monitoring of tropical storms that may become hurricanes is accomplished by satellites

The largest rain area associated with a midlatitude cyclone is located in advance of the warm front

The latitude of a place is important for its climate since latitude determines Sun angle

The latitude of a place is important for its climate since latitude determines length of daylight

The lifting of air along a moving cold front, in terms of rate of ascent, is greater than the rate of ascent along a moving warm front

The lifting of air and the resulting formation of clouds and rain is more gentle -- gradual -- for a warm front

The locations of the major pressure and wind systems on the Earth move as they follow the vertical rays of the Sun

The main difference between Cw and Aw is that Cw has lower temperatures

The most common type of occlusion expected in the southeastern United States is warm front

The most costly hurricane in terms of money between 1985 and 1996 was Hurricane Andrew

The most important determinant of temperature overall is latitude

The most important in a climatic description -- temperature and precipitation

The most important tool for detecting and monitoring hurricanes is satellites

The most likely season for hurricanes to occur in the North Atlantic is August-October

The most violent, erratic, and unpredictable type of cyclonic storm known is the tornado

The number and intensity of wave cyclones greatest during the late fall, winter and spring months because the temperature contrasts are greater at this time of year

The only humid climate that has a strong winter precipitation maximum -- Mediterranean climate -- Csa and Csb

The polar front represents the contact zone of polar and tropical air masses

The potato would be most closely associated with D climates

The primary factor which determines whether a place will have a dry climate is whether evaporation exceeds precipitation

The prime season for the occurrence of tornadoes in the southeastern United States is March-April-May

The principal reason for aridity in cold deserts -- BW -- is subsidence of air associated with winter highs over continents

The proper order of storm intensity in terms of increasing wind speed is tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane

The rain shadow effect is very significant in the creation of arid climates

The rainfall distribution at a nondesert station located immediately to the north of the Sahara desert has a summer dry season

The rainfall distribution at a station located along the Equator has adequate precipitation all year around

The rainfall distribution at a station located on an island in the Arctic Ocean at about 80 degrees N latitude is dry all year around

The rainfall distribution at a station located south of the Sahara desert at about 20 degrees N latitude exhibits a winter dry season

The region between the warm front and cold front of a wave cyclone is the warm sector

The right front quadrant of a hurricane usually does the most damage

The slopes of the Indian Himalayas can be some of the rainiest in the world

The source of energy for development and intensification of a thunderstorm is liberation of latent heat during condensation

The stability of an air layer refers to its tendency to either sustain or suppress vertical motions

The stability of the air layer close to the surface of the Earth can vary markedly. Much of this variation is caused by changes in heating or cooling of the surface

The stage in the life cycle of a thunderstorm when the storm is characterized or dominated by downdrafts of cool air is the dissipating stage

The subarctic climate is also called the tiaga climate

The subarctic climate supports some plant life but no trees

The taiga -- or boreal forest -- is characteristic of the D climates

The taiga is a coniferous forest

The tallest and most vigorous part of the hurricane is the eyewall region

The temperature of rising air parcels decrease as they move upward

The temperature range in desert areas is related to nearness to the Equator

The term cold desert would be most closely associated with Icecap climates

The term front refers to the contact zone between dissimilar air masses

The term occlusion is associated with warm air breaking contact with the ground

The term paleoclimate refers to the climate of the past.

The tropical rain forest it is also called selva

The tropical rain forest plant foliage is relatively sparse on the forest floor

The tropical rain forest the trees of the tropical rain forest are broadleaf evergreens

The tropical rainforest is characterized by a great diversity of plant species

The width of a tree ring depends upon the temperature and precipitation characteristics prevalent during the year the ring was produced.

The width or horizontal extent of a typical mid-latitude low pressure system would be 500 - 1000 km

The zone of contact between two unlike air masses is referred to as a front

There is a saying that islands map themselves in the sky. Such cloud maps are probably the result of convectional activity

There is usually little or no precipitation in Mediterranean climates during the summer. This is because such areas are dominated in summer by the drought-causing midlatitude high pressure belt

Thick, woody vines -- lianas, -- buttressed tree trunks -- Tropical Rainforest

This type of cloud brings thunderstorms -- cumulonimbus

Those who profess the Carbon Dioxide Theory of climatic change believe the Earth is heating up as a result of the Greenhouse Effect

Thunderstorm tops most likely occur near the tropopause

Thunderstorms are most common along a cold front

Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the afternoon and early evening because atmosphere is most unstable at that time

Thunderstorms are not always associated with cyclonic activity

Thunderstorms can be associated with cyclones

Thunderstorms can be associated with hurricanes

Thunderstorms can be associated with tornadoes

Thunderstorms can result from frontal lifting

Thunderstorms can result from orographic uplift

Thunderstorms can result from thermal convectional cells

Thunderstorms have strong downdrafts and updrafts of air

Thunderstorms usually occur when warm and moist air is displaced upward

Tiaga forest -- Subarctic

To establish the boundary between humid and dry climates using the Koeppen classification, average annual precipitation information is needed

To establish the boundary between humid and dry climates using the Koeppen classification, average annual temperature information is needed

To establish the boundary between humid and dry climates using the Koeppen classification, the average precipitation for each month is needed

To officially be a hurricane, the disturbance must have rotary circulation and have wind speeds of at least 119 kilometers per hour

Tornadoes and midlatitude cyclones are similar in that both are areas of low pressure

Tornadoes are most common in the Midwest and Great Plains

Tornadoes are most frequent during the April-June period

Tornadoes form in association with tall cumulonimbus clouds

Tornadoes most often move toward the northeast

Tornadoes occur most frequently in the spring of the year

Tropical cyclones do NOT form at the Equator because Coriolis force is too weak

Tropical depression -- wind of less than 38 mph

Typically straddles the Equator, year-round precipitation -- Tropical Rainforest

Typically, upper-level air flow is slower over anticyclones than over cyclones

Updraft dominance relates to the cumulus stage in the development of a thunderstorm

Very humid air near the surface is a necessary ingredient for severe thunderstorms because more latent heat is then available as energy for the storm

Violent weather is more common in a cold front than a occluded front

Violent weather is more common in a cold front than a stationary front

Violent weather is more common in a cold front than a warm front

Warm air being forced up along the cold front causes air to rise within a low pressure system

Warm air forced aloft on a low angle slope -- warm front

Weather in midlatitude cyclones tends to be cloudy and wet because of the converging surface winds and rising air

West coast of landmasses between 40 and 60 degrees latitude -- Marine West Coast

What general circulation wind belt is the place of origin for hurricanes -- trade winds

When a hurricane moves onto land, it declines in intensity. Friction is the most important factor contributing to this loss of punch

When a hurricane moves onto land, it declines in intensity. Lack of warm, moist air is the most important factor contributing to this loss of punch

When cold air overtakes cool air -- occluded front

When cold air overtakes warm air -- cold front

When comparing west coast tropical deserts like the Namib and Atacama with more typical tropical deserts like the Sahara, we can say that west coast tropical deserts are drier -- less precipitation

When comparing west coast tropical deserts like the Namib and Atacama with more typical tropical deserts like the Sahara, we can say that west coast tropical deserts are foggier

When warm air overtakes cold air -- warm front

Which of these pairs of processes, working together, will make the atmosphere most unstable -- warm the surface and cool the air aloft

Which scale number-- s -- of hurricanes do only minimal or moderate damage -- 1 and 2

Which two sets of conditions, working together, will make the atmosphere the most stable -- cool the surface and warm the air aloft

Wide DAILY ranges of temperature would be most closely associated with Steppes

Wind against a mountain -- orographic

Windward and leeward -- orographic

n the western Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons

Which one of the following is NOT a climatic control

Temperature

In 1918, J. Bjerknes published what came to be known as the polar front theory. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding this theory

The main features of the theory remain an important part of present-day meteorological thought

Which of the following would be beneficial in BREAKING UP an inversion?

The presence of wind

What does conditional instability mean

The tendency for a displaced parcel of air to be stable during part of its ascent, but become unstable beyond a certain elevation

If you turn on the radio and there has been a tornado warning issued for your county, what are they trying to tell you

There is a high likelihood that a tornado has been spotted or is indicated by radar

When a warm front passes, temperature rises and the wind usually shifts

True

Which one of the following does NOT affect storm surge heights

Tides

___________ alert the public to the possibility of tornadoes over a specified area for a particular time interval

Tornado Watches

Tall, 100 feet or more, closely set, broadleaf, evergreen trees

Tropical Rainforest

Jungle

Tropical Savanna

In which of the following climatic environments would you most likely experience a monsoon?

Tropical Wet and Dry

A gently sloping coastal plain and low-lying, heavily populated barrier islands make the Texas coast especially vulnerable to the damaging effects of hurricanes.

True

A hurricane has slower wind speeds than a tornado, but causes more total damage

True

A hurricane makes landfall midway between New Orleans and Beaumont. New Orleans can expect the greater number of TORNADOES.

True

A stationary front occurs when nothing is happening with respect to the movement of a cold air mass

True

A typical pattern of hurricane movement in the northern hemisphere would be westward in the trades, northward around the subtropical high, then eastward in the westerlies.

True

Air mass source regions are only characterized by flat surfaces.

True

Among the types of thunderstorms, air mass thunderstorms are the most difficult to predict due to the upper level divergence associated with these storms.

True

An air mass is a body of air whose temperature and humidity properties distinguish it from surrounding air masses

True

An occluded front occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front

True

Because of their great need for energy from condensing water vapor, hurricanes form exclusively over oceans where temperatures of at least 80 degrees F are found.

True

Climate zones near the Equator have larger temperature changes from day to night than from month to month.

True

Cold fronts are steeper than warm fronts

True

Cold fronts have steeper slopes than warm fronts

True

Convectional thunderstorms, tornadoes and hurricanes are all low-pressure cells.

True

Downstream from a ridge aloft, the wind direction is northwest

True

Expansion cooling of unsaturated air parcel results in a temperature increase of approximately 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit per 1000 feet

True

Extensive stratocumulus clouds, steep environmental lapse rates and drizzly and rainy days in winter would most characterize regions under the influence of mPp air masses.

True

Hurricanes are generally a few hundred miles in diameter and have a nearly circular pattern of CLOSELY SPACED isobars.

True

Hurricanes tend to dissipate when they move over land.

True

Hurricanes tend to form from pre-existing disturbances and storms within the tropics.

True

Ideal air mass source regions tend to be areas of ANTICYCLONIC air flow and plains or other flattish surfaces.

True

If an air mass were to form over land in the equatorial region, it would most likely be more characteristic of a midlatitude maritime air mass than a continental air mass

True

In North America, there is an mP air mass source region located over the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida.

True

In severe thunderstorms, overshooting cloud tops occur when the storm cloud invades the lower levels of the stratosphere.

True

In terms of geographic extent, Koppens C climates represent the least expansive climatic type -- occupying only 10 percent of the land surface of the Earth

True

In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes tend to recurve into higher latitudes around the Subtropical HIGH pressure cells centered along 30 degrees N/S.

True

In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes tend to recurve into higher latitudes around the Subtropical High-pressure cells centered along 30 degrees N/S.

True

In the United States, the state of Illinois is closely associated with Tornado Alley.

True

In the low latitudes, leeward locations are most typically associated with the EASTERN sides of mountains.

True

Isohyets are lines that connect places of equal rainfall.

True

Middle latitude cyclones tend to die out once all the warm air has risen aloft

True

Most North Atlantic hurricanes eventually swing northward

True

Once formed, tornadoes in the united states tend to move from southwest to northeast in advance of a cold front or dry line.

True

Regarding fronts -- the period of maximum humidity tends to be just before the front passes

True

Ridges and troughs are features of the upper level wind pattern

True

Some deserts have high humidity levels

True

The A climates are characterized by a high sun angle.

True

The boundary between two different air masses is called a front

True

The boundary of an air mass is a region of especially active weather

True

The central United States sees more tornadoes than any other region in the world

True

The cumulus stage is the initial stage of a thunderstorm.

True

The development of cumulonimbus clouds is favored by upper-level divergence.

True

The dissipating stage is the final stage of a thunderstorm.

True

The greatest storm surge tends to develop in the NORTHEAST quadrant of the hurricane

True

The greatest storm surge tends to develop in the NORTHEAST quadrant of the hurricane.

True

The longer an air mass remains over its source region, the more likely it is to take on the characteristics of that source region

True

The mature stage is the second stage of a thunderstorm.

True

The typical tornado that occurs in conjunction with a severe thunderstorm is a very intense CYCLONIC vortex that extends from the gust front of the storm to the surface of the

True

Three basic types of thunderstorms exist. These are orographic, convectional and cyclonic

True

Thunderstorms are severe storms that produce lightening and thunder. They are most closely associated with CUMULONIMBUS clouds.

True

Thunderstorms are severe storms that produce lightning and thunder. They are most closely associated with CUMULONIMBUS clouds.

True

Tornadoes are intense low pressure cells that have, on a seasonal basis, a tendency to follow the Sun

True

Tornadoes are most often associated with middle latitude cyclones

True

Tornadoes take an average of 73 lives each year whereas hurricanes are responsible for about one-third as many deaths

True

Warm air that is lifted along the leading edge of a gust front is called a roll cloud

True

When an air mass is warmer than the surface over which it moves, an inversion is likely

True

When comparing hurricanes and midlatitude cyclones, hurricanes, and fronts both have winds that can exceed 130 miles per hour.

True

When warm fronts are accompanied with cumulombus clouds and thunderstorms, this is usually due to the drastic temperatures differences between the air masses

True

With respect to hurricanes, satellites are primarily used to provide data from early stages of a cyclone in the tropics and subtropics

True

cP air mass source regions in North America are sites of strong, thermally-induced ANTICYCLONES and strong SUBSIDENCE.

True

mTg and mTa air masses tend to be characterized in their source regions by strong surface temperature INVERSIONS and clear skies.

True

At least one month, the temperature averages above 32 degrees F, dominated by the Polar Easterlies wind belt

Tundra

The amount of rotation exhibited by a mass of moving air is called _________

Vorticity

If air is being lifted up a mountain and it is snowing, the air is rising at the ____ and ____ lifting is occurring

WAR, Orographic

The narrowing column of rotating air stretches downward until a portion of the cloud protrudes below a very dark, slowly rotating _________

Wall Cloud

_____________ frequently occur along the Pacific Coast, where milder maritime polar air invade more frigid polar air that had its origin over the continent

Warm-type occluded fronts

The stability of the air would be decreased

When cool air moves over a warmer surface

This is the only climate zone in which precipitation is the defining characteristic

dry

A Mountain or H climate is

a complex of miniature climatic regions often too difficult to map

What option below best characterizes the rainfall distribution at a station, such as New York City, located at about 40 degrees N latitude?

adequate precipitation all year around

A rainshadow occurs in the lee or leeward of a mountain range because

adiabatic warming lowers the relative humidity

Why do most tornadoes in the central United States occur during the spring months

air mass contrasts are greatest

When an area is experiencing several consecutive days of rather constant weather, it is experiencing

air mass weather

A cyclone is

air turning spirally inward round a center of low pressure

The formation of tornadoes is associated with severe thunderstorms cold fronts middle latitude cyclones all of the above

all of the above

The typical hurricane has atmospheric motions that lie within the macroscale mesoscale microscale all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are factors involved in climatic change? A) variations in Solar Output B) changes in the Earth's Orbit C) changes in Atmospheric Turbidity D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following can diminish the intensity of a hurricane moving over land moving over cooler water with less moisture above it significant decrease in large scale air flow aloft all of the above

all of the above

As soon as an air mass begins to move, it can be modified by heating or cooling from the surface condensation rainfall all of these

all of these

Hurricanes generally are larger than tornadoes smaller than midlatitude cyclones areas of heavy rainfall and strong winds all of these

all of these

Thunderstorms can result from thermal convectional cells orographic uplift frontal lifting all of these

all of these

In the context of climate change, what is a forcing agent?

an external force that influences climate change

The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle are examples of locations determined by

astronomy

The gust front occurs

at the leading edge of a thunderstorm downdraft

A wind shift in a counterclockwise direction, as from east to north, is termed ____ wind shift

backing

In North America, the coniferous forest of subarctic climates is referred to as the

boreal forest

Middle latitude deserts and steppes are more common in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere are usually located deep in the interior of a continent are dominated by the subtropical highs both A and B

both A and B

When a hurricane moves onto land, it declines in intensity. Which of the factors listed below contribute to this loss of punch friction lack of warm, moist air heating from below by the land surface both a and b

both a and b

Hurricanes and midlatitude cyclones are similar in that

both are areas of low pressure

What process/es lead to the dissipation of a thunderstorm?

both c and d

How is it possible to reconstruct past climates when no records were available?

by looking at proxy indicators

In North America, the source region for the _____ air mass is usually in the Arctic basin and Greenland Ice cap

Negative Buoyancy would most likely coincide with which of the following air masse

The pronounced cooling that occurs on continents at high latitudes during winter leads to the formation of ____ air masses

Which pair of air masses would produce the most rapid uplift of air along their frontal boundaries based on differences in temperature and moisture?

cP and mT

In North America the ____ air mass forms only in the summer

Which of the following occurs only in summer in North America

Aerosols

can lead to higher nighttime temperatures

What is the name for the combination of an updraft and a downdraft?

cell

Milankovitch cycles include all of the following, except

changes in the distance between the earth and the moon

One of the chief issues with climate change is that

climate can change on more than one scale

Today is January 3. August 16th will see a low of 75 degrees F, a high of 92 degrees F

climatology

Maritime polar air moving into North America usually produces

clouds, fog, drizzle, and cold temperatures

An occluded front is described as

cold air overtakes a warm front causing the warmer air to be lifted

Which of the following characteristics best describes a continental polar air mass

cold, very dry

The taiga is a

coniferous forest

Why do surface wind speeds increase toward the center of a hurricane

conservation of angular momentum

In most deserts there is characteristically

considerable fluctuation of temperature from night to morning

A typical characteristic of Tropical Rainforest climates is

constant high humidity.

An air mass is often modified as it moves over the surface of the Earth. This modification is largely due to

contact with the ground below

There is a saying that islands map themselves in the sky. Such cloud maps are probably the result of

convectional activity

What causes the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm

converging, rising

This type of cloud brings thunderstorms

cumulonimbus

A tornado is a small, very intense example of the

cyclone

The temperature of rising air parcels ____ as they move upward

decreases

Which stage of air mass thunderstorms is dominated by cold air downdrafts

dissipating stage

Hurricanes _____ form north of about 20° latitude because ______:

do not; the water temperature is too low to allow their formation at this latitude.

If the potential evaporation is more than the annual precipitation, the climate is

dry

The Koeppen classification system was developed in the

early-1900s

The heating of an air mass from below as it passes over a warm surface would

enhance instability

During the process of adiabatic cooling, the temperature decreases because the air has

expanded to a larger volume

A cT air mass is warm and humid

false

Air masses remain unchanged as they move out of their source regions.

false

An occluded front covers a narrower area than does a cold front.

false

Every region in the world that is located in the midlatitudes is equally likely to experience tornadoes.

false

Hurricane formation is at its peak in the northern hemisphere Atlantic Ocean from November to December.

false

Hurricane initially form only in the tropics because there is a stronger coriolis near the Equator.

false

If you are in between the warm front and the cold front in a mid-latitude traveling cyclone the weather is cold and dry.

false

In the Huntsville area, orographic uplift is the main cause of precipitation during the summer.

false

Midlatitude traveling cyclones develop along the boundary between the Northeast trades and the Westerlies.

false

Most hurricanes form within one or two degrees of the equator.

false

Most tornadoes that occur in the United States occur during the summer.

false

Source regions are characterized by strong upper level winds that act to drive air masses out of the source region area.

false

Squall lines can form only along frontal boundaries - not in advance of the frontal boundaries.

false

The cool breeze that occurs in association with a summertime thunderstorm is caused by a cold air mass moving into the area.

false

Air mass thunderstorms frequently occur in what type of air mass

Tornadoes, unlike hurricanes, are examples of extreme high pressure systems.

false

When a tornado passes over an area, the air pressure increases. This refers to atmospheric pressure - not wind pressure)

false

When tornadoes and hurricanes pass over the area, the air pressure increases.

false

Winds from hurricanes are the cause of the biggest hurricane related death a destruction.

false

An air mass from the Gulf of Mexico is called

Koeppen had this many primary climates in his classification system:

five: A- Tropical B- Dry C- Mild Mid-latitude D- Severe Midlatitude E- Polar

What is a climograph and how is it used in the study of climate?

graph that shows/compares both temperature and precipitation of an area

Mediterranean climates are noted particularly for

having summers that are virtually rainless

An adiabatic process is one in which the

heat exchanged with the surroundings is zero

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Subarctic climates?

heavy winter snow

In the middle latitudes

high pressure cells bring clear, cloudless weather

Summer in a Humid Subtropical climate is uncomfortable because of

high temperatures and high humidity

In the Koeppen system, the type of climates that are unique because their distribution is not governed by geographic location but by topography, are the

highland climates

Normally, much of the good or fair weather of the Northern Hemisphere is associated with

highs

If you were told that a large continental tropical air mass was approaching the area where you lived, which of the following would most likely represent the weather sequence to be expected

hot, fair, and dry conditions

Storm Surge is most closely associated with

hurricanes

No soils, no vegetation.

icecap climate

An example of climatic boundary condition change would be

if the output of the sun were to increase or decrease

It is springtime. Thunderstorms are scattered throughout the area. Condensation drips off your can of beer and it warms before you can drink it. You are most likely

in a maritime tropical air mass

The largest rain area associated with a midlatitude cyclone is located

in advance of the warm front

Deforestation does all of the following, except

increase in evapotranspiration

Millennial-scale oscillations

indicate the earth flips back and forth between warmer states and colder states

Which air mass brings in the foul weather called Nor-Easters

mPa

What are proxy indicators?

insight into the past climates using geological/biological indicators

The cP air mass in North America originates in

interior Alaska and Canada

Carbon dioxide

is a greenhouse gas that may hold the key to important climactic changes

The eccentricity of Earth's orbit

is currently zero, meaning Earth has a circular orbit

Intertropical front weather

is mostly in the form of thunderstorms

The monsoonal climate

is typical in tropical coastal areas

Hurricanes and typhoons are both names for

large, low pressure cells of tropical origin

Polar climates exist based on

latitude

This plays the smallest role in Koeppen's classification system

latitude

The most important determinant of temperature overall is

lattitude

Which of the numbers listed below best represents the percentage of thunderstorms that produce tornadoes

less than 1 percent

Polar climates

lose much solar radiation heat to reflection and ice melting

Although the Subarctic and Tundra climates generally have small precipitation totals, they are considered humid. The reason for this is

low temperatures mean only a small loss to evaporation

Which of the following is not an air mass that influences North America

The ____ air mass often originates as a different air mass in Siberia and is subsequently altered

What air mass is associated with this type of weather: Low clouds and showers in winter

The ____ air mass provides much of the moisture for precipitation in the central and eastern United States

The polar front consists of

mT air of the westerlies meeting cP air of the Polar Easterlies

What air mass would normally dominate Houston

mTa and mTg

Which type of air mass usually contains considerable water vapor

marine air mass

The typical air mass originating over oceans in the latitude zone -- 25 to 35 degrees N and S -- is

maritime tropical

The two most important properties that should be relatively homogeneous at the same altitude in an air mass are

moisture content and temperature

Why is very humid air near the surface a necessary ingredient for severe thunderstorms

more latent heat is then available as energy for the storm

Does either precipitation or lightning occur during the early cumulus-development stage?

Why are cT air masses of minor importance in the United States

no large source region is near the United States

Basically, there are three reasons that air rises. The types of precipitation that result when air rises for these reasons is called orographic, cyclonic, and conductional convectional, conductional, and radiational cyclonic, convectional, and conductional none of these

none of these

Large-scale human impacts on the climate may have started how long ago?

only 200 years ago

Wind against a mountain

orographic

Which one of the follow occurrences produces the expansion and cooling needed to produce clouds

positive buoyancy

The Koeppen "B" climate zone is the only one that is determined strictly by

precipitation

If moist winds blow across a high mountain, what kinds of weather conditions would be expected and where

precipitation and clouds on the windward side and at the top

Why do hurricanes in the Atlantic move toward the west during their early stages

prevailing winds are from the east

Why are maritime air masses from the north Atlantic of only limited concern for weather in the United States

prevailing winds move them away from the United States

Rain long foretold, long last; short notice, soon past. The first five words of this weather proverb

refer to a warm front

The principal reasons for aridity in cold midlatitude deserts is

remoteness from sources of moisture

The main distinguishing factor between the three tropical climate types is ____________

seasonal behavior of rainfall

Which of the following primary climates is most likely to be closest to a pole?

sever mid-latitude

In which of the following places are thunderstorms most common

southern Mississippi

Seasonal variation of temperature is at a maximum for ____ climates

subarctic

Which of the following will not cause air to become more unstable

subsidence of an air column

Convectional thunderstorms are most common in

summer

The primary parameters of a climatological classification system are:

temperature and moisture

In the Koeppen system of climate classification, generally the first letter stands for ____________ and the second letter stands for ____________.

temperature; precipitation

A generally accepted boundary beyond which trees will NOT grow is

the 50 degree F isotherm

When the atmosphere is stable with respect to the air parcel prior to saturation, but unstable with respect to the air parcel with it becomes saturated then

the ELR is between the DAR and WAR

A period of minimal sunspot activity between 1645 and 1715 is known

the Maunder Minimum

The producer of many low pressure disturbances over North America in winter is

the Pacific mP air mass

According to the Koeppen system, an A climate is one in which

the average temperature for all months is greater than 18 degrees C

Midlatitude cyclonic storms dominate the weather of the United States

the cooler 6 months

What is the largest climate modifier in the southern hemisphere?

the fact that a very large portion of the southern hemisphere's surface area is composed of water

Climate consists of all of the following, except:

the high temperature for a given day

Climate consists of all the following, except

the high temperature for a given day

Maritime polar air masses in the Northern Hemisphere most often influence

the northwest region of continents

The second letter of the Koeppen letter code gives information about

the precipitation characteristics of the climate subtype

What does the term mesocyclone refer to in reference to a tornado

the rotation motion of the parent thunderstorm

All of the following are true about tropical climates, except

their climates are substantially affected by the movement of Hadley cells

General circulation models have all of the following characteristics, except

they achieve roughly the same results

The most violent, erratic, and unpredictable type of cyclonic storm known is the

tornado

The Fujita Intensity Scale or F scale, is applied to

tornadoes

What general circulation wind belt is the place of origin for hurricanes

trade winds

A Koeppen Climate that has an average temperature for all months grater than 18 degrees C (64 degrees F) is a __________ type of climate.

tropical

A climate that has approximately six months of dry weather and a corresponding six months of wet weather would be a(n) ____________ climate.

tropical (monsoonal)

A strong low pressure system over the eastern U.S. can draw moist air (and stormy conditions) into the Northeastern U.S. even though this area lies in the Westerlies.

true

After the passage of a warm front, temperatures increase

true

An initial cap or inversion is required for the formation of a supercell/severe thunderstorm to develop.

true

Cold fronts have a steeper frontal slope than warm fronts

true

Condensation in the funnel of a tornado produces its characteristic white color.

true

Cyclones are characterized by stormy weather.

true

Fronts are named on the basis of which air mass replaces the one that was formerly in the area.

true

In an anticyclone, air flows downward and outward.

true

In the area behind a cold front, the air would flow from the west/northwest

true

In the wintertime, precipitation in the interior of the U.S. is generated by low pressure, cyclonic storms, whereas during the summertime, it is generated by the flow of air out of the Bermuda High and into the interior of the east coast of the U.S..

true

Just prior to, and during, the passage of a cold front, the pressure drops.

true

Positively charged lightning is more powerful than negatively charged lightning.

true

Severe thunderstorms are characterized by severe wind shear that tilts the clouds.

true

Source regions tend to occur in areas where air subsides.

true

Storm surges along coasts produce more damage than the winds of a hurricane.

true

Storm surges are caused by low atmospheric pressure and wind.

true

Supercell thunderstorms would tend to have mammatus clouds associated with them

true

The cloud type that is most likely present when a warm front is overhead is the nimbostratus cloud.

true

The energy that drives hurricanes is derived from condensation.

true

The lowest pressure in a midlatitude traveling cyclone is at the junction of the warm front and cold front.

true

The symbol for a warm front on a weather map is a red line with semicircles on one side.

true

The westerlies, easterlies, and high pressure areas are a few of the main steering mechanisms of hurricanes.

true

Uplift of air is required for a cumulonimbus cloud to form.

true

When a tornado approaches your house, do NOT try to open the windows.

true

Wind speeds can reach 300 miles per hour in a tornado.

true

in the area behind the warm front in a Midlatitude wave cyclone, the wind would blow from a southerly direction.

true

mP Pacific air masses often originate over Asia as cP air masses and become unstable as they move over the Pacific Ocean towards North America.

true

The ____ supports some plant life but no trees

tundra climate

Which of the following statements is NOT true of tornadoes

usually occur along the warm front of a midlatitude cyclone

A cA air mass would produce

very cold, dry conditions

If Central Canada, during the wintertime, were engulfed in a cP air mass, what type of weather would you expect

very dry and cold conditions

Should Earth be considered a "warm" planet or a "cold" planet? Explain your response.

warm

A cT air mass is

warm and dry

When warm air overtakes cold air

warm front

In terms of cloud cover, occluded front weather is most like

warm front weather

Which of these pairs of processes, working together, will make the atmosphere most unstable

warm the surface and cool the air aloft

Absolute stability prevails

when the lapse rate is less than the wet adiabatic rate

An air mass is a body of air

whose temperature and humidity properties distinguish it from surrounding air

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