GEOG 271 Test 2
Factors that account for the corn belt's decline in agricultural production during the past few decades, especially as compared to the region's tertiary and quaternary sectors?
- less profitable land are no longer used as intensively -converted to nonagricultural uses, livestock ranching -financial pressure - entrepreneurship, government centers, medical centers, diversification
Sugar industry in Hawaii
-1830s sugar plantations were first established on the Big Island and Oahu -primary industry soon spread to the other islands -limitations of labor and water existed -irrigation systems were developed -by the 1930s, there existed approximately 50000 field workers and 10000 sugar mill workers -Since WW2 sugar production has decreased, due to a variety of factors including high transportation costs and reduced priced supports -after harvest, in December 2016 Hawaii's last sugarcane company, closed operations
Population on Hawaii
-2/3 of the state's population lives on Oahu -Honolulu serves as a core, dominating economy and politics but can suffer from crowding, commercialism, pollution, and traffic
Economy of Coastal South
-Agriculture --Citrus fruits ---80% of nation's grapefruit and oranges ---limes, lemons, tangerines ---cannot tolerate frost --rice ---Texas and Louisiana ---also produce tomatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, and radishes in the winter months --sugar cane ---exclusive to coastal south ---Florida and Louisiana leading producers ---cane must be cut by hand --commercial fishing ---second to only Alaska in total volume of seafood ---eg shrimping, coastal Texas and Louisiana -government and military service --eg. Charleston, SC and Savannah, GA ---Navy and Air Force bases --creates a demand for civilian goods ---housing, education, transportation -"intercoastal waterway" -"Houston Ship Channel" -space program --eg. Houston and NASA -destination resort --1970- Walt Disney World, Orlando Florida ---Warm climate, year round operation ---Orlando had well-developed network of freeways and industrial highways --43 square miles --only Las Vegas has more hotel rooms than Orlando -Tourism and the cruise ship industry --since 1997, cruise vacationers increased more than 10x --departure ports in Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Tampa, New Orleans, Galveston --most ships have over 1000 crew --many cruise ship members come from less developed countries and send much of their pay back to their home countries -retirement migration --the movement of older persons to self-selected retirement destinations within the US -- 1940s-1970s coastal Florida favored retirement destination for US retirees --eastern North Carolina, Florida Panhandle, Gulf Coast from Alabama to Texas still attracts retirees --Coastal South now out of price range for most middle-class retirees
Great Plains Climate and weather
-Blue Norther -Chinook Winds -precipitation is lowest in west --grasses taller and more dens in east, shorter and relatively sparse in the west
4 largest metropolitan areas, with their 2010 decennial population
-Chicago-Naperville-Joilet, IL-IN-WI 9580567 -Detroit-Wanen-Livonia, MI 4103437 -Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomingtown MN-WI 3269814 St. Louis- MO-IL 2828990
Historical cultural geography
-Indonesian and Philippine settlers -late 17th century, became a Spanish colony -2 centuries later (1898) ceded to the US - Today, with a population of 163000, Guam's identity is largely around its function as a US military base
source areas of the groups of immigrants that established distinctive ethnic enclaves in Chicago
-Italy -China - (as well as Poland, Russia, Lithuania)
Hawaii's ethnic diversity
-considered to be a cultural crossroads of the Pacific
Island Biogeography of Hawaii
-contains many unique flora and fauna -95% of its species is endemic
Historical settlement of the Coastal South
-cultural influences of French and Spanish settlement --land boundary patterns, churches, house types --Mardi Gras -popular myth of "hillbilly" -earliest settlers of Appalachia --Scots-Irish, English, Germans --Settlement late in colonial era ---late 1700s --entered Great Valley in Southern Pennsylvania, moved South into Virginia -post independence arrivals --adequate flat land for farms (25-50 acres) --forests with abundant game -African slaves --cultural influences remain in music, food habits, speech patterns, and architectural styles -Gullah -refugees --Cuban --Vietnamese ---especially agglomerated on Gulf Coast between New Orleans and Corpus Christi
Factors that have caused some communities' manufacturing activity to increase since late 1980s
-economy not dependent on military contracts -foreign direct investment -diversified industrial bases
Historical settlement of Megalopolis
-situation=aspects of region's location relative to other places -good location relative to Europe for trade and immigration -fortuitous location long the Europe-Caribbean and South American trade route -good accessibility --good harbors --routes to the interior (natural and man-made) --great stop-off/service point for others conducting trade -colonial port cities --Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore --colonial economy focused on export of raw materials to Europe --all 10 largest cities in the first 1790 US census were port cities
Megalopolis
-term initially coined by French geographer Jean Gottman (1961) for large population agglomeration from Boston to Washington DC -now, any agglomeration of large, coalescing super cities -"BosWash" -metropolitan coalescence
Megalopolis Today
-urbanness the dominant theme, but rural areas persist -10 major metropolitan areas of over 1 million people, plus numerous small cities -17% of total US population -1.5% of total land area -17% of all US export trade through its 6 major ports -higher than average proportion of white collar employment -a region of international significance
advantages of the region for early industrial development that turned it into a major manufacturing center
-well equipped with nearby natural resources -took advantage of natural and human made transportation -labor was abundant
What landforms in the Great Lakes-Corn Belt region provide evidence of glaciation
-where the glacifer was located, lands are more flat -where the glacier wasn't is hiller, soil is less fertile -driftless area- not glacierized -lakes and rivers were formed, great lakes too
Human trafficking in Great Plains
800 people sold in NE a month
Spatial patterns of the great lake's climate effects
Areas east to south of the lakes tend to be relatively cloud and humid, with cooler summers and milder winters experience heavy winter snowfalls as winds blowing across the lakes in the winter pick up moisture and deposit it in the form of snow on cities, towns, and rural areas Western Michigan- proximity of lake results in longer growing season. Relative frequency of frost-free days made the area an important producer of fruits
Demographics of Hawaii
Demographically Caucasians and Japanese are the largest groups today, greatly outnumbering Pacific Islanders and native Hawaiians The majority of Honolulu census tracts have at least 10% of the three major-groups (Caucasians, Japanese, and Chinese) The island of Niihau, owned by the state of Hawaii, is reserved for native Hawaiians and has an estimated 250 residents
Which area has North America's largest concentration of Arab Americans, especially around the city of Dearborn
Detroit
What rust belt cities are still associated with each of the following well-known products:
Detroit- automobiles Pittsburgh- steel Milwakee-beer Battle Creek, Michigan- breakfast cereals Rochester Minnesota- medical care
Variety of factors of agriculture in Megalopolis
Due to a variety of factors- including high land values and limited space, land use changes in agriculture have largely shifted to table or specialty crops. These include dairy products, tomatoes, lettuce, berries, and vegetables, Table and specialty crops are perishable, of high value, and require considerably less land to produce
why do the authors argue that the chicago metropolitan area should be defined as a global city?
Economic and transportation connections extend toplaces throughout the world
Factors that helped make the great lakes corn belt region one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world
Fertile souls, adequate water availability, excellent transportation, technology, favorable government policy, work ethic and sheer experience of so many farmers
Hawaii Founding
For centuries, Hawaii was an independent monarchy -1893 it became a republic -1900 it became a territory of the US -1959 it became the 50th state -Contentious issues today include that of language, culture, politics, tourism and environmental impacts. -Independence movements and discussions of succession occur -Many native Hawaiians argue that the Kingdom of Hawaii still legally exists
Describe the progression of the mean center of population for the United States from 1790 to 2010
Has moved across this region during the past 200 years, although it continues to move southward and westward
Montgomery, AL
In Montgomery is the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, which was headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1955 when Parks refused to move to back of the bus. Also the site of the Southern Poverty Law Center, founded in 1971, argues civil rights and other discrimination cases and tracks the activities of hate groups in the United States
New Deal in Inland South
In the 1930s, the New Deal brought large numbers of public works projects to the South. The Rural Electrification Administration forced utilities to provide electricity to rural southerners who previously lived without it, and the Tennessee Valley Authority provided public power, flood control, and numerous jobs to Tennessee, northern Alabama, and nearby areas in the heart of the south
According to the textbook authors, which states make up the great Lakes and Corn Belt region?
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri
Describe why the Mayo Clinic of Rochester, Minnesota is famous
Paid associates salaries rather than encouraging them to treat patients for their own profit. profits earned were used to improve quality of patient care and promote medical research
Heroes of the Confederacy
have been long memorialized throughout the Inland South. Numerous courthouse squares in the region contain statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and other Confederate heroes
New York City
home to 20 million people. Covering 3 states, the city consists of 5 boroughs including Manhattan and the outer boroughs of the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island
Coal producing areas in Inland South
Southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky have also been important coal production areas. Coal from these areas has been historically sent to Pittsburgh and other steel-producing areas. Coal mining is very dirty and very dangerous work. For many years, the coal-producing regions of the Appalachians were known for long-standing and sometimes violent clashes between miners and their employers over wages, mine safety, working conditions, and other issues. In some areas, underground mining was replaced by strip mining Strip mining requires much less labor and is not nearly as dangerous as underground coal mining, but it can and often has caused extensive environmental damage One of the primary environmental issues in parts of the South today is mountaintop removal
Hawaii is the only US state where....
humpback whales mate, give birth, and nurse their young. Almost 1/2 of the humpback whales in the North Pacific return to Hawaii every year
Trail of Tears
in 1830, president Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the large scale removal and resettlement of Native Americans to Indian Territory in what is not eastern Oklahoma. During the 1830s, thousands of Cherokees, Chocataws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles were forcibly relocated to Oklahoma along what came to be known as the trail of tears Many perished along the way, but descendants of the survivors remain numerous in Oklahoma today
Secession patterns in the Inland South
major reason for the secession of the Southern states and the beginning of the war between the states was the fact that much of the agriculture in the region was dependent on plantation crops. It was believed that success in farming these crops depended on slave labor
Baltimore's Inner Harbor
often seen as a model of urban redevelopment in the late 20th century, nonetheless, contemporary geographic concerns within the city include, among others, racial tension, urban decay, white flight, and urban redevelopment
State of Hawaii
part of a chain (archipelago) of islands and submerged volcanoes that extend 3600 miles west and north from the Big Island of Hawaii to the Aleutian trench off Alaska. The Hawaiian archipelago consists of eight inhabited islands and approximately 120 uninhabited islands located near the center of the North Pacific Ocean. Midway Atoll is designated as an insular area under the authority of the US Department of the Interior with a resident population of about 60 people
Visible evidences of the widespread use of the township and range land survey system across the Midwestern US
rectangular patterns of highways, secondary roads, and fields grid systems in major cities and other cities and towns in the region
Asian Carp and concern in the great lakes and corn belt region
species of fish from eastern asia that have both carelessly and intentionally been introduced to many fresh water bodies in North America. They have few predators consume food other species depend on and can spawn a multitude offspring in one season. They also cause human injuries
The Hawai'ian Islands
the tops of volcanoes formed as the Pacific Plate moved over a hotspots Most of the volcanoes of this chain are now submerged In the state of Hawaii itself the northwestern Island of Kauai and Niihau are the oldest of the inhabited islands and were formed about 5 million years ago. The islands to the south and east of Kauai are successively younger, with the Big Island being the youngest of the Hawaiian islands. An active submarine volcano, the Loihi Seamont, is already forming about 20 miles off of the southern coast of the Big Island. The Top of the Loihi Seamont is now only 3000 feet below the ocean surface.
NASCAR
throughout the Inland South, auto enthusiasts have long gotten together to race cars on dirt tracks. NASCAR (National association of stock car auto racing) was founded in 1953, allowing many drivers to compete professionally. Most NASCAR races took place in the Inland South throughout the 1960s and 1970s, after which the sport began to expand nationwide. NASCAR's headquarters were established in Charlotte, North Carolina, which is also the home of a NASCAR museum. Today, NASCAR tracks and competitions are found throughout the country and leading NASCAR drivers are household names
Transportation in the 19th century fostered easy movement (aka diffusion) of people and goods?
water transportation along rivers steam railroads construction of locks and dams, Erie Canal, dredging of Chicago River
Physical geography in Inland South
within the South local differences of culture and economy are related to basic differences in physical geography. Since colonial times, these fundamental differences have been important in explaining the political economy of the Inland South, including both internal relationships and relationships between the Inland South and the rest of the world. The inland South includes most of the old Confederacy: parts of Virginia, West Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Arkansas, southern Missouri, northern Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and East Texas
Chesapeake Bay Watershed
within this a multi jurisdictional partnership for restoration exists to address environmental challenges. Each partner works to restore water quality, habitat, and fisheries. The partnership involves education of the 16.6 million people who rely on the catchment's water at 64000 square miles, the Chesapeake Bay watershed is the largest estuary in the US. The catchment or water basin covers portions of 6 states including Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Environmental geography concerns exist including nutrient pollution causing algae blooms and issues of chemical contaminants, air pollution, landscape changes, erosion, and over-fishing
American Samoa
US territory Made up of 7 islands roughly 2600 miles southwest of Hawaii US controlled since 1899 Approx population of 75000 part of a larger culture group that includes the independent country of Samoa
Explain why the Rust Belt City of Youngstown Ohio has been able to rebound from the challenging impacts of postindustrializaiton
Youngstown 2010 plan- leaders were invited to develop the first draft, then was revealed for public feedback
Upland South
a mountainous, hilly, and rolling land, a land of misty ridges, cozy coves, and hidden hollows- long housed a distinctive way of life. Today, this highland culture barely survives, other than in a significantly altered type
Papahanamoukuakea National Monument
covers 139797 square miles "the rainforest of the sea" contains coral reefs and 7000 marine species, many of which are endemic and/or endangered
The state of Hawaii is made up of 8 inhabited islands (southeast to northwest)
"Big Island" (Hawaii), Kahoolawe, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, Niihau
Great Plains landforms
-general rise in elevation from east to west, (1600 ft. east to 5000 ft. west) -some areas flatter than a pancake! --ie, flattening ratio used in Mark Fonstad, William Pugatch, and Brandon Vogt, "Kansas is flatter than a pancake" Annals ofImprobable Research 9 (2003): 16-17 -eroded sediments from Rockies -aeolian created features --eg Nebraska Sandhills -diverse physical and hydrologic features --major rivers running into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico ---Missouri, Platte, Arkansas, Canadian Red --many areas of down-cutting, step geography --gracial "prairie potholes" -topographic variation --Black Halls- geologically part of Rocky Mountains --Sand Hills- Central and Northwestern Nebraska --Bandlands National Park (SD) and Theodore Roosevelt National Park (ND)- desolate, irregular topography from erosion
Describe great lakes and corn belt's general climate
-humid continental climate -winter's are cool to cold and summers are hot, with rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year.
Guam
-largest of the Mariana Islands -located roughly 3700 miles west of Hawaii -
Environmental setting of Megalopolis
-moderate but not mild climate -variable soils -physiographic provinces --Appalachians --Atlantic coastal plain ---estuaries ----forming good harbors ---marshes ---beaches -Piedmont --low, rolling hills --eastern boundary of the fall line ---area of steep cliffs, rapids, and waterfalls as rivers flow from hard rocks of higher Piedmont onto softer rocks of coastal plain ---marks highest navigable point on rivers ---provided power for water mills, early factories ---early settlements along included Trenton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond -climate --temperature, year round precipitation ---Northern: long cold winters, short relatively cooler summers ---Southern: humid, subtropical, hot summers, mild winters -land cover --dominant types --urbanized (Megalopolis is the most highly urbanized region in North America) --farmland --forest land -estuaries --transition zones between river and ocean systems (bays, marshes, deltas) --rich plant and animal life --many formed by flooding of glacial valleys after last ice age (when sea levels were lower) --often highly threatened by urbanization
Energy resources in Great Plains
-natural gas --Panhandle field (western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas) world's largest field -Bakken Formation -petroleum --Panhandle field, Wyoming -coal --Montana, Wyoming now leading coal-producing state -wind --developing sector
Culture, People, and Places of Megalopolis
-problems of accessibility and density --densely packed activity sites --high interaction levels --aggravating circumstances in Megalopolis ---large # of densely populated urban areas ---location on coast, creating problems of land movement (need for bridges, tunnels) --approaches ---increase capacity (eg: wider roads) --- more efficient use (eg: carpooling, public transit) ---combination of private and public transit (eg high occupancy vehicle lanes)
Push and pull factors that encouraged African Americans to leave their homes in the South to seek new lives in northern cities during the Great Migration
-push= institutionalized racism, segregation, lynchings, beatings, limited economic and educational opportunities -pull= jobs at higher wages, call to freedom, opportunity for equity
Main themes of cultural geography of rap music in Detroit
-segregation, racial divide, fear of integration, boundary symbolism, declining property values
Describe the general topography of the great lakes corn belt region
-significant portion of America's large central lowland -between Appalachian and Rocky Mountains -varies from flat to rolling hills, with little relief -lakes and river networks -low elevations
Spatial patterns of specific types of farming in the northern and south parts of the great lakes corn belt region
Dairy farming in the northern part, whose cooler climate and short growing season preclude competitive corn, cattle, and hey production Fruit is produced in Southwestern Ontario, western Michigan, warm waters of lakes retard winter freezing
Old Northwest
Territory bounded on the north by the great lakes, the west by the mississippi and the south by the Ohio River
music industry in Tennessee
burgeoning music industry -Memphis is often called the home of the blues and the birthplace of rock and roll -many of the nation's great blues singers and bands of the 1920s and 1930s got their start in clubs on Beale street and Elvis Presley recorded his first hit songs at Sun Records, near downtown Memphis. -This studio was declared a national historical landmark in 2003 -Nashville, Tennessee is known as the music city and country music capital of the world, and is home to the Grand Ole Opry and the Country Music Hall of Fame. Many of country music's biggest stars got their starts in the clubs and recording studios along 16th Avenue in Nashville.
Outdoor recreation activities in Hawaii
locals and tourists
Explain why the Great-Lakes Corn Belt region is often referred to as "the Heartland" of the US
located near the geographic center of North America. Reinforced by excellent transportation network, like veins to a heart. Perception of truly "American Values" are the norm.