geography (1st year) (summer tests)

what is the inner city?

- it is beside or around the CBD and is mostly made up of run down houses,apartments and factories

give 2 ways in which residential accommodation has changed in recent times

-bathroom inside -more insulation (in the walls and in the attic)

what happens in freeze-thaw

-during the day,water seeps into crack in the rock -by night,the water freezes and expands.This makes the cracks bigger on the rock -after this process is repeated,the rock splits.Sharp pieces break off.These are called scree

name some of the attractions the Burren National Park has for tourists

-flora -fauna -landscape -history

name the influences on mass movement

-gradient -water content -human activity -vegatation

in relation to a nmed developing city that you have studied,list 2 problems that exist there

-high birth rate -high death rate

explain the 2nd stage of a river

-in the mature stage,the river has a gentler gradient -the valley also has a wider floor and the sides are more gently sloping

explain the 3rd stage of a river

-in the old stage,the river has an almost flat gradient -the valley also has a wide,flat floor and gentle sides

explain the 1st stage of a river

-in the youthful stage,the river has a steep gradient -the valley also has a narrow floor and steep sides

describe the effects of a landslide on an area

-it can destroy houses -it can destroy roads and bridges -costs a lot of money to rebuild

what are the impacts of that mudflow?

-it causes deaths -destroys houses -leaves people homeless

explain the term bogburst

-it occurs when peat gets saturated with water after heavy rainfall,making the peat heavier -because the peat is too heavy,it slides off.This is called a bogburst

name some of the benefits on having increased tourism in the Burren

-more jobs -reduces out-migration -more money

name some of the disadvantages of increased tourism in the Burren

-people might damage the landscape -air pollution -increased traffic -urban sprawl

list 2 periods in the growth of Dublin city

-the Celtic Tiger -

list 2 problems that are in the inner city

-unemployment -crime

how are stalagmites formed?

-when drops of water fall to the floor and evaporate,they also deposit some calcite -these deposits build up in a conical shape to form a stalagmite

explain the term water content

-when it rains,the water saturates the regolith and makes it heavier,causing the regolith to slide off

what is carbonation?

-when rain falls it takes in carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere -the carbon dioxide mixes with the rainwater,turning it into a weak carbonic acid -limestone contains calcium carbonate.The weak acid rain reacts with the carbonic acid and slowly dissolves it -this process is called carbonation

what is a swallow hole?

-when rivers flow onto a bare limestone surface,water begins to dissolve the limestone by carbonation. -the water widens the joints and bedding planes -soon the river disappears from the surface and begins to flow underground -the passage through which the river disappears is called a swallow hole

explain how volcanic activity can cause a mudflow

-when the volcano erupts,it throws out huge amounts of ash and steam -the heat from the eruption melts the snow on the volcano -the snow melts into water -the water flows down the volcano,picking up ash,soil and rock on its way -water+ash or soil=mudflow

explain the term human activity

-when there is not enough space to build,for example,roads,people have to cut into the sides of hills -this makes the hill unstable,causing a landslide

how are stalactites formed?

-when water containing dissolved limestone seeps through the cave or cavern,some drops hang from the roof -these deposits build up slowly over thousand of years and hang from the roof -these are called stalactites

name the 3 stages of a river

-youthful stage -mature stage -old stage

the Burren is a major tourist attraction -describe any 2 of these

Flora: one of the reasons that the Burren is well known is because of its varied plant life and the rare plant found there Fauna: another reason that the Burren is well know is because of its wildlife.For example their wildlife includes the green moth (only found in Ireland and Britain)

explain the term tributary

a small river that joins up with a bigger one

explain the term karst

an area of limestone terrance characterized by sinks,ravines and underground streams

how are caves formed?

as the river flows underground,the carbonic acid in the water dissolves the limestone to cut out long tunnels called caves

In Ireland,freeze-thaw is more likely to happen in upland areas.Why?

because it is colder in Ireland,especially during Winter in upland areas

describe one way in which chemical weathering shapes the landscape

carbonation -then rain falls in takes in carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere -the carbon dioxide mixes with the water,turning it into a weak carbon acid -when it hits a bare limestone surface,the water dissolves the limestone creating grikes in the limestone

explain the term terracettes

during soil creep,soil gathers in a series of steps called terracettes

describe the Celtic Tiger

during the Celtic Tiger,well known companies overseas,moved their HQ to Dublin.This brought more jobs to Dublin,which meant more population

what is mechanical weathering?

it causes rock to be broken up into smaller pieces

what is a limestone pavement?

it is a large area of exposed limestone

describe the term lahar

it is a mudflow that contains volcanic ash and rock

what is a landslide?

it is a very rapid movement of earth and rock down a ateep slope

what is freeze-thaw?

it is the break-up of rock by frost action

what is weathering?

it is the breakdown of rocks that are exposed to the weather

what is erosion?

it is the breaking down of rocks and the removal of the particles that result

what is soil creep?

it is the downslope movement of soil under the influence of gravity.It is also the slowest form of mass movement

explain the term bedding planes

it is the line in rocks that separates 2 layers ar strata

what is mass movement?

it is the movement downslope of any loose material under the influence of gravity

what is denudation?

it is the process of weathering and erosion constantly wear away the rocks on the earths surface

explain the term chemical weathering

it occurs when rocks decay or dissolve because of a chemical change

what is a karst landscape?

limestone landscape (a large area of limestone)

describe the term scree

loose pieces of rock with sharp edges which are broken off by freeze-that and gather at the end of a slope

describe the term gradient

mass movement is faster when the slope is steep (a steep slope)

what is the fastest form of mass movement

mudflow

how are pillars formed?

over time,the stalactites and stalagmites build up and join together to form pillars

what is the slowest form of mass movement

soil creep

how are caverns formed?

sometimes,the cave is enlarged to form a large chamber called a cavern

what are stalagmites?

the are tiny deposits of calcite in an icicle-like shape building up from the ground of a cavern

explain the term river basin

the area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries

explain the term watershed

the high ground that separates one river bank from another

explain the term regolith

the loose material that is under the influence of gravity,during mass movement

explain the term estuary

the part of a river mouth that is tidal

explain the term source

the point where a river begins

explain the term mouth

the point where a river enters the sea

explain the term confluence

the point where a tributary joins a river

explain the term vegetation

the roots of trees and plants bind the regolith together.This slows down the rate of mass movement

explain the term course

the route taken by a river as it flows into the sea

give an example of a mudflow that had a huge impact

the volcano of Nevado del Ruiz

what are mudflows?

they are moving rivers of rock,soil and water.It is the fastest form of mass movement

what are clints?

they are the blocks of limestone that remain after the process of carbonation

what are grikes?

they are the cracks in limestone which are widened and deepened after the process of carbonation

what are pillars?

they are tiny deposits of calcite in a pole-like shape from the ground and the ceiling

what are stalactites?

they are tiny of calcite in an icicle-like shape hanging from the ceiling of a cavern