Geography 2/9/16 2:12
Islam
"submission" to the will of God; springs from Judaic roots; many similar beliefs
Weberian analysis
(syn. least-cost theory) the view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable
The worlds NIR in the first decade of the 21st century is...?
1.2%
Sudan emerged as a center of Islamic fundamentalism in the region as a result of:
1989 overthrow of democratic government by theocratic regime and 2001 recognition of Al Qaeda cells in Sudan.
profit maximization
A method of setting prices that occurs when marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
Another legacy of colonialism in the Caribbean was the migration of indentured laborers to replace freed slaves in the mid-1800's. All of the following colonial relationships were correct EXCEPT:
French Guiana imported labor from China.
The Russian domain provides the world's largest example of a high-latitude continental climate. This explains why:
Growing seasons are short, limiting agricultural output, distances are large, making it difficult to transport goods across the region, and ports are limited, since northern coastlines are frozen most of the time.
Places have both physical and human characteristics. Choose H if the item describes a human characteristic. Choose P if the item describes a physical characteristic.
H In Canada, tension exists between French- and English-speaking people. P Coal deposits were found in the hills of Pennsylvania. H The United Kingdom's government is a constitutional monarchy. P Hawaii is an island. H The European Union (EU) has twenty-seven members. P The United States is north of Mexico and south of Canada H Tourism is the main economic activity in the Dominican Republic
Haitian ra-ra music is:
Highly political, with references to Voodoo and African pride and a mixture of percussion, saxophones and bamboo trumpets.
Asian Tigers
Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore are sometime referred to as the "Four Asian Tigers" because of their rapid industrial economic growth.
Locational Interdependence
Hotellings theory of locational interdependence asserts that an industry's locational choices are heavily influenced by the location of their chief competitors and related industries. In other words, industries do not make isolated decisions on locations without considering where other, related industries exist.
In many countries, work performed by women is not completely included in economic statistics measuring employment or productivity because:
Household and agricultural work is generally unpaid.
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Climate found between 30 and 60 north latitude, having 4 distinct seasons and a wide variety of plant life. (Most of eastern Europe.)
Humid Continental
Southeastern China, Southern South Korea, Southern Japan, Northern Taiwan are located in what climate zone?
Humid subtropical
According to the data on aids, which of these statements is INCORRECT?
Infant mortality rate for females with AIDS is greater than males.
What is IMR?
Infant mortality rate. The annual number of deaths of infants under one year old compared to number of live births.
What countries does the Southeast Asian region include?
Islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Philippines.
How is NIR in stage 3?
It declines.
Which nation is made up of four main islands (Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku) and thousands of smaller islands?
Japan
Opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, which attempts to control greenhouse gas emissions, results from concerns that international emission controls will:
Limit economic growth, slow economic development, increase the cost of living, and unfairly target certain countries, such as the US, but not other countries, such as China.
Blended languages spoken by island natives throughout the Caribbean include all of the following BUT:
Lingua franca.
Conglomerate corporation
Massive corporation operating a collection of smaller companies that provide it with specific services in its production process.
As the shift from communism to capitalism continues in Eastern Europe, successful economic transitions are taking place in all BUT:
Moldova.
The Russian domain is comprised of Russia plus all of the following countries EXCEPT:
Moldova.
Implications of Russia's demographic crisis include:
More elderly persons who will be supported by fewer productive workers, overall population loss throughout the Russian domain, and continued economic instability
On the map of Asia, the star is marking which of the following countries? https://goo.gl/KRsE4n
North Korea
Place names have what kind of origins in Brazil?
Portuguese.
outsourcing: 1
Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale
What is the most commonly practiced religion in Japan?
Shinto
Which of the following languages is NOT unique to Sub-Saharan Africa?
Somali.
Which of the following rivers has a unique form?
The Han River
The map below identifies which of the following rivers?
The Yangtze River
Literacy
The ability to read and write, it is a key ingredient in being an informed and active citizen of the United States.
Absolute location
The exact position of a place on the earth's surface.
Overpopulation
The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Total Fertility Rate
The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
Continents
The seven large land masses on Earth
What are resources?
The substances found on Earth that are useful to people.
What did the Aztecs learn to do that changed their migratory habits?
They irrigated and reclaimed swampland so that they could farm.
fact
This is a statement that can be proved to be true.
Climate
This refers to weather and atmospheric conditions measured over a long period of time.
As the Russian Empire grew, it assimilated or allied with all of the following groups EXCEPT the:
Tsars.
Deglomeration
Unclumping of industries because of the negative effects and higher costs associated with overcrowding.
Which of the following countries did NOT rule or occupy Hong Kong?
United States
city-state
a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
Expansion diffusion
a form of diffusion in which the cultural component spreads outward to new places while remaining strong in its original hearth
ethnic conclave
a gathering of an ethnic group
vernacular region
a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; popular region
mentifact
abstract belief systems
mobility
all types of human territorial movement
ethnic enclave
cluster of an ethnic population
social dialect
denote social class and educational level
muslim pilgrimage
hajj
The weather conditions generally associated with a continental climate are
hot summers and cold winters.
Personal Space
how people distance themselves from one another
natural increase
increases or decreases due to migration are not included
awareness space
knowledge of opportunity locations beyond normal activity space
gravity model
mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places based on distance and population
density
measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area
multilingual
more than one language spoken
natural selection
or adaptation - characteristics that are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environment conditions, such as climate
folklore
oral tradition of a group; includes proverbs, prayers, common expressions, superstitions, beliefs, narrative tales, and legends
language
organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with each other with mutual comprehension
toponym
place names
ethnic group
populations that feel themselves bound together by a common origin and set off from other groups by ties of culture, race, religion, language, or nationality
pull factor
positive attractions of the migration destination
Geodemographic analysis
practice of assessing the location and composition of particular populations.
demographic transition
relationship between population growth and economic development; traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality associated with industrialization and urbanization
culture
specialized behavioral patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems
where is the source of the rhine river
swiss alps
terrorism
systematic open and covert action employing fear and terror as a means of political coercion
survey systems
systems that are used to collect data
geomancy (feng shui)
the Chinese art and science of the placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities
acculturation
the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
spatial distribution
the arrangement of items on the earth's surface
animism
the belief that inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, posses souls
non material culture
the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values , of a group of people
water pollution
the contamination, or poisoning, of lakes, rivers, oceans, and other bodies by harmful compounds such as raw sewage and industrial chemicals
innovation adoption
the diffusion of new ideas
multiplier effect
the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity eg in industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (new plant openings) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrasctructure growth
ethnic island
the dispersed and rural counterparts of urban ethnic neighborhoods
crust
the earth's outermost layer
host society
the established dominant group
Distribution
the frequency or occurrence of something
What is unusual about the Ural Mountains, in spite of their old age?
the high elevation of the mountains
lower mantle
the hottest part of the mantle
personal communication field
the informational counterpart of that person's activity space
technology
the integrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture to successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks
fundamentalism
the interpretation of every word in the sacred text as literal truth
counter migration
the likelihood that as many as 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin (return migration)
Danube River
this river is the second longest in Europe and passes through 10 countries
Zero Population Growth
when the birth rate equals the death rate
pidgin
when two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
complementarity
when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands
core area
(1) the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology (2) the heartland or nucleus of a state, containing its most developed area, greatest wealth, densest populations, and clearest national identity
nonbasic sector
(service sector) those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication
European Union (EU)
(syn Common Market) an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among its members
geometric boundary
(syn artificial boundary) a boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude
functional dispute
(syn boundary dispute) a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration
positional dispute
(syn boundary dispute) disagreement about the actual location of a boundary
territorial dispute
(syn boundary dispute, functional dispute) disagreement between states over the control of surface area
state
(syn country) an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs
behavioral assimilation
(syn cultural assimilation) integration into a common cultural life through shared experience, language, intermarriage, and sense of history; rough equivalent of acculturation
biosphere
(syn ecosphere) the thin film of air, water, and earth within which we love, including the atmosphere, surrounding and subsurface waters, and the upper reaches of the earth's crust
consequent boundary
(syn ethnographic boundary) a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
terminal costs
(syn fixed costs of transportation) the costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for the paperwork involved; costs charged each shipment for terminal facility use and unrelated to distnace of movement or line-haul costs
artificial boundary
(syn geometric boundary) a boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude
uniform plain
(syn isotropic plain) a hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like
transnational corporation (TNC)
(syn multinational corporation) a large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies
physical boundary
(syn natural boundary) a boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers
service sector
(syn nonbasic sector) those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication
line-haul costs
(syn over-the-road costs) the costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs
natural boundary
(syn physical boundary) a boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers
concentric zone model
(syn zonal model) a model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core CBD, each ring housing a distinct type of land use
least-cost theory (Weber)
(syn. Weberian analysis) The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable.
agglomeration economies
(syn. external economies) The savings to an individual enterprise derived for locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.
line-haul costs
(syn. over-the-road costs) The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs.
terminal costs
(syn: fixed costs of transportation) The costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for the paperwork involved; costs charged each shipment for terminal facility use and unrelated to distance of movement of line-haul costs.
least-cost theory
(synonym Weberian analysis) the view that the optimum location ofa manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable
Why does CBR decline in stage 3?
- Improved medical technologies ensure newborns to live a full life, so parents will have less. - People are more likely to work in offices or shops rather than in farms, so they don't need lots of kids to help with chores on the farm.
Approximately how many new rice consumers will be added in Asia in the next 10 years?
1 billion
For what three reasons is the study of population critically important right now?
1. More people are alive now than any other point in Earth's history. 2. The world's population has increased a lot lately. 3. Virtually all population growth is concentrated in LDCs.
centripetal force
1. a force attracting establishments or activities to the city center OR 2. forces tending to bind together the citizens of a state
centrifugal force
1. economic and social forces pushing households and businesses outward from central and inner-city locations OR 2. forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of a state
Although loess soils and sediments cover about 1/10 of the Earth, approximately what percent of Europe contains loess.
1/5
How much of the world's population live in East Asia?
1/5.
3. How many time zones does Russia currently have?
11
While the United States produces about _____ of the world's oil, it consumes more than _____ and must import _____ of its oil.
12%; 25%; more than half
Every minute, _____ people are born while _____ acres of existing cropland is lost.
170;10.
Currently, migrants account for about _____ of the world's total population. Of these, roughly _____ are refugees from civil strife.
2 percent; 20 percent
Although both humans and nature cause this corrosion precipitation, approximately what proportion of acid rain is attributable to humans?
2/3
The Ogallala Aquifer irrigates about _____ of all U.S. cropland. Elsewhere in the U.S., roughly _____ of water resources are used by manufacturing and energy production while _____ is used for homes and businesses.
20%; 45%; 15%.
How many people lived in Pompeii at the time of the eruption?
20,000
According to the chart below, which of the following natural hazards killed the most people in Eastern Asia between 1988 and 2007? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/634000_634500/634060/2/0aba0dd1705bfc914794d98251fc89c0b604527a/44995.jpg
2004 Tsunami
Saudi Arabia is the leading country within OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) because it controls what percent of the world's known oil supplies?
26%
Approximately how many islands make up the country of Japan?
3,000
Although home to only about 6 percent of the world's population, North America consumes what percentage of the world's commercial energy budget?
30 percent
While life expectancy in much of Sub-Saharan Africa is low, population growth rates are high. As a result, the overall percentage of people under age 15 is _____ while overall percentage of people over age 65 is _____.
45%; 3%.
Approximately what per cent of Russia is made up of permanent forests?
46%
According to the United Nations, the percentage of grassland or rangeland threatened by desertification is:
60%
In the 1980s, in response to concern over dependence on foreign oil, France nearly tripled its use of nuclear energy. What reduction in environmental pollution from the electric power system did France experience during this time?
80 - 90 percent reduction
About how many people are being added to the world yearly?
80 million.
Russia's organized crime syndicates (mafia) are thought to control roughly _____ of Russia's banks and to engage in international _____ with U.S. and British banks.
80 percent; money-laundering schemes.
Approximately _____ percent of Russia's population share a _____ linguistic identity
80%; Russian.
barrio
A Spanish-speaking neighborhood
Neo-Malthusian
A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation
Culture realm
A cluster of regions in which related culture systems prevail.
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.
What is The Board of Geographical Names?
A committee established in the late nineteenth century to be the final arbiter of names on U.S. maps.
supply curve
A curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product supplied.
footloose
A descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product in not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation.
Demographic transition is:
A four-stage model that tracks changes in birth- and death rates through time as a population urbanizes.
demand curve
A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
uniform (isotropic) plain
A hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.
isotropic plain
A hypothetical portion of the earths surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.
multinational corporation (MNC)
A large business organization operating in a number of different national economies; the term implies a more extensive form of transnational corporation.
transnational corporation (TNC)
A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies; a form of multinational corporation.
Why is St. Petersburg referred to as the northern capital of Russia?
A large number of foreign consulates, international corporations, and banks are located there.
satisficing location
A less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction.
break-of-bulk point
A location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another (e.g., from barge to railroad).
location theory
A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.
What kind of agricultural density do MDCs have, and why?
A low agricultural density because they have technology to make up for farmers. This frees farmers to work in factories and such.
Mental map
A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area
ubiquitous industry
A market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of population.
friction of distance
A measure of the retarding or restraining effect of distance on spatial interaction. Generally, the greater the distance, the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.
Gravity model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
What was feudalism?
A multi-tiered manor system that exchanged land for loyalty.
Europe remains a maritime region with strong ties to its surrounding seas. Even some landlocked countries have access to the seas through:
A network of navigable rivers and canals.
What was the industrial revolution?
A period of improvements in industrial technology, like the invention of steam engines and mass production.
What is a polder?
A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.
What is a vernacular/perceptual region?
A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
satellite state
A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.
Cohort
A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
Triangular slave trade
A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.
What is globalization?
A process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
Culture region
A region within which common culture charecteristics prevail
minority-majority districting
A rule by which the design of new electoral boundaries, must where possible, create electoral districts which have a majority population of some group which is a national minority
Demographic Transition Model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
locational triangle
A simple graphic model in Weberian analysis to illustrate the derivation of the least-transport-cost location of an industrial establishment.
inelastic demand
A situation in which an increase or a decrease in price will not significantly affect demand for the product
quinary activities
A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations. Also deemed the most advanced form of the quaternary subsector.
What is a place?
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another state. (Example: South Africa)
multi-ethnic state
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
landlocked
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area.
fragmented state
A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts.(ex. Indonesia)
compact state
A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. (ex. Poland)
multicore state
A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political, or cultural.
nation state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
elongated state
A state with a long, narrow shape. (Example. Chile)
territorial morphology
A state's geographical shape, which can affect its spatial cohension and political viability.
enfranchisement
A statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote).
Baby Boom
A sudden increase in the birth rate of a population
Capital Good
A tool or equipment used to produce other goods
NAFTA
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.
What is a map?
A two dimensional model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it.
Hinduism is all of the following EXCEPT:
A universalizing religion, which actively seeks new converts.
frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
Comparative advantage
Ability of a country (or place) to produce a good or offer a service better than another country can.
sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Silicon Valley is now North America's leading region of manufacturing exports, in part due to:
Access to innovation and research by local universities and industries.
Environmental issues in this region include all of the following EXCEPT:
Acid rain.
Europe's core areas have different land use than its peripheral areas. The periphery tends to be less _____ and more _____.
Affluent; agricultural.
Throughout the Caribbean, environmental issues are attributed to:
Agricultural practices and soil erosion, excessive reliance upon wood fuels, such as charcoal, and water and air pollution associated with urban sprawl.
What is the dominant form of land use in North America?
Agriculture.
Environmental issues in Sub-Saharan Africa include all of the following EXCEPT:
Air pollution.
4. Russia is located only 50 miles from which US state?
Alaska
Who were the pioneers of environmental determinism?
Alex con Humboldt and Carl Ritter.
Why is the potential loss of glaciation in the Alps a concern for Europe? Glaciers provide fresh drinking water Tourists visit the glaciers annually Source of hydro-power All of the above
All of the above
Population
All the individuals of a species that live together in one place at the same time
Unitary states (like France) centralize political power at the national level. Federal states (like Canada and the U.S.):
Allocate considerable political power to units of government beneath the national level.
This is the largest river (by volume of water) in the world and it runs through the northern regions of South America. (Runs close to the equator.)
Amazon
Outsourcing
An MNC relocating a piece (or all) of its manufacturing operations to factories in other countries.
fixed cost
An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant.
Describe the agriculture of Greece
An agrarian country, Greece is self-sufficient in staple foods and imports only livestock products
What is a region?
An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.
What is a functional region?
An area organized around a node or focal point.
What is the ring of fire?
An area prone to volcanoes and earthquakes.
What is a formal region?
An area within which everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.
centripetal force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
spatially variable cost
An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs.
spatially fixed cost
An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located.
This area was home was home to the Incan Empire. (It runs North/South and is inland from the west coast.) http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/37/3772/3772_thumb.jpg
Andes
While no institutionalized form of religion ever came close to unifying the region, many indigenous expressions of religious devotion are grouped together as:
Animist.
Which continent was the focus of a 1961 treaty designed to prevent territorial claims, military build-up, or nuclear testing by either the US or the USSR?
Antarctica
Incentive
Any factor, usually financial, to influence one choice over another by an individual or business
Self-sufficiency approach
Approach to improving economic development by building a country's independence from foreign economies and fostering its ability to provide for its own people.
According to the image below, which area of the map represents scattered settlement? https://goo.gl/EWvaQB
Area B
nodal region
Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define this kind of region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations. (functional region)
functional region
Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define this kind of region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations. (nodal region)
Structuralist theories
Argue that less-developed countries are locked into a vicious cycle of entrenched underdevelopment by the global economic system that supports an unequal structure.
Global warming theory
Argues that the earth's surface temperature is gradually rising because of the greenhouse effect, which is responsible for changing global climate patterns.
This is a climate that has insufficient rainfall to support trees or woody plants. (Southeast Argentina)
Arid
Who was the first to demonstrate that Earth is spherical?
Aristotle.
Religions other than Islam represented in the region include all of the following EXCEPT:
Armenian Orthodox Christianity in Morocco.
Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 when?
Around the 1950s.
Choose the statement that is not true. People depend on the atmosphere for the air they breathe. The atmosphere screens out the sun's ultraviolet rays. As air rises, it gets warmer. Warm air has more moisture content than cool air.
As air rises it gets warmer
Multinational corporation (MNC)
As one of the primary agents of globalization, this business has headquarters in one country and production facilities in one or more other countries; sometimes called a transnational corporation.
Substitution principle
Asserts that an industry will choose to move to access lower labor costs despite higher transportation costs.
The U.S.-led war on global terrorism involves:
Asymmetrical warfare, where superpower military technology and strategy must face lower-level technology and nontraditional tactics.
Compare the use of slaves in ancient Sparta and ancient Athens.
Athens and Sparta both used slaves, but Athenian men would work with the slaves.
colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Which items are described by the geographic theme of place? Australia's climate is varied; it ranges from arid to tropical. Australia's population is mostly English-speaking. Australia is an island nation surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Australia is south of Indonesia. Australia's terrain is mostly low plateau with deserts. Australia is rich in natural resources. Australia's capital is Canberra.
Australia's climate is varied; it ranges from arid to tropical. Australia's population is mostly English-speaking. Australia is an island nation surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Australia's terrain is mostly low plateau with deserts. Australia is rich in natural resources.
Where did the earliest surviving maps come from?
Babylonian clay tablets.
Sustainable development
Balance between the pace of human development and the environment that supports that development. A level of development that does not destroy the earth's ability to regenerate its resource supply for future generations of inhabitants of the earth.
Jewish migration into what is now Israel increased after Britain took Palestine from the Ottoman Empire in 1917 and issued a pledge to encourage the "establishment of Palestine as a home for the Jewish people," known as the:
Balfour Declaration.
Which of the following is the most significant reason why bamboo is important to the poor people of East Asia?
Bamboo can be eaten and used in construction.
absolute direction
Based on the cardinal points of North, South, East, and West. These appear uniformly and independently in all cultures, derived from obvious givens of nature
Because of its geography Canada would be MOST likely to be affected by forest fires.
Because of its geography, Canada would be MOST likely to be affected by forest fires. More than half of Canada is covered by forest and woodland areas.
Deforestation in the tropics is increasing to satisfy worldwide demand for:
Beef.
racism
Belief that one racial group is superior to another
Who was the first woman elected as prime minister of a Muslim state?
Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan
The "Scramble for Africa" by European colonial powers culminated in the 1884 _____, where Sub-Saharan Africa was carved up for exploitation. By 1913, the only countries to remain independent and ruled by blacks were _____ and _____.
Berlin Conference; Liberia; Ethiopia.
The most visible symbol of the Cold War in Europe was the:
Berlin Wall.
Where does mixed livestock and crop farming predominantly occur?
Between the northern dairy belt and the Mediterranean polyculture
An assemblage of local plants and animals that is closely connected with a climate region is a(n):
Biome (or bioregion).
In 1917, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, a faction of Russian communists called the _____ seized power. They reorganized the empire into 15 ethnic republics linked together as the _____.
Bolsheviks; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Distinctive features of Caribbean climate and vegetation do NOT include:
Boreal forests.
While Caribbean countries suffer economic loss from educated professionals leaving the region for work in more developed countries, called _____, they gain considerable revenue from income sent from guest workers in those countries back to their home communities, called _____.
Brain drain; remittances
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
The majority of slaves taken from Sub-Saharan Africa were forcibly transported to:
Brazil.
Which of the following countries claims to have "the most modern resort in Eastern Europe? Poland Hungary Bulgaria Romania
Bulgaria
Finest Farms, Inc., is evaluating properties in Virginia for a new farm. They want to locate the farm on land that is flat since crops generally grow better there. Look at the map above. Choose the letter that represents the area that is the best place for Finest Farms' new farm. A B C D
C
During the first stage of the demographic transition, which two levels vary considerably but stay relatively high?
CBR and CDR.
In stage 2 what happens to CDR and CBR?
CDR plummets and CBR stays pretty much the same.
Nunavut
Canadian territory that was given to the Inuit, in which they could live with autonomy, or the right to govern themselves.
Greenhouse gases primarily include:
Carbon Dioxide and Chlorofluorocarbons. Also Methane and Nitrous Oxides.
Spatial division conflicts often occur over competition. Which is an example of a regional alliance formed between countries with similar goals?
Caribbean Community and Common Market
Based on percentage of the population, the SECOND-MOST dominant religion in North America is:
Catholic Christianity.
Hong Kong is a territory of which country?
China
https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/634000_634500/634107/2/f7ff2289a783a265cb91145fa58a867cbd7271f8/45106.jpg On the map of Asia, the star is marking which of the following countries?
China
Russia has unresolved border issues with:
China and Japan.
Why has China had recent success expanding production and increasing economic growth?
China was a developed country in the past.
What is the world's most populous country?
China.
The largest religion in the world, both in areal extent and number of adherents, is:
Christianity.
what is the best solution to the problem of increasing acid deposition
Clean coal technology, encouraging citizens to use their car less, and alternative bio fuel development. (all 3)
Humid Continental
Climate found between 30 and 60 north latitude, having 4 distinct seasons and a wide variety of plant life.
Tropical Wet And Dry
Climate found near the equator on the edge of Tropical Wet zones, though the rains are often seasonal and can often be absent
France's attempts to protect its unique culture include all of the following EXCEPT :
Closing all McDonald's restaurants to protest sale of U.S. hormone-treated beef.
Agglomeration
Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.
The European Union is currently a world leader in all of the following BUT:
Collectivation.
This country's capital is Bogota and is bordered to the east by Venezuela and to the west by Panama.
Colombia
An area where native populations define their own territory as well as assert political and resource control is called:
Comarca.
How can Public Private Partnerships help infrastructure development?
Combines private investment with government programs
El Niño is a weather phenomenon that:
Comes from an abnormally large warm Pacific current that usually arrives along coastal Ecuador and Peru in December.
Puerto Rico is unique in the Caribbean for:
Commonwealth rather than territory status within the United States and a significantly higher per capita income than its neighbors.
conglomerate corporations
Companies that have diversified into various economic activities usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions.
Population pyramids are useful because they:
Compare the number of males vs. females in a given population, and compare the number of young to old in that same group.
Iran's climate patterns include all of the following EXCEPT:
Complex mountain climates.
Free trade
Concept of allowing multinational corporations to outsource without any regulation except for the basic forces of market capitalism.
Push-Pull Factors
Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)
What was the state religion of China begun by the Han Dynasty?
Confucianism
The vegetation of Sub-Saharan Africa includes all of the following BUT:
Coniferous trees.
European landforms can be organized into four general topographic categories, including all of the following BUT:
Continental Glacier Basin.
More than 10 years after ethnic genocide in Rwanda, several states in central Africa face _____ and increasing numbers of _____ as well as _____ economic output.
Continued civil unrest; displaced people; plummeting.
imperialism
Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
Spatially fixed costs
Costs that remain the same no matter where a business chooses to locate.
Spatially variable costs
Costs that vary (or change) depending on the location of an industrial activity.
Which of the following was NOT an organization that was a forerunner and/or became part of the European Union (EU)?
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA, also known as COMECON).
While more than 75% of North Americans live in urban areas, there is a trend among those with sufficient wealth and mobility to move to less populated areas. This trend is called _____ and is led by _____ and _____.
Counterurbanization; retirees; lifestyle migrants.
Less-developed country
Country on the economically poorer side of the development spectrum.
More-developed country
Country on the wealthier side of the development spectrum.
New industrial country (NIC)
Country that has recently established an industrialized economy based on manufacturing and global trade.
10. What is the "taiga" and where is it located?
Covers vast areas of northern north America and Eurasia
Modern European cities often reflect different historical periods through:
Cramped housing with few modern facilities, tall structures within defensive walls, and Industrial areas in traditionally suburban locations.
Medicare
Created in 1966, this is the US publicly funded health insurance program for the elderly and the disabled
Blending of African and European cultures in the Caribbean is called:
Creolization.
Describe the Athenian justice system. Criminal cases Property cases Criminal and property cases Criminal and property cases as well as the legality of laws
Criminal and property cases as well as the legality of laws
What is CBR?
Crude birth rate. The total number of live births per every 1000 people per year.
What is CDR?
Crude death rate. The total number of deaths per every 1000 people per year.
Due to its unique political and economic system, the only country in the Caribbean not to suffer from overcrowded cities and squatter settlements is:
Cuba.
The "green city" of Brazil, whose city planners emphasize low pollution, good public transportation, open space, and recycling, is:
Curitiba.
Desertification (the spread of desert-like conditions) is:
Currently threatening about 60% of the world's rangelands.
Which of the following is NOT one of the main language groups in Europe?
Cyrillic.
It can be inferred from the chart shown that http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/1/114/114.gif A) German immigration rates are twice that if Italians. B) Chinese is decreasingly popular in the United States. C) immigration in the United States has slowed significantly. D) there is significant diversity in language usage in the United States.
D) there is significant diversity in language usage in the United States. Given there are 10 other major language groups spoken in the U.S. with a significant number of people speaking each one, one can easily deduce that there is significant diversity in language usage in the United States. It should be noted that there is nothing showing anything about the total number of people immigrating to the U.S.
This river is the second longest in Europe and passes through ten countries.
Danube
USSR collapse
Dec 1, 1991, a vote for independence in the Ukraine ( the most powerful republic)
Widespread drug production and trafficking throughout the region exert social damage by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
Decentralizing into small productive syndicates.
Fertility decline throughout the Caribbean is due to all of the following factors EXCEPT:
Decrease in poverty rates with accompanying rise in social stability.
The Green Revolution has allowed food production to keep pace with increasing population numbers by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
Decreasing the number of irrigated fields worldwide.
What is cultural landscape?
Defined by Carl Sauer, it is the area of Earth modified by human habitation.
residential segregation
Defined by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as "the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment."
barrioization
Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood
Since most household energy needs (cooking, heating, etc.) are met by burning wood, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:
Deforestation is occurring but is not worrisome because the rain forests are vast enough to accommodate large-scale logging for several more decades.
Which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming? Population growth Agricultural expansion Forest depletion Dependence of fossil fuels
Dependence of fossil fuels
Environmental issues in the Russian domain include all of the following EXCEPT:
Desalinization.
Environmental issues in Europe include all of the following EXCEPT:
Desertification.
Tropical rainforests, which contain at least 50% of the world's species, are threatened by all of the following EXCEPT:
Desertification.
Since 1980, poverty levels have declined in both the United States and Canada, yet pockets of poverty persist. Poor people are more likely to bear the risks and costs of specific health-care problems in part because:
Despite increases in female-headed single-parent families, women are generally paid only 65%-75% of what men generally earn and the fastest-growing segment of the population are elderly, who are more susceptible to chronic diseases associated with aging.
Rostow's Modernization Model
Developed in the 1950s, this model exemplifies the liberal development ideology, as opposed to structuralist theory, Under the model, all countries develop in a five-stage process. The development cycle is initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, which sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy. Drawbacks to this model include its not identifying cultural and historic differences in development trajectories because it is based on North American and western European development histories.
Spykman, Nicholas
Developed the Rimland Theory
In 2000, Tadao Chino, the President of the Asian Development Bank, made the following statement at the World Economic Symposium: "One of such emerging challenges is the accelerating and deepening globalization of economies. Since the 1980s, globalization, supported by deregulation and IT revolution, together with increasing financial assets, has presented enormous opportunities and risks. It is a well-known fact that much of the success of Asian economies could be attributed to the market-friendly and export-oriented economic policies pursued by the respective governments, taking advantage of the increasingly globalized market. Many Asian economies have strengthened market orientation of their economic policies and institutions, gradually dismantled barriers to trade and investment, and facilitated rapid changes in production and telecommunications technologies. As a result, many Asian economies have been able to grow rapidly and sharply reduce poverty levels, while achieving a significant degree of integration with the global economy as is revealed by the considerable share of foreign trade in their national economies." According to this statement, what has been a positive action taken by Asian countries to strengthen their economies?
Dismantled trade barriers
relative distance
Distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question
Tunisia has acheived relative economic stability without the benefit of large oil reserves by:
Diversifying its economy into agriculture, tourism and manufacturing and increasing private investment and participation in global markets.
New international division of labor
Division of the manufacturing process across several countries, wherein different pieces of the product are made in different countries, and then the pieces are assembled in yet another country.
The Caribbean Diaspora includes movement within the region as well as movement to other regions. The most popular destination for people from Haiti is _____ while people in neighboring Dominican Republic prefer to go to _____.
Dominican Republic; United States.
Humans sparsely inhabit lands that are too...
Dry, wet, cold, or high.
California's largest lake, the Salton Sea, is an example of unintended consequences. It was formed:
Due to an irrigation project accident in 1905.
Why is Greece referred to as the "cradle of civilization" and the "birthplace of democracy"?
Due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE
ghetto
During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure
Place names have what kind of origins in S. Africa?
Dutch.
Where is two-thirds of the world's population clustered, in order of highest population to lowest population.
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia.
All of the top population clusters have what similarities?
Easy access to water, low lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climate.
Secondary economic activities
Economic activities related to processing raw materials (acquired through primary activities) into a finished product of greater value.
Tertiary economic activities
Economic activities that move, sell, and trade the products made in primary and secondary activities.
Primary economic activities
Economic activities that revolve around getting raw materials from the earth.
What has been the effect of the post-Mao leadership under Deng Xiaoping in China?
Economic growth nearly 10% a year
outsourcing
Either 1 producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale OR 2. subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house"
Sectoral transformation describes the evolution of a country's labor force from dependence on one economic sector to another. Sectors include all BUT:
Employment by the government.
Increasingly, the "lingua franca" for business and other international activities is:
English.
The vast majority of Europeans speak which language as their second language?
English.
Roots of African poverty are NOT likely to include:
Environmental factors, such as poor soils and erratic rainfall patterns.
Latin America's diverse landforms include all BUT:
Equatorial terraced swamps for rice production.
Who was the first person to use the word 'geography'?
Eratosthenes.
What has been the effect of erosion in the Ural Mountains?
Erosion has exposed many valuable minerals.
Failed development policies throughout Latin America included all of the following EXCEPT:
Establishment of maquiladoras and other manufacturing plants.
Political boundaries that follow cultural traits such as language or religion are:
Ethnographic boundaries.
The European Union has the world's largest economy. What BEST explains Europe's economic development?
Europe has a coastal location and many navigable rivers. Europe has a coastal location and many navigable rivers along with a moderate climate have enabled it to become a leader in the world economy.
Various countries in Europe struggle with issues of greater national and local diversity versus greater regional and global integration. As a result, not all countries in the region have joined the _____ or use the _____ instead of their national currency.
European Union; Euro.
Rural North America is characterized by :
Expanding edge cities, fewer but larger farms, and rectangular patterns from township-and-range survey system.
Why are loess sediments important?
Extremely fertile soil
Trade blocks, such as LAFTA and CACM, are examples of supranational organizations. Subnational organizations are represented by groups like:
FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia).
Maquiladora
Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.
economies of scale
Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises.
Although short-lived, maroon societies were all of the following BUT:
Failures because their people were enslaved and communities destroyed.
Dairy farming predominantly takes place on a ribbon of land along the Mediterranean
False
Italy was once called the cradle of civilization
False
London is east of Paris.
False
Seoul is located north of Pyongyang.
False
Southeastern China, Southern South Korea, Southern Japan, Northern Taiwan all have semi-arid climates.
False
The dividing line between Eastern Europe and Western Europe is along the border of France.
False
Under the feudal system of Medieval Europe, land was exchanged for gold.
False
What US state has been insensitively altered to a great extent?
Florida.
What was the goal of Impressionist art?
Focus on the general impression of the scene and simulate reflected light.
For many people, food may be difficult obtain because:
Food is used as a political weapon.
What is the main flora in Europe?
Forests
The core-periphery model was developed to explain why, until recently, most economic development was centered in North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Of the following, which is NOT an assumption of this model?
Former colonies in the periphery may prosper at the expense of core states.
The Lesser Antilles are volcanic in origin, including at least one island with a currently active volcano. Just east of the volcanic arc are:
Four low-lying islands with soils ideal for growing sugarcane.
Which of the following countries is #5? https://goo.gl/JW7eet
France
Which of the following countries is generally not considered part of Mediterranean Europe? Italy Portugal Spain France
France
According to the map below showing the utilization of renewable energy by the different countries of the European Union, how does France compare to the UK in its use of renewable energy? https://goo.gl/3oERhF
France uses more renewable energy than the UK.
U.S. development packages for the Caribbean since 1900 include all of the following EXCEPT:
Free Trade Area of the Americas (2005; proposed).
The four major river systems of Sub-Saharan Africa include all of the following EXCEPT:
Gambia.
Indigenous languages spoken in Honduras include:
Garifuna and Miskito.
What is GIS?
Geographic Information System. A computer that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data.
Climate of often classified using a system developed by who?
German Vladimir Koppen.
Christaller, Walter
German geographer credited with development central place theory
Ratzel
German geographer who discussed geopolitics and created the organic theory which postulated that a country, which is an aggregate of organisms (people), would itself function and behave like an organism ... to survive, a state requires nourishment - in the global context, this means territory - to gain political power.
Commodification
Giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having a money-related value.
What is glaciation?
Glaciation is the process whereby snow has been converted to ice by the force of gravity and pressure.
What is GPS?
Global Positioning System. A system that determines one's exact location on Earth.
How is globalization affecting the world's economy?
Globalization allows money and products to be transacted very, very quickly, with thanks to modern technology. However, it has heightened economic differences among some places.
The increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change is:
Globalization.
monetary policy
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.
Despite environmental and cultural risks, tourism is becoming increasingly important throughout the region. Areas already very reliant on tourism revenue include all BUT:
Great Man-Made River, Libya.
Evidence of globalization in North Africa and Southwest Asia includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Greater oil wealth,
What is GMT?
Greenwich Mean Time. The internationally agreed upon official time reference for Earth.
Asian tigers
Group of new industrial countries comprising Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
ethnic group
Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics
North America's physical geography is incredibly diverse, with a variety of natural hazards EXCEPT:
Growth of ice sheets.
Industrialization
Growth of manufacturing activity in an economy or a region; usually occurs alongside a decrease in the number of primary economic activities within a country.
This body of water touches Mexico and the American states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.
Gulf of Mexico
Put an H next to the items that describe Human Systems Put a P next to the items that describe Physical Systems.
H canals P faults P floods H bridges
All of the following statements about Haiti are true EXCEPT:
Haiti became independent from France in 1979, along with St. Lucia and St. Vincent.
The Greater Antilles contains the four largest islands in the Caribbean. They include all BUT:
Haiti.
In 377 BC, what city was the capitol of a small kingdom along the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor?
Halicarnassus
Prince Henry
He was a member of the Portuguese royal family in the late 1400s and was responsible for funding the country's seaborne exploration around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.
Christopher Columbus
He was an Italian explorer whose travels to the Americas in 1492 were funded by Spain and started the awareness of the new world.
Mandela
He was elected President of South Africa in 1994 after spending nearly 30 years in prison for challenging the country's policy of Apartheid, or segregation
Simon Bolivar
He was one of the primary leaders for South America\'s independence from Spain in the early 1800s and is generally considered to be the \"George Washington\" of the continent.
Montezuma
He was the Aztec leader when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in Mesoamerica in the 16th century.
Pizarro
He was the Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca empire in the early 1500s.
Cortez
He was the Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztec Empire in the 1520s.
Chiang Kai-shek
He was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party in the early-to-mid Twentieth Century. Example: He lost the Chinese civil war to Mao Zedong
Fidel Castro
He was the leader of the Cuban Revolution that succeeded in toppling Batista from power in 1959.
Toussaint Louverture
He was the main leader of the Haitian independence movement against France in the late-1700s and early-1800s.
Atahualpa
He was the ruler of the Inca Empire when it fell to invading Spanish forces led by Francisco Pizarro.
Innovations spread from the place they originated, called...
Hearths.
Which of the following languages both stem from the Afro-Asiatic Semitic family?
Hebrew and Arabic.
What are the 3 subgroups of expansion diffusion?
Hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus.
Benefits of the Soviet legacy throughout the Russia domain include all of the following BUT:
High industrial productivity.
What does the map below tell you about migration routes and Europe? https://goo.gl/vaqiYx
Humans emigrated from Africa through the Middle East and into Europe.
This climate type is characterized by hot, humid summers, cool winters, and significant precipitation.
Humid-Subtropical
This climate type is characterized by hot, humid summers, cool winters, and significant precipitation. (Most of Argentina.)
Humid-Subtropical
Which statements are true? Hurricanes can be caused by physical processes in the hydrosphere. Most of the earth's freshwater can be found in the air and streams. Most plants and animals need freshwater to survive. Ocean currents move warm water from the equator toward the poles. The water cycle is powered by the sun.
Hurricanes can be caused by physical processes in the hydrosphere. Most plants and animals need freshwater to survive. Ocean currents move warm water from the equator toward the poles. The water cycle is powered by the sun.
Countries that share aquifers, rivers, or drainage basins are constantly dealing with the interplay between water resource issues and politics, also known as:
Hydropolitics.
Heartland Theory
Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
race
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
nationality
Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
blockbusting
Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area
Rapid population growth is a serious concern for some nations. However, some nations with no natural increase in population still have growing populations due to:
Im-migration.
What are the factors leading to the potential for continued high population growth in Latin America?
Immigration and the relatively large size of the population group below the age of 15.
Environmental initiatives in Canada and the U.S. since 1970 have resulted in:
Improved water quality of the Great Lakes and tougher air quality standards
Sovereignty
In a market economy, the consumer's activities determine what is produced
Profit Motive
In a market economy, this is the driving force that encourages individuals and organizations to improve their material well-being
Consumer Sovereignty
In a market economy, this is the role of the customer as the ruler of the market; the customer decides what goods and services will be produced
Need
In economic terms, this is something a person MUST have in order to survive, as opposed to something a person might simply desire
Competition
In economics, this is a rivalry that may refer to rivalry among firms, or individuals, or the race to control resources
multiplier effect: industrial agglomerations
In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and industrial growth.
substitution principle
In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.
territoriality
In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
multiplier effect: urban geography
In urban geography, the expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.
Quaternary economic activities
Include assembling, distributing, and processing information, and managing other business operations.
Roughly 2/3 of all people infected with HIV/AIDS live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Successful strategies to prevent further spread of the disease includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Increased access to generic drug therapies.
By 2030, effects of global warming could include:
Increased demand for irrigation to water crops.
Deforestation is occurring at substantial rates in tropical forests around the globe because of:
Increased population, globalization, cattle ranching, and increased demand for wood products.
Neoliberal policies lead to:
Increased trade and more favorable terms for debt repayment.
One of the leading criticisms against globalization is that it:
Increases inequity between rich and poor.
While female labor force participation rates are generally the lowest in the world, women throughout the region are seeing:
Increasing educational opportunities, increasing employment opportunities, especially at-home work over the Internet, and modest Western dress is becoming more acceptable.
Social development throughout Sub-Saharan Africa is complicated by all of the following EXCEPT:
Increasing numbers of community organizations.
One of the major factors showing the changing status of women in Latin America is:
Increasing political representation in cooperatives, unions and governments.
What nation contains both the Ganges and Indus rivers?
India
What countries does the South Asian region include?
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Among the countries emitting the most greenhouse gases is:
India.
Footloose industry
Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants.
This is the number of newborns dying under a year of age divided by the total number of births, times 1000. It is frequently due to pneumonia, dehydration, malnutrition, or SIDS, and less developed countries have a higher number.
Infant Morality Rate
three pillars
Informal term denoting the main areas in which the EU has worked since the Maastricht Treaty. 1. the traditional involvement in trade and other economic matters 2. cooperation in justice and home affairs 3. the desire to create a Common Foreign and Security Policy which is the most visionary and controversial aspect of the EU today
Unlike refugees, _____ do not qualify easily for international humanitarian aid because they continue to reside in their country of origin.
Internally displaced persons.
Foreign direct investment
Investment by a multinational corporation in a foreign country's economy.
Which area is not considered part of the British Isles
Ireland
Throughout the war-torn 20th century, the political map of Europe has been redrawn several times. One cause for political restructuring occurs when one state claims territory outside its own borders because people of the same ethnicity as they are live there. This is called:
Irredentism.
Offshore banking:
Is made possible by improving telecommunications and client demand and attracts drug money and money laundering.
Since most countries and territories in the Caribbean are separate islands, yet close to North and South America, they experience both cultural diversity and limited economic opportunities due to:
Isolated proximity.
The only country in the region to do better in many social measures than might be expected on the basis of per capita gross national income is:
Israel.
What was an interesting feature of the New Economic Policy of Lenin?
It allowed for some private enterprise.
What happens to CDR during stage 3?
It continues to decline, but not as rapidly as in stage 2.
What is overall population like during stage 3?
It continues to grow, because CBR is higher than CDR.
Why is Catatonia an important region in Spain?
It produces 25 percent of Spanish exports and nearly 40 percent of its industrial exports.
How is the NIR in stage 2?
It shoots up like a rocket ship.
What was the cause of the Great Schism of 1054 between the Eastern and Western Church?
It was a gradual process of estrangement between the east and the west.
17. Why is the height of the Urals remarkable?
It's old
Which country is often described as two countries; a progressive north dominated by a post-industrial economy and a stagnant, economically depressed south
Italy
From which region was Japan most positively influenced throughout its industrial development?
Japan actively borrowed from the West throughout its development.
What countries does the East Asian region include?
Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and China.
Currently, about half of all tropical forest timber is used in _____ for _____.
Japan; throwaway items.
Throughout the Russian domain, a revival of interest in organized religions currently results in increased numbers of all of the following EXCEPT:
Jews.
Migrants into Western Europe include:
Job seekers from former European colonies, guestworkers from other world regions, economic migrants from Eastern Europe, and war refugees.
Based on numbers of adherents, one of the smallest religious groups in Europe today is:
Judaism.
The 1992 Russian Federation Treaty created a new internal political framework for Russia. Aside from islands, the only piece of territory to remain outside Russia's contiguous land area is:
Kaliningrad.
Which items are described by the geographic theme of movement? Kayla's great-grandparents were originally from Germany. Songs and movies made in the United States are very popular in Germany. Germany is bordered on the north by both the Baltic and North Seas. The Bavarian Alps form Germany's southern border. Germany has rich coal deposits. Germany exports vehicles and machinery to many European countries.
Kayla's great-grandparents were originally from Germany. Songs and movies made in the United States are very popular in Germany. Germany exports vehicles and machinery to many European countries.
Virtually 100% of the world's Natural Increase is located where?
LDCs.
Where is CBR highest?
LDCs.
Where is CDR highest?
LDCs.
Where is IMR highest?
LDCs.
Where is NIR highest?
LDCs.
Where is TFR highest?
LDCs.
Factors of Production
Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
Most of the major cities in the Russian domain lie along _____ or along the _____.
Large rivers; Trans-Siberian Railroad.
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
The entrenched practice of maintaining large estates is called _____, while the practice of farming small plots for subsistence is _____.
Latifundia; minifundia.
How are forest biomes classified?
Latitude
Parallel.
Latitude. A circle drawn around the globe PARALLEL to the equator.
Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Culture is:
Learned, shared and dynamic.
Emigration
Leaving a population
While southern Africa has been most successful in maintaining large populations of elephants, wildlife conservation is difficult due to all of the following EXCEPT:
Legal ivory sales.
21. Which animals of the tundra were once thought to be "suicidal"?
Lemmings
Anthropogenic pollutants may cause all of the following EXCEPT:
Less intense tropical storms.
Which of the following associations between place and physical landform is NOT correct?
Levant and Arabian Peninsula
Belize is unique in the Caribbean because:
Local farmers created a wildlife sanctuary for monkeys, the first jaguar preserve in the Americas is located there, and it is neither an island country nor part of South America.
The image below is an example of what type of geology? https://goo.gl/Qlbt1q
Loess
What is Meridian?
Longitude. An arc drawn between the North and South poles.
Both Canada and the United States have postindustrial economies characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Loss of distinctive popular cultures.
Where is doubling time higher?
MDCs.
Where is life expectancy highest?
MDCs.
Ford production (Fordist) method
Manufacturing process broken down into differentiated components, with different groups of people performing different tasks to complete the product.
Weight-losing process
Manufacturing process that takes raw materials and converts them into a product that is lighter than the raw materials that went into making the finished product.
From 1996 to 2001, the population of Australia increased by 370,000 people, or 1.2%. Studies done by the Department of Environment and Climate Change of New South Wales indicate that settlement patterns show a move by urban dwellers to the less densely populated coast.
Many Australians now prefer low-density housing.
This climate has warm (not hot) summers, cool (not cold) winters, and receives a healthy amount of annual precipitation. (Southern Chile)
Marine West Coast
From Norway to Portugal, the North Atlantic Current moderates coastal temperatures to produce a:
Marine west coast climate.
Human Development Index (HDI)
Measurement developed by the United Nations to rank development levels of countries.
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
Measurement tool of calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys an equal amount of goods as every other currency.
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Traditional attributes of a characteristic Islamic city include the:
Medina, a walled urban core dominated by a central mosque and associated buildings, suq, a marketplace or bazaar where goods and services are traded, housing districts that maximize shade and accentuate privacy, and houses with small windows that typically open inward to private courtyards.
This is a type of subtropical climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, cool winters. (Around a major body of water.)
Mediterranean Climate
The blue countries on the map below are part of what region of Europe? https://goo.gl/4wS67G
Mediterranean Europe
Hybridization is the process of:
Melding American popular culture with local cultural traditions.
Historically, migrants into Latin America did NOT include:
Mestizos.
International trade approach
Method of improving a country's development that pushes the country to identify its unique set of strengths in the world and to channel investment toward building on these strengths. To compete internationally, this approach argues, a country must find out what it can offer the world and capitalize on that good or service.
http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/43/4386/4386.jpg This country was once home to the Maya and Aztec civilizations, came under Spanish control in the 1500s, and since 1917 has been a representative, democratic republic with a presidential system.
Mexico
One can infer from this chart that a person in the United States who speaks a language other than English at home is most likely to be from which of these countries? http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/2/250/250.gif A) Brazil B) Canada C) Germany D) Mexico
Mexico Since most people in the United States who speak Spanish are not from Spain, Mexico is the most obvious answer. Of course, this question is not implying that most of the people who speak Spanish are from Mexico: that would require a completely different data set.
Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and its primary city. Which of the following statements about it is NOT true?
Mexico City is actively limiting the number of new residents to 100,000 annually.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in 1994 reduced barriers to trade and investment among Canada, the United States, and:
Mexico.
In which of these areas would you now be MOST likely to find the HIGHEST concentration of people who follow Judaism?
Middle East
Internal Migration
Migration within a country
During the Soviet era, a number of planned residential zones were built in newly urban areas. Large massed blocks of apartment buildings intended to form self-contained communities were called:
Mikrorayons.
Who was the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the U.N. for war crimes?
Milosevic
Profitable extraction of natural resources through Latin America includes:
Mining of gold and other precious metals, logging, oil production, and sustainable production of exotic woods.
Which of the following characteristics does NOT represent plantation America?
Moderately industrialized, with manufacturing facilities owned by absentee landlords.
Since the declaration of the _____, the United States has claimed the Caribbean within its sphere of influence and currently maintains _____ and _____ as U.S. territories.
Monroe Doctrine; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands
While increased local political control has advantages, critics of devolution within the Russian Federation argue that it can lead to all of the following BUT:
More effective dealing with global political and economic affairs.
Cities benefiting from global investment include:
Moscow and St. Petersburg, Omsk and Vladivostok, and Nizhniy Novgorod and Samara.
11. What are "fjords" and where are they located?
Mostly norway
Which of the following mountains is considered to be the highest mountain in Europe?
Mount Elbrus
9. Which is the highest peak in Europe? In which mountain chain is this peak located?
Mount Elbrus in Caucasus Mountains
Where is most accumulation of glacial ice found?
Mountains or near the poles
Zagros Mountains
Mountains that run along the western boundary of Iran
A relatively homogenous cultural group with its own fully independent political territory is a:
Nation-state.
What is NIR?
Natural increase rate. The percentage by which a population grows in a year, excluding migration.
Where are the highest populations in Europe?
Near the coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium.
Informal sector
Network of business transactions that are not reported and therefore not included in the country's GDP and official economic projection.
Originally known as __________, Canada has two national languages as a result of the country that first colonized it.
New France
How did technological advances in printing impact the United States in the 19th century?
Newspapers and magazines became more affordable.
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
Gross national income (GNI) is an incomplete or misleading economic indicator because it ignores:
Nonmarket economic activity, ecological degradation or depletion of natural resources.
Why is waste disposal of nuclear materials a serious problem?
Nuclear waste remains active for hundreds of years.
Which of the following is NOT an indicator of regional or national social development?
Number of live births per 1,000 population.
Population Densities
Number of people living in an area per a unit of measurement.
Canada's Inuit population governs its own territory in a persisting cultural homeland called:
Nunavut.
Major drainage systems in Siberia include the:
Ob, Yenisey and Lena rivers.
Backwash effect
Occurs when other regions suffer a drain of resources and talent due to agglomeration in another region.
In North America, temperate forests are:
Often on public lands, raising questions about appropriate use of tax-funded forests, hardwood deciduous trees, softwood conifer trees, and habitat for endangered species
Venezuela has been found to be responsible for considerable pollution in the Caribbean Sea. Which of these is the MOST LIKELY explanation for this?
Oil drilling is the primary reason for Venezuela's pollution of its Caribbean coastline. Venezuela is the world's 9th highest producer of oil and is a member of OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Consumer
One who buys goods or services for personal use
What is a mental map?
One's perceived image of the surrounding landscape's organization.
In addition to a trend toward democracy since 1980, Latin American states have been:
Opening their markets to international trade, broadening public participation in the political process, and demonstrating more willingness to set aside old rivalries.
Nongovernmental organization (NGO)
Organization not run by a government but by a charity or private organization that supplies resources and money to local businesses and causes advancing economic and human development.
Regional agreements and organizations within the region include all BUT:
Organization of African States (OAS).
Globalization
Originally, this buzz term referred to the spread of economic activities from a home country to other parts of the world, but its reach has profoundly influenced cultural and political realms.
This information might help explain which of these current situations in Canada?
Over 20% of Canadians speak primarily French.
This country is located in an isthmus between Central and South America.
Panama
People in this region have adapted to the regional environment through:
Pastoral nomadism, oasis settlement, and dry farming and irrigated agriculture.
North-south gap
Pattern of development levels in which most most-developed countries exist in the Northern Hemisphere whereas most less-developed countries exist in the Southern Hemisphere.
A zone of ecological transition from dry desert conditions in the north and wetter conditions in the south, the Sahel faces increased desertification due to:
Peanut farming, which depletes key nutrients out of the soil and forces farmers to continually seek new land and year-round grazing, resulting from new deep wells but leading to more erosion and land degradation.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
According to 2010 CIA statistics, the literacy rate in Brazil is approximately 88%, while the literacy rate in Chile is 98%. What is the MOST LIKELY result of this difference?
Per capita GDP is higher for citizens in Chile than in Brazil.
During the 1980s, President Gorbachev's plan for economic restructuring within the Soviet Union to make production more efficient was called:
Perestroika.
Why have the rules governing building on permafrost changed?
Permafrost used to be permanent.
Which of the following definitions applies to permafrost?
Permanently frozen subsoil, occurring in perennially frigid areas.
The only countries in Southwest Asia and North Africa to successfully resist European colonization were:
Persia (Iran) and Turkey.
Compare the photos. Which photo is most likely a photo of the Siberian taiga? https://goo.gl/lKkAAS
Photo B - https://goo.gl/lKkAAS
High-tech corridor (technopole)
Place where technology and computer industries agglomerate.
What were Stalin's five year plans?
Plans to modernize the economy to keep up with the West
Which physical feature of Sub-Saharan Africa makes transportation within the area MOST difficult?
Plateaus
On the map below, what is the name of the river traveling through the center of Italy? https://goo.gl/2c505A
Po River
The acidic soils found in Belarus and central portions of European Russia are called _____ soils. Further south, more fertile "black earth" soils are called _____.
Podzol; chernozem.
Fair trade
Policies that favor oversight of foreign direct investment and outsourcing to ensure that workers throughout the world are guaranteed a living wage for their work, enough to survive in their home countries.
geometric boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
Tropical forest soils are _____ for intensive agriculture because nutrients are stored in _____.
Poorly-suited; living plants rather than topsoil.
Agglomeration economy
Positive effects of agglomeration for clustered industries and for the consumers of their products, often in the form of lower costs to the industries and consumers.
Kwaito in South Africa is:
Post-apartheid political protest music.
Which of the following crops served as the lightning rod for the European debate over genetically engineered food? Potatoes Squash Beans Apples
Potatoes
vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.
Why did the European Union lift its ban on growing genetically engineered crops? Pressured by the citizens of the EU Pressured by the United States Pressured by international farming conglomerates Pressured by traditional farmers wanting more options
Pressured by the United States
Miguel Hidalgo
Priest and the leader of the Mexican War of Independence.
Privatization reduces government involvement in people's lives, resulting in:
Private ownership of corporations and real estate and reduced tax revenue for national governments.
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
ethnic cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Development
Process of improving the material condition of people through the growth and diffusion of technology and knowledge.
just-in-time production
Process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials just when they are needed on the production line
Weight-gaining process
Process that takes raw materials and creates a heavier final product.
Subsistence agriculture differs from industrial agriculture in that it:
Produces only enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival.
Some of the problems faced by Sub-Saharan African cities include all of the following EXCEPT:
Proliferation of small cities competing for migrant workers.
Why was the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development founded?
Promote private and entrepreneurial initiatives in Eastern Europe
Cultural nationalism:
Promotes and defends an existing cultural system against incoming cultures.
In order to obtain a sense of the true cost of living in an area, one can adjust raw economic data to create a comparable figure for a common market basket of goods and services purchased with local currency. This adjustment is called:
Purchasing Power Parity.
Countries in Southwest Asia and North Africa that are prospering without oil revenue include all of the following BUT:
Qatar.
In 1995, which Canadian province tried to secede from the rest of that North American country and become an independent state?
Quebec.
Which state would be MOST impacted by an international move to ban the use of fossil fuels?
Queensland
Until the discovery of _____ in the 1850s, roughly half of all Europeans who lived on the African mainland died within a year, mainly due to diseases like _____.
Quinine; malaria
The _____, the holiest book of Islam, is a compilation of divine revelations received by _____ from _____.
Quran; Muhammad; Allah.
This tool uses microwaves to map the earth and is useful when climate conditions prevent geographers from seeing the earth's surface. LASER SONAR RADAR TASER
RADAR
While Canada's leading global exports are _____ and _____, leading exports for the U.S. are _____.
Raw materials; manufactured goods; software and entertainment products.
Colonial architecture in Havana has been:
Recognized by UNESCO as part of a World Heritage Site.
The Green Revolution involves:
Reduction in time to allow fields to rest between plantings, increased applications of water, fertilizers and pesticides, and change from traditional crops to higher-yield single crops.
Export-processing zone
Region of a less-developed country that offer tax breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export-driven production processes, such as factories producing goods for foreign markets; sometimes called free-trade zone.
Special economic zone
Region offering special tax breaks, eased environmental restrictions, and other incentives to attract foreign business and investment.
While the concept of the nation-state first developed in central Europe hundreds of years ago, modern European states struggle with:
Regional integration, global convergence, national interests, and changing forms of government.
Which statements describe regions? Most regions are homogeneous. Regions are defined by their common characteristics. Regions do not change once their boundaries have been established. Areas can belong to more than one region. Regions are defined by people. Regions have little or no effect upon each other.
Regions are defined by their common characteristics. Areas can belong to more than one region. Regions are defined by people.
Demographic Regions
Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in. Cape Verde (Africa) is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile (Latin America) is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark (Europe) is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition
Which of the following mammals were domesticated about 2000 years ago and are currently herded by native people of northern Asia?
Reindeer
What are connections?
Relationships among people and objects across a barrier of space.
Which of the following is NOT a reason for large family sizes in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Religious affiliation.
What are the two kinds of diffusion?
Relocation and expansion.
While privatization and other moves toward economic health are necessary, these shifts in economic policy have resulted throughout Eastern Europe in:
Removal of subsidies and price supports, increased unemployment and underemployment, higher costs for food, rent and utilities, and loss of tariff protection against imports.
Which Impressionist artist painted the artwork below? https://goo.gl/59MOiM
Renoir
Market orientation
Result of locating weight-gaining industries near the marketplace for the heavier product.
Material orientation
Result of locating weight-losing industries near the supply of raw resources.
On the map below, the blue line represents which important European river? https://goo.gl/Op0MmP
Rhine River
Greenhouse effect
Rise in the average temperature on the earth as a result of the buildup of chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and other polluting outputs of industrialization.
8. Where is Lacul Lala Mare lake located?
Romania
Rotterdam, the Netherlands has the world's largest port in surface area, amount of freight handled, and number of ships it can dock at one time.
Rotterdam, the Netherlands has the world's largest port. Europe's massive coastline allows many nations to trade extensively via shipping.
Tundra, sub-arctic, humid continental, and semi-arid are the climatic sub-regions found within ______. (Hint: Use the map below to help you answer this item.) koppen classification system map Peru Egypt Russia Australia
Russia
Russia's population density
Russia is a very large country: it is almost twice the size of the United States in total area. There are approximately 144 million people living in Russia, which is LESS than half of the U.S. population. Why is this? The major reason is climate. Most of the country is found in a subarctic environment, which means that it can be very, very cold... below minus 40 degrees in the winter. This, as you might imagine, means that not many people feel the need to move to there, either from inside Russia or outside of it. The Arctic Circle also dips down into the northern part of the country. But not ALL of Russia is cold. Much of the western and southwestern portion is part of a humid continental climate. These areas can be cold, but they can also be quite warm during the summer. The map above shows the population density of people per square mile. The red areas represent the places with the highest population density, at least 125 people per square mile. One thing you may notice is that these areas are found on the western side of the country that is closest to Europe. It is no coincidence, too, that the further east you go you get into less hospitable climates. The region of Siberia - well known for its frigid climate- dominates much of that portion of Russia.
In what hemisphere is Russia located?
Russia is located in both the northern and eastern hemisphere
Compare the location of Russia to China.
Russia is north and west of China.
Which of the following is also known as the Eastern European Plain and stretches from eastern Poland to the Ural Mountains?
Russian Plain
During the Soviet era, voluntary and involuntary resettlement of Russians into non-Russian areas was known as:
Russification.
Health care issues throughout the Russian domain concern increases in all of the following diseases EXCEPT:
SARS.
Caribbean countries generate revenue from all of the following EXCEPT:
Sale of Internet domain names.
Privatization
Selling of publicly operated industries to market-driven corporations.
This type of climate receives a little more rainfall than a desert region.
Semi Arid
This type of climate receives a little more rainfall than a desert region. (East of Chile.)
Semi Arid
During the years when South Africa was segregated by the policy of apartheid (1948-1994), whites managed social interaction by controlling space, including:
Separate entrances for use based on skin color or ancestry, urban residential sectors, where skin color could be used to deny employment or admittance, forcible relocation of blacks into townships and homelands, and denying blacks citizenship, since technically they were citizens of their assigned homelands.
All of the following can be found in Latin America EXCEPT:
Seven times the population of India, in a landmass twice as large.
Many forces tend to hold a nation together or were factors in nation-building due to their advantages. Which of the following are considered centripetal forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structure?
Shared sense of history, need for military security, and advantages that come from a larger, unified political structure.
Main differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims include:
Shiites believe that only members of Muhammad's family were legitimate successors to him, while Sunnis felt that established clergy were acceptable successors to Muhammad.
Weather is a _____ while climate is a _____.
Short-term expression of atmospheric processes; Long-term summation of average conditions.
Sub-Saharan Africa is united as a world region by:
Similar livelihood systems and shared colonial experience.
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the demographic collapse of native populations after 1500?
Slaves imported from Africa.
How is globalization affecting world cultures?
Smaller cultures are slowly diminishing as popular culture takes over, and many argue that "western" culture is destroying many other cultures. Wow I said "culture" a lot.
What has helped lower international resistance to genetically modified crops?
Soaring food prices and global grain shortages
Industrial Revolution
Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.
Main staple crops over most of Sub-Saharan Africa include:
Sorghum and yams. Also millet and maize.
Which of the following Eastern Asian countries is a peninsula?
South Korea
Which of the following countries is #6? https://goo.gl/JW7eet
Spain
Gobi Desert
Spanning southern Mongolia and northern China, this is Asia's largest desert.
Factors with similar distributions have what?
Spatial association.
spatial force
Spatially, devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state.
Maquiladora zone
Special economic zone on Mexico's northern border with the United States.
The poorest residents of a Latin American city generally live in:
Squatter settlements.
multinational state
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
Features of a well-integrated global economy do NOT include:
State-controlled economies.
In Bulgaria, an Eastern European country struggling to succeed in the new global economy, 80-90 percent of the agricultural sector was converted during the Soviet era to:
State-owned communal farms.
What was the NIR like in the first stage of the demographic transition?
Stayed around zero.
Structural adjustments
Stipulations that require the country receiving an international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan.
This is a climate found in northern North America, Europe, & Asia, with generally cold temperatures, evergreen trees, and the Taiga biome. (Northern Russia.)
Subarctic
outsourcing: 2
Subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house."
Quinary economic activities
Subset of quaternary activities that involves the highest-level of decision making, such as that of a legislature or a presidential cabinet.
According to the climate map below, Spain and Portugal are mainly in what climate zone? https://goo.gl/3FYnqd
Subtropical dry summer
Changes in transportation technologies and urban income levels have transformed North American cities to include:
Suburban downtowns, gentrification, edge cities, and Central Business District (CBD).
Besides the Caribbean Islands, which of the following is (are) also considered part of the Caribbean?
Suriname, Belize, Guyana, and French Guiana
The Virgin of Guadeloupe and Carnival are examples of:
Syncretic religions.
Economy
System of production, consumption, and distribution.
Which of the following Asian leaders would NOT be considered a dictator? Kim Jong-Il Hu Jintao Jiang Zemin Taro Aso
Taro Aso
International music-industry corporations that recently opened operations in Russia include all of the following BUT:
Telenovas.
Which items are described by the geographic theme of human-environmental interaction? The Pyrenees Mountains form the border between France and Spain. The Channel Tunnel connecting the United Kingdom and France reduced travel time between these nations. France is divided into twenty-two regions. France's land borders are Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain. Land has been cleared to make room for France's famous vineyards. A highway through Mount Blanc connects Italy and France.
The Channel Tunnel connecting the United Kingdom and France reduced travel time between these nations. Land has been cleared to make room for France's famous vineyards. A highway through Mount Blanc connects Italy and France.
The Russian Plain is also known by which of the following names?
The Eastern European Plain
Which generalization MOST LIKELY reflects the influence of Europe's coastal location and temperate oceanic climate?
The European Union has the largest economy in the world. Europe's coastal location and temperate oceanic climate, both suitable for trade, have enabled the European Union to have the largest economy in the world. The EU accounts for an estimated 30% of the gross world product, ahead of the United States, China, and Japan.
Use the following map of European countries color coded based on GDP to compare the GDP of Ireland to the UK https://goo.gl/PbXns7
The GDP of the UK is substantially higher than the GDP of Ireland
On the map of Asia, the star is marking which physical feature of Eastern Asia? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/634000_634500/634103/2/46cfb7f37661dc04a98c5221754b38dec941ee81/45101.jpg
The Gobi Desert
Where were the war crimes trials held for the Balkan War?
The Hague, Netherlands
On the map below, the star is marking which physical feature of Eastern Asia? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/634000_634500/634108/2/1a869a6b88cd84920e67e7e25811d829ccc1f796/45107.jpg
The Himalayas
The image below is of what famous Wonder of the Ancient World? https://goo.gl/HtImqr
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (AKA The Mausoleum)
What European country has been thoroughly modified again and again?
The Netherlands.
The climate of Oceania is tropical or subtropical. This has MOST LIKELY resulted in
The Pyrenees Mountains are found at the border of Spain and France.
Historically, the MOST significant geographic obstacle to the western migration of people from the east coast of the United States during the 19th century was A) the Great Plains. B) the Rocky Mountains. C) the Mississippi River. D) the Appalachian Mountains
The Rocky Mountains Historically, the MOST significant geographic obstacle to the western migration of people from the east coast of the United States was the Rocky Mountains. This mountain range posed a formidable barrier to westward settlement as a few notable trails, such as the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, and the California Trail, developed.
What was the term "Cold War" referring to?
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were at the point of war, without there being an actual war.
Migration into and within a region changes the ethnic composition of that region. For North America, which of the following is NOT true?
The U.S. is the ninth-largest Spanish-speaking country in the world.
According to the following map tracking migration movements during the years of the Roman Invasions between 100 and 500 CE, where was the primary area of migration for the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes? (What is the area currently known as?) https://goo.gl/OEmMRm
The United Kingdom
Shinto
The Way of the Gods; Japanese nature and ancestor worship; a structure of customs and rituals rather than an ethical or moral system
What is remote sensing?
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite.
annexation
The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
Which items are described by the geographic theme of location? The address of the White House is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Early American settlers came from Europe. It takes approximately six hours to fly from Seattle, Washington, to Miami, Florida. Tundra covers most of northern Canada. Finland is west of Russia. The beautiful beaches of Hawaii have made these islands a popular tourist destination.
The address of the White House is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. It takes approximately six hours to fly from Seattle, Washington, to Miami, Florida. Finland is west of Russia.
Around 8000 BC, the world population started increasing because of what?
The agricultural revolution.
What is the significance of the Zhoushan Archipelago?
The archipelago is home to the richest fishing grounds in China.
What is distribution?
The arrangement of a feature in a space.
natural landscape
The array of landforms that constitutes the Earth's surface (mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus) and the physical features that mark them (such as water bodies, soils, and vegetation). Each geographic realm has its distinctive combination of natural landscapes.
What is life expectancy?
The average a number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
What is environmental determinism?
The belief that the physical environment directly CAUSES social development.
What is culture?
The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
freight rates
The charge levied by a transporter for the loading, moving, and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs.
locational interdependence (Hotelling)
The circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors.
decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Why does Poland have both a maritime and a continental climate?
The collision of humid Atlantic air with dry air from Asia
What is possibilism?
The counter to environmental determinism; the belief that while environment may limit certain actions of a people, it cannot TOTALLY predestine their development, and humans may adapt.
deindustrialization
The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.
What is a geographic model that divides a country's development into 4 stages based on its population growth patterns?
The demographic transition.
electoral regions
The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.
Define the medical revolution.
The diffufsion of medical technology from MDCs to the LDCs.
What is distance decay?
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
multiplier effect
The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity.
What is concentration?
The extent of a feature's spread of space.
Define the agricultural revolution.
The first domestication of animals and plants.
Most of humanitys occupancy on Earth was characterized by which stage of the demographic transition?
The first.
Demographic Equation
The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.
What is density?
The frequency with which something occurs.
What is cultural ecology?
The geographic study of human-environment relations.
What is pattern?
The geometric arrangement of objects in space.
Why do buildings on permafrost have potential structural issues?
The heat from buildings melts the ice in the permafrost below and the water is then displaced.
Key environmental issues which threaten North America include:
The impact of acid rain on sensitive lake environments in the east, hazardous waste sites, soil degradation, and endangered and polluted rivers.
The reason behind many countries entering stage 2 after 1750 was...?
The industrial revolution.
sociofact
The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational, and religious institutions. Components of the sociological subsystem of culture.
Why is land so important in China?
The land must produce enough food to feed an enormous population.
cultural divergence
The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time.
What is situation?
The location of a place relative to other places.
What is the International Date Line?
The longitude at which one moves forward or backward 1 day.
Fordism
The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford, who innovated many of its production techniques.
Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 for a different reason than the previous countries had. What was this push?
The medical revolution.
What is projection?
The method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a map.
What is a toponym?
The name given to a place on Earth.
Why did the industrial revolution decrease CDR?
The new machines resulted in fact agricultural production, which caused more wealth, which meant more money towards sanitation and personal hygiene.
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
What is overpopulation?
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 (non-working), compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
What is doubling time?
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant NIR.
According to the diagram which of these statements is CORRECT? http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/2/240/240.png A) There were 4 million American Indians in 1970. B) Populations have increased between 1950 - 2000. C) Populations have decreased between 1950 - 2000. D) Millions of persons are graphed on the Y Axis of this graph.
The only correct statement according to the graph is that populations have increased between 1950-2000.
Natural Increase Rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
What is site?
The physical character of a place.
Which of the following statements is most accurate? The physical environment has no effect on human activities, but human activities may affect the physical environment. The physical environment does not affect on human activities, and human activities do not affect the physical environment. The physical environment may affect human activities, and human activities may affect the physical environment. The physical environment may affect human activities, but human activities have no effect on the physical environment.
The physical environment may affect human activities, and human activities may affect the physical environment.
market equilibrium
The point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
What is ecumene?
The portion of Earth's surface permanently occupied by humans.
What is location?
The position that something occupies on Earth's surface.
comparative advantage
The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage of advantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists.
What is diffusion?
The process by which a characteristic spreads over space.
deglomeration
The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.
Decolonialization means:
The process of gaining control over territory and establishing a separate government, independent from the colonial power.
reapportionment
The process of reassigning representation based on population after every census
transfer of technology
The process of skill transferring, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing.
devolution
The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.
What is contagious diffusion?
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
What is space-time compression?
The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
What is scale?
The relationship between a map's distances and the actual distances on Earth.
Natural Decrease Rate
The result of death rates being higher than birth rates
What is cartography?
The science of map-making.
What is demography?
The scientific study of population characteristics.
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
spatial margin of profitability
The set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible.
Why is the south of Italy so different from the north of Italy?
The south suffers from economic disarray, corruption, and state-run activities.
agglomeration
The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit; in economic geography, the concentration of productive enterprises for collective of cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access.
What is expansion diffusion?
The spread of an idea through "snowballing." This is further divided into 3 subgroups.
What is relocation diffusion?
The spread of an idea through the physical movements of people.
What is stimulus diffusion?
The spread of an underlying principle, even if the characteristic itself fails to diffuse.
What is hierarchical diffusion?
The spread of something from one key person or node of authority and power to other lower persons or places.
Weather
The states atmosphere as measured in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, and storm systems.
Who were the strategoi of greece?
The strategoi were elected by the Greek Assembly and controlled the navy and army and basically ran the government.
When describing the urban form of Latin American cities, the term "elite spine" refers to:
The strip of newer businesses extending from the colonial core to the newest parts of a city.
ethnic geography
The study of diffusion, migration and mixing of peoples of different origins
channelized migration
The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity
market orientation
The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.
material orientation
The tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs.
Industrial Revolution
The term applied to the rapid economic and social changes in agriculture and manufacturing that followed the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry of England in the last quarter of the 18th century.
core area
The territorial nucleus from which a country grows in an area and over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry.
Epidemiological Transition Model
The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.
Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Crude Death Rate
The total number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population
What is agricultural density?
The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
What is arithmetic density?
The total number of people per unit of arable land.
What is physiological density?
The total number of people per unit of arable land.
Gross Domestic Product
The total value of all the goods and services produced within a country in a given year
high-tech industry
The use of advanced scientific ideas and special skills and tools to meet people's needs.
regional concept
The view that physical and cultural phenomena on the surface of the earth are rationally arranged by complex, diverse, but comprehensible interrelated spatial processes.
What is the significance of Hadrian 's Wall?
The wall marked the northern defensive boundary of Roman Britain.
During the last years of the Twentieth Century, why were women in the Middle East increasingly at the center of conflict?
The was a conflict between forces Westernization and traditional Islamic culture and values.
What were the international implications for the fall of the Berlin Wall?
The world was freed from its fear of communism.
Liberal development theories
Theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move.
Dependency theory
Theory that exemplifies the structuralist perspective, arguing that the political and economic relations among countries limit the ability of less-developed countries to modernize and develop.
Locational interdependence
Theory that industries choose locations based on where their competitors are located.
Disease Diffusion
There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.
border landscape
There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border
How does land availability negatively impact industrialization in China?
There is limited land available in China suitable for farming or building
Define Developed Countries (Aka Industrial Countries, Industrial Economies, Developed Nations)
These are countries with a high standard of living and a high industrial capacity.
developed countries, Industrial Countries, Industrial Economies, Developed Nations
These are countries with a high standard of living and a high industrial capacity.
Great Lakes
These are located on the border of the United States and Canada between the states of Michigan and New York
Renewable Resources
These are materials found in nature that are used in the production of goods and services and that are replenished on a consistent basis
Renewable/Renewable Resources
These are materials found in nature that are used in the production of goods and services and that are replenished on a consistent basis.
Nonrenewable Resources
These are materials found in nature that are used in the production of goods and services but whose supply is limited and finite
Resources
These are the factors of production used in the making of goods and services
Resources
These are the factors of production used in the making of goods and services.
Regulation
These are the legal restrictions set forth by a government to produce desired outcomes
Continents
These are the seven large land masses on Earth.
Natural Resources
These are types of resources that are found on or in the Earth and are used in the production of goods and services
How are Southern Appalachian (U.S.A.) and Southwestern Caucasus (Russia) forests similar?
They are both Northern Hemisphere, warm-temperate forests.
What were the results of the medical revolution in recent LDCs?
They eliminated many traditional causes of death and enambled more people to experience longer and healthier lives.
Aztecs
They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture that was devastated by Cortez and the Spanish in the 1520s.
Incas
They were a South American Indian culture that was devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the 1530s.
Indus
This 2,000 mile long river was once the center of the Harappan civilization thousand of years ago in ancient India
India
This Asian country was once ruled by both the Mughal and the British Empires, but won its independence in 1947 thanks mainly to widespread nonviolent resistance.
Cuba
This Caribbean country lies to the south of Florida and is the only Communist government in the Western Hemisphere.
Tiananmen Square
This Chinese landmark was built by the Ming Dynasty in the 1400s, but is widely known as the cite of pro-democracy protests in 1989.
Bolivia
This South American country is landlocked, bordered by Brazil to the east and north, and is named for one of South America\'s most well-known independence leaders.
Indian Country
This body of water is named for the subcontinent that lies on the continent to the north.
Chattahoochee River
This body of water runs from the mountaiins of northeast GA southward to form part of the GA/AL border, and flows out into Apalachicola Bay.
Pacific Ocean
This body of water stretches from North and South America westward to Australia and the eastern coast of Asia.
Caribbean
This body of water to the north of South America contains the countries of Cuba and Jamaica.
Carribean
This body of water to the north of South America contains the countries of Cuba and Jamaica.
Gulf Of Mexico
This body of water touches Mexico and the American states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.
Savannah
This city is located in GA was the the first colonial and state of GA. It has a large historic district.
Baghdad
This city is the capital of the country of Iraq.
Mexico City
This city is the capital of the country of Mexico.
Atlanta
This city is the capital of the state of Georgia.
Savannah
This city located in Georgia was the first colonial and state capital of Georgia. It has a large historic district.
Marine West Coast
This climate has warm (not hot) summers, cool (not cold) winters, and receives a healthy amount of annual precipitation.
Tropical Wet
This climate is only found along the equator, receiving around 100 inches of rain each year which supports the rainforests there
Humid-Subtropical
This climate type is characterized by hot, humid summers, cool winters, and significant precipitation
Panama canal
This connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America. Example: This makes the long trip around South America unnecessary.
South America
This continent has the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east, and was colonized by European nations at about the same time that North America was.
South Africa
This country has three capitals- Pretoria, Bloemfontein (judicial), and Cape Town (legislative)- though Johannesburg is its largest city.
North Korea
This country is a communist dictatorship that was established after World War II and has the city of Pyongyang as its capital.
Pakistan
This country is bordered by Afghanistan to the west and India to the east
Panama
This country is located in an isthmus between Central and South America. Example: The Canal here links the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.
Spain
This country sponsored Columbus' 1492 voyage, colonized most of Central and South America, and fought a brief and unsuccessful war against the United States in 1898.
Venezuela
This country was once a Spanish colony and is one of the major exporters of oil in the Western Hemisphere.
Mexico
This country was once home to the Maya and Aztec civilizations, came under Spanish control in the 1500s, and since 1917 has been a representative, democratic republic with a presidential system.
Japan
This country was the last of the Axis Powers to surrender in 1945, but today is one of the most powerful economies in Asia and the world.
Colombia
This country's capital is Bogota and is bordered to the east by Venezuela and to the west by Panama.
Brazil
This country, the largest in South America, is a federative republic and is the only American country to use Portuguese as its official language.
Cuban Revolution
This event took place in the Western Hemisphere from July 26, 1953, to January 1, 1959, resulting in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista and the creation of a communist government.
Magellan
This explorer led a Spanish expedition that became the first to successfully sail around the world in the early 1500s.
Manifest Destiny
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
Valley and Ridge
This geographic region is located on the Western side of thr Appalachian Mtns, specifically between the Unaka Mtn and the Cumberland Plateau
Proximity
This geographic term refers to the area near or around a place or a region.
Northern Hemisphere
This hemisphere contains most of the world's land and 90% of the world's population.
Northern Hemisphere
This hemisphere contains most of the world's land and 90% of the worlds pouplation
Least Cost Theory
This is Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors. Weber assumes an industry will choose its location based on the desire to minimize production costs and thus maximize profits. Drawbacks to the model include its assumption of an immobile and equal labor force.
Subarctic
This is a climate found in northern North America, Europe, & Asia, with generally cold temperatures, evergreen trees, and the Taiga biome.
Arid
This is a climate that has insufficient rainfall to support trees or woody plants.
North America
This is a continent that lies completely in the northern and western hemisphere. It is the third largest continent in land size
North America
This is a continent that lies completely in the northern and western hemisphere. It is the third largest continent in land size.
Philippines
This is a country in Southeast Asia that was under Japanese occupation during WWII but belonged to the United states
Production Possibilities Frontier
This is a diagram showing the maximum amount of goods and/or services an economy can produce
Social Security
This is a federal government program that provides income support to people who are unemployed, disabled, or over the age of 65
Acid Rain
This is a form of pollution that is found in precipitation and carries high amounts of harmful chemical compounds such as ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Medicaid
This is a health program sponsored by the United States Government that provides services to individuals and families with low incomes
Mestizo
This is a historic term that refers to a person of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry living in Latin America.
Plateau
This is a large elevated area of mostly level land.
Patent
This is a legal granted exclusive right to produce a product or process for a given account of time usually to the inventor of that product or process
Copyright
This is a legally granted exclusive right yo produce s literary, musical, or artistic work for a given period of time.
Clear Cutting
This is a logging practice of removing all trees from a harvest area which can result in deforestation.
River
This is a major water source that flow directly into a sea or ocean.
Blue Ridge
This is a mountain chain in the eastern United States, forming part of the Appalachian Mountains.
Blue Ridge Mountains
This is a mountain chain in the eastern United states, forming part of the Appalachian Mountains, with 469-mile scenic highway connecting two national parks
Okefenokee Swamp
This is a peat-filled wetland along the GA-FL border, is one othe Seven Natural Wonders of GA and has almost 440,000 acres
Okefenokee Swamp
This is a peat-filled wetland along the Georgia-Florida border, is one of the "Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia" and has almost 440,000 acres.
Entrepreneur
This is a person who takes the risk of a new business enterprise
Peninsula
This is a piece of land that is bordered on three sides by water.
Korea
This is a place that is divided in half by Communist control in the North and non-Communists in the South
Piedmont
This is a region located in the eastern United States between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Mountains. This region consists of an upland and lowland section.
Piedmont
This is a region located in the eastern Unted States between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the appalachian Mountains. This region consists of an upland and the lowland section.
Subsistence Agriculture
This is a situation in which farmers grow only enough food to support themselves and their families.
Guerrilla
This is a type of soldier who fights in a loosely organized and concealed way, often blending in with the civilian population. It comes from the French word for \'war\'.
Mediterranean Climate
This is a type of subtropical climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, cool winters.
Maladaptation
This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it
Marginal Benefit
This is an additional or extra benefit associated with an action
Region
This is an area with common characteristics on a globe or map
Trade off
This is an economic situation related to opportunity cost in which one thing is given up in order to do as something else
Capitalism
This is an economic system where the factors of production are privately owned
Market Economy
This is an economy in which the government had little to say about what, how, and for whom goods are produced; the factors of production are privately owned
OPEC
This is an international cartel developed in 1965 to stabilize international oil prices, oversee petroleum imports and investments. Example: Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela
united nations
This is an international organization created following World War II to provide a way to negotiate dispute
rural
This is an open area of country with a low number of people, or low population density, living there. Example: These areas make up 98% of the land in the U.S., but only 25% of the population live there.
Air Pollution
This is caused by the introduction of a substance to the atmosphere that can cause harm to humans and the environment
Investment
This is generally the act of putting aside money or deferring compensation for future profit or benefit
Western Hemisphere
This is half of the earth to the west of the Prime Meridian
Savannah River
This is one of GA's longest and largest waterways, and it forms the state's boundary with SC
Savannah River
This is one of Georgia's longest and largest waterways, and it forms the state's boundary with South Carolina.
Land
This is one of factors of production ( productive resource ), referring to anything that is taken from the earth during the production of a good or service
Labor
This is one of the main factors of production. It is the measure of the work done by people
Voluntary Exchange
This is the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions
Colonization
This is the act, by a militarily strong country, of invading and taking over the sovereignty of another area. Many times by placing a settlement or settlements of its own people to live in the new land.
Productivity
This is the amount of goods or services produced per input used
Atlanta
This is the capitol city of GA
Marginal Cost
This is the change in the total cost of an item that occurs when the quantity produced changes by one unit
El Nino
This is the climate pattern that occurs in the tropical portion of the Pacific Ocean that is often associated with droughts, floods, and other extreme weather patterns.
Appalachian Mountains
This is the eastern North American range that reaches from Alabama in the south to Canada in the north. Mt. Mitchell is the highest point in this range.
Disposable Income
This is the economic term that refers to one's total income that is left following the payment of all required taxes.
Capital
This is the equipment and factories used in the production of goods and services.
Absolute Location
This is the exact location of a place on the earth's surface. It is given in terms of lattitude and longitude.
Variable Cost
This is the expense for a good or product that changes in proportion to the activity of the company
Command Economy
This is the general name for an economic system characterized by a central authority which makes major economical decisions
Fall Line
This is the geological feature that runs across the state of Georgia from Columbus to Augusta.
Fall Line
This is the geological feature thatruns across the state of GA from Columbus to Augusta
Western Hemisphere
This is the half of the earth to the west of the Prime Meridian.
Economic Growth
This is the increase in the value of the goods and services produced by an economy
Amazon
This is the largest river (by volume of water) in the world and it runs through the northern regions of South America
Cape Town
This is the legislative capitol of South Africa and its second largest city with over 3.5 million people
Nile
This is the longest river in Africa and was the cradle of the ancient Egyptian kingdoms.
Migration
This is the movement of people within a country or political unit, resulting in a change of personal residence.
Timber
This is the name for wood that is cut from forests for use in the making of economic goods
Tundra
This is the name given to a climate region found in North America, northern Europe, and Northern Russia in which there is limited vegetation andthe soil is permanently frozen.
Rainforest
This is the name given to a region of dense vegetation, tree growth, and precipitation, usually found in tropical regions of South America, Africa, and Asia.
Mixed Economy
This is the name given to an economy that may contain market, command, and/or traditional economic systems
Public Housing
This is the name given to homes and apartments that are managed by federal, state, and/or local government agencies in order to assist low-income families in finding a place to live
One Child Policy
This is the name given to the Chinese plan for controlling the problem of massive population growth.
Partition
This is the name given to the act and the process that created and divided India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh following the end of British rule there.
sub-saharan
This is the name given to the majority portion of Africa that is located south of the major desert found in the northern portion of the continent.
Fertile Crescent
This is the name given to the rich agricultural land in the ancient Middle East, from the Tigris and Euphrates westward to the Mediterranean Sea.
Pacific Rim
This is the name given tothe economic region of East Asia and western North and South America.
Honshu
This is the name of Japan's largest island.
Alpine (Also Accepted: Alpine Climate, Alpine Zone, Alpine Climate Zone)
This is the name of the climate zone that is found above a tree line in high elevations
Bangladesh
This is the name of the country in Asia that was created following the end of British rule in the region following World War II and after an independence movement from West Pakistan
Portugal
This is the name of the country with the capital of Lisbon and that is located on the Iberian Peninsula. Colonized Brazil
Canadian Shield
This is the name of the geologic formation that dominates much of eastern Canada, consisting of igneous rock covered by a thin layer of soil making large scale farming nearly impossible
pound
This is the name of the monetary unit used in Great Britain.
Hokkaido
This is the name of the second-largest island in Japan
Infant Mortality Rate
This is the number of newborns dying under a year of age divided by the total number of births, times a thousand
Atlantic Ocean
This is the ocean found on the east coast of the United States and the west coast of some European and African countries.
Atlantic Ocean
This is the ocean found on the west coast of the United States
Latin America
This is the part of the Western hemisphere where languages derived from Latin (usually Spanish or Portuguese) are the primary language.
Temperate Zone
This is the part of the earth which lies between either tropic andthe corresponding polar circle
Buyer
This is the person or persons who purchase a good or service
Public Services
This is the primary use of tax revenue in many states, examples include schools, roads, firefighters and law enforcement officers
Deregulation
This is the process of reducing our eliminating government regulations on an industry, allowing for more laissez-faire business practices. This has been a major issue in the airline, automobile, and power industry since the 1980s
Division of Labor
This is the process of separating the tasks in the process of production and assigning different tasks to different workers
Eminent Domain
This is the right of the government to take private property, like land, for public use
Rio De Janeiro
This is the second-largest city in Brazil and home to the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympic Games.
Atlantic Coastal Plain
This is the southern-most region of Georgia and is home to the Barrier islands, the okefenokee Swamp, and Savannah
Coastal Plain
This is the southern-most region of Georgia and is home to the barrier islands, the Okefenokee Swamp, and Savannah.
Water Pollution
This is the specific type of contamination, or poisoning, of lakes, rivers, oceans, and other bodies by harmful compounds such as raw sewage and industrial chemicals.
water pollution
This is the specific type of contamination, or poisoning, of lakes, rivers, oceans, and other bodies by harmful compounds such as raw sewage and industrial chemicals. Example: The two categories are point source, like a storm drain, and non-point source, like run-off from an agricultural field.
Consumer Good
This is the term for a finished product used by an individual for personal use
Megalopolis
This is the term for an extensive, sprawling metropolitan area, resulting in a seemingly continuous urban environment for hundreds of miles.
Metropolis
This is the term given to a very large urban area and is usually a political, social, and economic center of the state or region.
Literacy Rate
This is the term that is used to describe the percentage of people in a country who have the ability to read and write.
Slavery
This is the term used to describe a system of forced labor in which a person is considered to be the property of another person.
Standard of Living
This is the term used to describe the general way in which people live, focusing primarily on things like average income, health care availability, life expectancy, educational attainment, etc
Standard Of Living
This is the term used to describe the general way in which people live, focusing primarily on things like average income, health care availability, life expectancy, educational attainment, etc.
Opportunity Cost
This is the value lost when one alternative is chosen over another
Trade
This is the voluntary exchange of goods and or services.
Economic System
This is the way in which a society deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
Specialization
This is when each worker performs a specific task in production
Scarcity
This is when resources are limited and the need for a good or service is higher for a society than what is produced
J-Curve
This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and services.
China
This modern-day Asian country was the site of one of the first ancient civilizations. Historical record goes back to the 15th Century BCE with the Shang Dynasty, who developed some form of written communication.
Andes
This mountain range is found in South America and was home to the Incan Empire
Alps
This mountain range is found in southern Europe and served as a protective barrier to Ancient Rome
Dry Farming
This new agricultural technique came about in the late 19th century and allowed Great Plains farming to take place with very little water.
Harmful Spillover
This phrase refers to the impact of economic activity upon people who are not directly involved. This phrase describes when the impact is negative
Helpful Spillover
This phrase refers to the impact of economic activity upon people who are not directly involved. This phrase occurs when that impact is positive.
Olmec
This pre-Colombian civilization inhabited central Mexico from roughly 1400 BCE to 400 BCE and is now remembered for both their colossal carved stone heads and for rapid and mysterious decline.
Spanish
This refers to both a language (common in Central and South America) and a people (located on the Iberian Peninsula) who colonized countries such as Mexico and Argentina.
Government Regulation
This refers to rules established at some level of government for the purpose of guiding business practices. Although it is commonly accepted that some guiding rules are beneficial to encourage competition and promote the public good, it is also commonly accepted that it may increase the cost of doing business.
Barrier Islands
This refers to the eight major Islands and Island groups that are located along the GA coast.
Barrier Islands
This refers to the eight major islands and island groups that are located along the Georgia coast.
Ganges
This river is over 1,500 miles long and is sacred to the Hindu faith
Yellow River
This river is the second longest in China and is known for its thick deposits of silt.
Property
This tax is locally assessed, varies according to the worth of land and goods on it, and generally fund things like public schools
Consumer Empowerment
This term is an economic and legal concept that buyers should have access to a full range of resources to make informed economic decisions
Consumer Protection Laws
This term is an economic and legal concept that governments should use regulations to ensure the rights of buyers
Southeast
This term not only refers to direction, but a region of the US consisting of states scuh as GA, NC, SC, AL, FL, and others
Nation
This term refers to a group with a similar ethnic or cultural backround, who may or may not live in a common geographic area.
Mountain
This term refers to a large, steep hill, usually of great height.
Island
This term refers to a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water.
Cape
This term refers to a pointed, small land mass that sticks out into a body of water.
Desert
This term refers to a region that receives less than 10 inches of precipitation annually
Deforestation
This term refers to the change in landscape that occurs when humans clear land for farming or other endeavors.
Population Growth
This term refers to the change in the number of people living in a city, county, state, province, or nation. An increase is a positive change, while a decrease is a negative change.
Population Density
This term refers to the number of people per unit area (usually a kilometer or a mile). This could refer to the number of people per square mile in a city, a county, a province, a state, or a nation.
Humidity
This term represents the amount of water vapor that is found in the air, and is represented by a percentage.
Relative Location
This term, however, describes a location by using another location as a reference point.
Population Pyramid
This type of graph consists of two back-to-back bar graphs which compare the number of males and females in a particular population.
Appalachian Plateau
This upland area lies just to the west of the mountain range in the eastern United States.
Appalachian Plateau
This upland area lies just to the west of the mountain range in the eastern United States. It is the smallest of Georgia's 5 physiographic regions.
Plains
This was a name for the tribes of Native Americans who were migratory and lived in the Midwest of the United States until the late 1800s.
Smallpox
This was an infectious disease in which fluid filled blisters and high fever were common, as well as sometimes death in some cases. It was most common from the 1500s until the late-1800s.
Columbian Exchange
This was the enormously widespread transfer of agricultural goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occurred after 1492.
Great Migration
This was the large movement of African Americans from the Southern U.S. to the Northern U.S. in the early-20th century.
quaternary activities
Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration - including administration of the other economic activity levels; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities.
primary activities
Those parts of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; included are mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and grazing.
secondary activities
Those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included are manufacturing, construction, and power generation.
tertiary activities
Those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services; included are wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kinds.
The following map displays the population density of regions throughout China. According to the map, which of the following regions is one of the least densely populated? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/634000_634500/634119/2/1d671643398b614c3f7a76eee9de2ce325a91d7b/45135.jpg Shanghai Tibet Taiwan Hunan
Tibet
This region is called Latin America:
To distinguish the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking republics of the Americas from the English-speaking ones.
Pacific Rim economic region
Together with China and Japan, the four Asian Tigers make up the core of the Asian economic engine.
22. Which animals live in the arctic tundra? a. caribou, polar bears, snowy owls, and even grasshoppers 23. Why are areas of native deciduous forest often cut down to make room for agriculture? Eastern Europe has very little arable land so more has to be made 24. What feature is used to classify forest biomes? a. According to latitude 25. The area of North America from Alaska to Newfoundland can be compared to what type of forest in Eastern Europe? a. Boreal forests 26. Why are the forests of the southwest Caucuses in Russia considered to be similar to Southern Appalachia in the USA? a. both Northern Hemisphere, warm temperate Tertiary forests but have developed differently 27. What makes Poland's climate unique? a. Poland has both a maritime and a continental climate, Experiences six distinct seasons throughout the year, Due to humid Atlantic air which collides over its territory with dry air from the Eurasian interior 28. What type of climate characterizes MOST of Eastern Europe? The climate is humid continental-type with cool summers in most of Central and Eastern Europe
Too lazy for all that copy and pastin
Big Mac Index
Tool for calculating purchasing power parity that compares prices of a Big Mac throughout the world.
"The Troubles" in Northern Ireland are mainly the result of all of the following BUT:
Total failure of the 1998 Good Friday Accords.
What is TFR?
Total fertility rate. The average number of births a woman will have in her lifetime during her childbearing years.
What is the equation for arithmetic density?
Total number of people divided by total land area.
While more countries are increasingly willing to sign international agreements to solve environmental problems, critics of globalization contend that:
Trade agreements to promote free trade often conflict with national and local environmental protection.
Describe the agriculture of Portugal
Traditional farming system provides most of the country's food.
As people in developing countries move from the countryside to cities, they should expect major changes in all of the following EXCEPT:
Transportation methods.
The majority of Latin Americans speak Spanish rather than Portuguese as a legacy of the:
Treaty of Tordesillas.
This climate is only found along the equator, receiving around 100 inches of rain. (Rainforests are there.)
Tropical Wet
This climate found near the equator, though the rains are often seasonal and can often be absent. (Most of Venezuela and eastern Brazil.)
Tropical Wet and Dry
Vladimir Koppen's climate classifications divides Earth into 5 climate regions, which are...
Tropical climates, dry climates, warm mid-latitude climates, cold mid-latitude climates, and polar climates.
Neotropics are the:
Tropical ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere.
North America's climate and vegetation is characterized by all of the following BUT:
Tropical rainforests.
A dictator generally takes and keeps his power by force.
True
Acid rain became a major transboundary environmental issue in the late 20th century in Europe.
True
Acid rain can damage buildings, stained glass, railroad lines, airplanes, cars, steel bridges, and underground pipes.
True
Bamboo is an ecologically friendly choice for hardwood flooring and furniture.
True
China and the United States account for nearly half the increase in world oil demand.
True
Due to serious dogmatic differences between the Orthodox Church and the Western Christian churches, the Orthodox Church is not in communion with the Roman Catholic and Protestant communities.
True
Ethnic divisions began to resurface in the 1990s, following the election of non-communist leaders throughout Yugoslavia.
True
Human impact on the environment can be seen in the deterioration of the Alps.
True
Hungary is south of Poland.
True
Italy and Portugal are both part of Mediterranean Europe
True
Japan is an Archipelago.
True
Japan is considered an "early late developing nation" due to the fact that Japan entered its period of industrialization only in the 19th century
True
Japan is located to the east of South Korea.
True
Japan is separated from Korea by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan
True
Only 8% of Russia is arable land.
True
Permafrost is melting across the Northern Hemisphere, altering ecosystems and damaging roads and buildings across Russia.
True
Permafrost only occurs in the tundra and forest-tundra zone of Russia.
True
Since the fall of Communism in the early 1990s, many Eastern European countries have been spending big bucks to develop first-class winter resorts.
True
Spain is west of france
True
St. Petersburg was established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire.
True
Structures built on permafrost will eventually sink.
True
The Alps Mountains did not separate ancient Rome from the rest of Europe, in fact throughout history mass migrations through the mountains occurred.
True
The China Youth Daily said the 'one child' policy has also allowed many children in the countryside to get a better education because limiting population has somewhat alleviated the strain on the education system.
True
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between western Greece and southern Italy.
True
The Shang Dynasty is considered to be the first true dynasty of China.
True
The Silk Road actually consisted of more than one possible route through the mountains that the traders followed.
True
The Three Gorges Dam spans the Yangtze River in China.
True
The Yellow River is also known as the Huang He River.
True
The Zhoushan Archipelago has the richest fishing grounds off the coast of China.
True
The area known as the "Canadian Shield" s not capable of intensive agricultural output. The area lies in the northeastern portion of the country and consists of a thin layer of soil over a foundation of bedrock. This yields very little in the way of agricultural output.
True
The climate of Western Europe is a predominantly a marine climate.
True
The majority of the Western European agriculture takes place on the Great European Plain.
True
The next generation of nuclear power plants being built in California and South Africa are even safer and more efficient than previous generations of power plants.
True
Unemployment and income inequality are seen as negative features of a capitalist economy.
True
When Spartan boys turned 7 they moved into a dormitory to learn to be good soldiers.
True
Zero population growth is encouraged because if populations are allowed to grow uncontrolled, there are insufficient resources to support the people.
True
Canada's geography is noteworthy because the country has the largest coastline of any country in the world.
True Canada has the largest coastline of any country in the world. Thanks to the many islands and the massive size of the country Canada has over 150,000 miles of coastline. Impressive, eh?
Mexico City's most pressing environmental issue is dangerous air pollution.
True Mexico City's most pressing environmental issue is dangerous air pollution. Rapid industrialization and large number of cars produce air pollution. However, the fact that the city lies in a valley with little airflow makes things much, much worse.
By looking at this map, http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/136/13686/13686.jpg you could determine that the system of waterways in Europe can be used to efficiently transport goods in and out of the continent.
True, By looking at this map, you could determine that the system of waterways in Europe can be used to efficiently transport goods in and out of the continent. This has been the case for centuries, and has helped to make Europe well developed. Additionally, there are hydroelectric plants located along many of the region's rivers.
Historically, Europe's coastal location and river systems have resulted in trade dominance in recent centuries.
True. Historically, Europe's coastal location and river systems have resulted in trade dominance in recent centuries. River systems do not prevent invaders or the spread of religions, and parts of Asia have the highest population densities, not Europe.
Natural hazards throughout Europe include all of the following BUT:
Tsunamis.
This is the name given to a climate region found in North America, northern Europe, and Northern Russia in which there is limited vegetation and the soil is permanently frozen. (Most of Iceland.)
Tundra
Cyprus is divided along a Green Line separating ethnic _____ in the north from ethnic _____ in the south.
Turks; Greeks.
Alfred Weber
Twentieth-century German geographer who created the least cost theory to predict the locational decisions made by industrial operations.
labor intensive
Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense.
Ecotourism
Type of tourist attraction built around an environmentally friendly activity that aims to preserve the earth and its resources.
Which of the following natural hazards causes the greatest loss of life in China and the Korean peninsula?
Typhoons and floods
On the map of Eastern Asia, what is the capital of the starred country? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/634000_634500/634104/2/5c3ea2cf2be8100318cf2f6d82ca62c79685bd1a/45102.jpg
Ulaan Bator
Improvements in communications and transportation technologies radically transformed North America through connectivity, which linked to other regions by:
Undersea cables for telegraph lines, airports and jet aircraft, and computer, satellite, and Internet technologies.
Soviet geopolitical structures unintentionally helped create local national identities through creation of ethnic:
Union republics and autonomous areas.
Southwest Asia and North Africa are a key global culture hearth, where many cultural innovations developed and diffused widely to other parts of the world, including:
Urban-based civilization, domestication of wheat and cattle, birth of three religions, and development of water and oil resources.
Migration into, within, and out of the region occurs in all of the following patterns EXCEPT:
Urban-to-rural migration to relieve city overcrowding.
Individual Africans are improving their links to the world economy by increasing their:
Use of mobile phones that do not rely on fixed telephone lines and inflow of private capital.
Using the map as a source, http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/166/16625/16625.jpg which environmental issue can BEST be linked to the population density of Mexico City?
Using the map above, the environmental issue that can BEST be linked to the population density of Mexico City is Air pollution. Air pollution has been a major problem for Mexico city since it is one of the most populated cities in the world. The government has tried to pass laws to get businesses to restrict their activities and develop safer practices.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Value of total output of goods and services produced in a country, usually over one year.
Population Distribution
Variation of population density over a particular geographic area. For example, a country has a high population density in its urban areas and a much lower population density in rural areas.
Which of the following best characterizes the physical environment of Sub-Saharan Africa?
Vast elevated plateaus that are higher in eastern Africa and lower in western Africa.
This country was once a Spanish colony and is one of the major exporters of oil in the Western Hemisphere. Caracas is its capital and largest city.
Venezuela
This is the longest river in Russia, starting just northwest of Moscow and ending in the Caspian Sea.
Volga
With 35% of the world's natural gas reserves, Russia also outpaces the U.S. in annual oil production. The region's major oil fields are in:
Volga Valley, Siberia, Far East, and Caspian Sea.
Afro-religious traditions in the Caribbean include:
Voodoo (Vodoun), Santeria, Obeah, and Candomble.
Beginning in the 1700s, Europe was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, which relied heavily on abundant _____, _____, and _____.
Water; coal; iron ore.
Movement of populations within the United States is:
Westward, southward, and cityward.
A country moves from stage 2 to 3 when CBR does what?
When CBR begans to drop sharply.
natural/physical boundary
When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary
weight gaining
When a product undergoes the gain of net weight by combining several things together to create a larger product.
weight reduction
When a product undergoes the loss of net weight by removal of the original materials.
short-haul penalty
When using a shorter haul distance is more expensive that one long haul distance.
Development gap
Widening difference between development levels in more-developed and less-developed countries.
Morocco faces several problems, including:
Widespread illiteracy and brain drain, as best-educated young people leave for employment opportunities in other countries
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Challenges facing Europe in the 21st century include all of the following EXCEPT:
Working to lower population growth, especially in affluent areas.
Why was Pompeii discovered in 1738?
Workmen were building a summer palace for the King of Naples.
Key multinational organizations that facilitate the flow of goods and capital across international boundaries include the:
World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO).
Name some of the fertile valleys in China that population is clustered around/in.
Yangtze and Huang.
How many countries are still in stage 1?
Zero duh fatso.
Europe's biggest long-term population problems include:
Zero population growth and in-migration.
variable costs of transportation
[syn: line-haul costs (syn: over-the-road costs) The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs.
Map
a 2D model of the earth or a portion of its surface
antecedent boundary
a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated
superimposed boundary
a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern
subsequent boundary
a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
Human geography
a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface
political geography
a branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political phenomena
race
a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
a code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide exclusive economic zones
syncretism
a combination of different forms of belief and practice
Geographic Information Systems
a computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show those data
zero population growth (ZPG)
a condition for individual countries when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration
Pattern
a consistent or characteristic arrangement
conurbation
a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities
urbanized area
a continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city; it may contain a central city and many contiguous towns, suburbs, and unincorporated areas
primate city
a country's leading city, disproportionately larger and functionally more complex than any other; a city dominating an urban hierarchy composed of a base of small towns and an absence of intermediate-sized cities
tipping point
a critical percentage of newcomer housing occupancy is reached which may precipitate a rapid exodus by the former majority population
extensive agriculture
a crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. May be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy
nation
a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs
S-Curve
a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.
central place theory
a deductive theory formulated by Christaller to explain the size and distribution of settlements through reference to competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed rural populations
sector model
a description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the CBD along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high-status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges
Pandemic
a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
enclave
a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory
population geography
a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population.
indo-european language
a family of several hundred related languages and dialects
Infant Mortality Rate
a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
footloose firm
a firm with manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting activities or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation
centrifugal force
a force that divides people and countries
ghetto
a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority
Relocation diffusion
a form of diffusion that involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin to a new place
Contagious diffusion
a form of expansion diffusion in which numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters
relic boundary
a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features
suburb
a functionally specialized segment of a large urban complex located outside the boundaries of the central city; usually, a relatively homogeneous residential community, separately incorporated and administered
ozone
a gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to UV radiation. In the upper atmosphere it forms a normally continuous, thin layer that blocks UV light; in the lower atmosphere it constitutes a damaging component of photochemical smog
isogloss
a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
domino theory
a geopolitics theory made part of American containment (of the former Soviet Union) policy beginning in the 1950s. The theory maintained that if a single country fell under Soviet influence or control, its neighbors would likely follow, creating a ripple effect like a line of toppling dominos
federal system
a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments
population pyramid
a graphic device that represents a population's age and sex composition based on current data
regionalism
a group (ofen ethnic) which identifies with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole
Functional (nodal) region
a group of places linked together by some function's influence on them
containment
a guiding principle of US foreign policy during the Cold War period; to prevent or restrict the expansion of the Soviet Union's influence or control beyond its then existing limits
genetic drift
a heritable trait that appears by chance in one group and becomes accentuated through inbreeding. Differentiates populations in non-adaptive ways
In the early-2000s, Mexico has openly encouraged programs to improve the country's technology. Which of these has been the BIGGEST obstacle to achieving these improvements? A) civil unrest B) religious opposition to technology C) a lack of funds and institutions to support improvement D) economic treaties with more technologically advanced nations
a lack of funds and institutions to support improvement The primary obstacle to Mexico's improvement in technology in the 21st century so far has been a lack of funds and institutions to support improvement . Its economy has improved greatly since the mid-1990s, though there is still some improvement to be had.
All of these are describing elements of Aboriginal Australian culture before the arrival of Europeans, EXCEPT for
a lack of internal conflict and war
creole
a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue
lingua franca
a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce
plantation
a large agricultural holding, frequently foreign owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop
satisficing location
a less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction
Standard of Living
a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone
break-of-bulk point
a location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another eg barge to railroad
biome
a major ecological community, including plants and animals, occupying an extensive earth area
ubiquitous industry
a market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion of population
gender gap
a measurable difference between the behaviors of men and women
segregation
a measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are non-uniformly distributed among the total population
potential model
a measurement of the total interaction opportunities available under gravity model assumptions to a center in a multicenter system
step migration
a migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stages eg rural to central city residence through farm to small town to suburb to the major central city)
Age Distribution
a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
city
a multifunctional nucleated settlement with a CBD and both residential and nonresidential land uses
nonrenewable resource
a natural resource that is not replenished or replaced by natural processes or is used at a rate that exceeds its replacement rate
renewable resource
a natural resource that is potentially inexhaustible either because it is constantly (eg solar) or periodically (eg biomass) replenished as long as its use does not exceed its maximum sustainable yield
ethnic neighborhood
a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
town
a nucleated settlement that contains a CBD but that is small and less functionally complex than a city
exclave
a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
cluster migration
a pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of distinctive social or ethnic group
Italy has few deep harbors, which is unusual considering that it is
a peninsula.
confucianism
a philosophy of ethnics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius
natural resource
a physically occurring item that a population perceives to be necessary and useful to its maintenance and well-being; also resource
irredentism
a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country
Iron Curtain
a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
ethnographic/cultural boundary
a political boundary that follows some cultural border, such as linguistic or religious border
confederation
a political system in which a weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power.
ecosystem
a population of organisms existing together in a small, relatively homogeneous area (pond, forest, small island) together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends
aquifer
a porous, water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel below ground level
exclave
a portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country
cultural regions
a portion of earth's surface occupied by a population sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
culture region
a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
urban hierarchy
a ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity
shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
Perceptual (vernacular) region
a region defined by people's beliefs
Formal region
a region marked by uniformity
popular region
a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; vernacular region
formal region
a region/area sharing one or more physical or cultural feature (uniform region)
uniform region
a region/area sharing one or more physical or cultural feature. (formal regions)
ethnic religion
a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people
gated community
a restricted access subdivision or neighborhood, often surrounded by a barrier, with entry permitted only for residents and their guests; usually totally planned in land use and design, with "residents only" limitations on public streets and parjs
nationalism
a sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interest of a particular country or nation; an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals
culture realm
a set of cultural regions showing related cultural complexes and landscapes
colony
a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland
bario / favala
a shantytown in or near a city; slum area
ethnicity
a shared ancestry and cultural heritage, the retention of a set of distinctive traditions, and the maintenance of in-group interactions and relationships
Culture trait
a single piece of a culture's traditions and practices
ethnic homeland
a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic majority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region
enclave
a small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction
plural society
a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
plural society
a society that contains various cultural groups
quinary activity
a sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations. The most advanced form of the quarternary subsector
quinary activities
a sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations; also most advanced form of the quaternary subsector
prorupt state
a state of basically compact form but with one or more narrow extensions of territory
theocracy
a state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders
fragmented state
a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous
nation-state
a state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation
perforated state
a state whose territory is interrupted by a separate, independent state totally contained within its borders
elongated state
a state whose territory is long and narrow
compact state
a state whose territory is nearly circular
nationalism
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
ethnic conflict
a struggle that happened because of ethnicities interacting
European Union
a supranational organization whose goal is to unite Europe so that goods, services, and workers can move freely among member countries
commercial economy
a system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand
planned economy
a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program
Green Revolution
a term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice
exclave
a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which is not physically contiguous
enclave
a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory
independent invention
a trait that many cultural hearths that develop independent of each other
immigrant states
a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA.
Culture complex
a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group
proselytic religion
a universalizing religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just those of one culture or location
12. What is the "tundra"?
a. A large plain in the subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere
15. What are "three ways to deal with permafrost"?
a. Avoid, Destroy, or Preserve it
16. How can permafrost areas and permafrost-free areas be identified by builders?
a. Black spruce trees indicate hidden permafrost b. birch, aspen, or white spruce often indicate permafrost-free areas c. permafrost is more common on north-facing slopes and less common on south-facing slopes
By what other name is the Russian Plain known?
a. Eastern European Plain
18. What important economic discovery was made in the Urals due to erosion?
a. Erosion has exposed many valuable minerals such as topaz and beryl
7. Which two major cities are located in Taiga regions? (hint: one is in Eastern Europe, and one is in North America)
a. Toronto and Moscow
20. Which mountain chain is considered to be the boundary between European Russia and Asian Russia?
a. Ural mountains
13. What is "permafrost"? How has it been affected by climate change?
a. a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions. Climate change made it not so permanent
19. In which country/countries are the Altai Mountains located?
a. where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together
transferability
acceptable costs of an exchange
Median line principle
according to the UNCLOS, the EEZ for maritime countries located closer to each other than 200 miles is located halfway in between.
Almost half of Canada is covered by natural forests. Timber is one of their most important exports and generates billions of dollars into their economy each year. Using this information, which environmental concern is LEAST connected to the issue discussed? A) acid rain B) soil erosion C) loss of animal habitats D) increased carbon dioxide
acid rain Using the information listed above, the environmental issue that is LEAST connected to that is acid rain. Acid rain is caused by air pollution and is not as directly connected to the problems of deforestation. Canada has issues with increased carbon dioxide leading the Greenhouse effect, loss of animal species and more soil erosion due to cutting down the forests.
gene flow
acts to homogenize neighboring populations via interbreeding. No scientific basis for race
adaptation
adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
cultural adaptation
adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
ethnicity
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
Which industry would be MOST affected by these natural hazards?
agricultural
Choose the way in which the earth's physical features affect people's activities. jobs they choose means of travel ways they spend their free time all of the above none of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a secondary effect of acid deposition? polluted water dying forests airborne chemicals all of the above
all of the above
pidgin
amalgam of languages, usually a simplified form of one with borrowings from another local language
Malthus
an English economist and demographer; all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (food) (1766-1834)
juinism
an Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living things
fixed cost
an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant
international organization
an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination
cultural shatter belt
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
state
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
urban influence zone
an area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by the city
Urban
an area with a high number of people, or high population density, living close together
proto language
an assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language
subsistence economy
an economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family
mixed economy
an economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion
lingua franca
an established language used for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensible
Taoism
an ideology whose central theme is the Way, a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention; simple life of individuals
secularism
an indifference to or rejection of religion or religious belief
spatially variable costs
an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs
spatially fixed costs
an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located
geographic information system
an integrated software package for handling, processing, and analyzing geographical data and computer database in which every item of information is tied to a precise geographic location
rank-size rule
an observed regularity in the city-size distribution of some country. In a rank-size hierarchy, the population of any given town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy; the nth-ranked city will be 1/n the size of the largest city
Census
an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals
Population Policy
an official government strategy designed to affect any or all of several objectives including the size, composition, and distribution of population
central place
an urban or other settlement node whose primary function is to porovide goods and services to the consuming population of its hinterland, complementary region, or trade area
crude birth rate (CBR)
annual number of births per 1000 population; without regard to the age or sex composition of that population
maternal mortality rate
annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births
mortality rate
annual number of deaths per 1000 population; without regard to the age or sex composition of that population (crude death rate)
crude death rate (CDR)
annual number of deaths per 1000 population; without regard to the age or sex composition of that population (mortality rate)
movement bias
any aggregate control on or regularity of movement of people, commodities, or communication. (Included are distance bias, direction bias, and network bias.)
intensive agriculture
any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; may be part of either subsistence or commercial economy
diffusion barrier
any conditions that hinder either the flow of information or the movement of people and thus prevent the acceptance of an innovation
folk ways
any informal norms, virtues, or values characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law
Where are problems with acid deposition found?
aquatic environments, forests, and human environments
Culture hearth
area where innovations in culture began and from which such cultural elements spread
activity space
area within which we move freely on our rounds of regular activity
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
as established in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles seaward from the a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it
A geographic resource containing map collections is called a(n) _____. almanac atlas reader's guide thesaurus
atlas
population (demographic) momentum
because of the age composition of many societies, numbers of births will continue to grow even as fertility rates per woman decline
Judaism
belief in a single God laid the foundation of both Christianity and Islam
monotheism
belief in a single deity
polytheism
belief in many gods
polytheism
belief in multiple gods
universalizing
belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope
animism
belief that life exists in all objects, rocks, trees, mountains etc or that inanimate objects are the abode of the dead, of spirits, and of gods
caste
birth structure of society; an expression of the eternal transmigration of souls
folk culture
body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous, isolated, largely self-sufficient, and relatively static social group
custom
body of traditional practices, usages, and conventions that regulate social life
interfaith boundaries
boundaries between the world's major faiths
shia (shi'ite)
branch of Islam; Persian variation; believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali
sunni
branch of Islam; orthodox/traditionalist; believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems; accept traditions of Muhammad as authoritative
geopolitics
branch of political geography treating national power, foreign policy, and international relations as influenced by geographic considerations of location, space, resources, and demography
reunification
bring together parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany)
connectivity
broad concept implying all the tangible and intangible ways in which places are connected
vernacular house
built in traditional form but without formal plans or drawings
What is one way that a culture becomes established as a recognized entity?
by developing a set of traditions that its members practice
mediterranean polyculture is grown in a region most similar to which agricultural region of the u.s
california
forward capital
capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
Deforestation in Africa has had the effect of
causing massive starvation and a migration of people.
culture hearth
center of innovation and invention from which key culture traits and elements move to exert an influence on surrounding regions
innovation
changes to a culture that result from ideas created within the social group and adopted by the culture
Underpopulation
circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants.
The statement, "Long summers and short winters boost crop growth here," describes what type of region? climate economic physical political
climate
Based on the map, the areas of Sub-Saharan Africa that are MOST vulnerable to desertification are
close to deserts
Which items are examples of human-environmental interaction? coal mines the interstate highway system meteor showers oil deposits shopping malls
coal mines the interstate highway system shopping malls
Culture system
collection of culture complexes that shaper a group's common identity
Which statements describe Global Information Systems (GIS)? measures sound to pinpoint the location of underwater objects collects information from the Environmental Protection Agency is a useful tool for creating evacuation plans in the event of an earthquake measures the speed of planes and trains can be used for disease control can be used for drought prevention
collects information from the Environmental Protection Agency is a useful tool for creating evacuation plans in the event of an earthquake can be used for disease control
shamanism
community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman
technological subsystem
composed of material objects, together with the techniques of their use, by means of which people are able to live
mormonism
comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populace branch of the Latte Day Saint movement
What type of flora can be found in a humid continental climate zone?
coniferous forests, temperate grasslands, and agriculture
folklore
consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, and customs that are the traditions of that culture, subculture, or group
cultural convergence
contact and interaction of one culture and another
ethnocentrism
conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group
shifting cultivation
crop production on tropical forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared sites are then abandoned and new sites are prepared. Synonyms: slash-and-burn agriculture / swidden agriculture
The statement, "The majority of the people here speak Spanish," is an example of what type of region? climate cultural physical political
cultural
folk culture
cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
popular culture
cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced, western societies
relative direction
culturally based and locationally variable direction despite reference to cardinal compass points eg. "Near and Far East"
J-curve
curve showing J-shaped or exponential growth
distance decay
decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
economic
defined by agreements between nations to reduce tariffs
climate
defined by average temperature and precipitation
cultural
defined by factors including language and traditions
physical
defined by the earth's landforms and water systems
poltical
defined by their systems of government
rate of natural increase
derived by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate; increases or decreases due to migration are not included
The climate in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran is mainly
desert.
ethnic separatism
desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture
remote sensing
detecting the nature of an object and the content of an area from a distance
Mackinder
developed the Heartland Theory
ethnic conflict
different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense
maladapted diffusion
diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality
resource dispute
disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds
toxic waste
discarded chemical substances that can cause serous illness or death
hazardous waste
discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that poses a substantial threat to human health or to the environment when improperly disposed of or stored
resource dispute
dispute over an area containing resources necessary for a state's survival and growth
edge city
distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections
region
earth areas that display significant elements of internal uniformity and external difference from surrounding territories
Which of these caused the GREATEST disruption in the Haitian economy in 2010?
earthquake
Which are physical processes? earthquakes erosion chemical weathering recycling mining volcanoes
earthquakes,erosion,chemical weathering, and volcanos
The North American Free Trade Organization (NAFTA) is an example of what type of region? cultural economic physical political
economic
market economy
economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets
ethnic province
entire regions of North America that have become associated with larger ethnic or racial aggregations
The industrial development of Europe had the GREATEST impact on
environmental issues.
Widespread deforestation is a MAJOR factor in causing what ecological process?
erosion
Which of these would help improve Colombia's economy?
establishing free trade agreements with other countries
population projection
estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition
Stimulus diffusion
expansion diffusion in which the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters
sociological subsystem
expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations in economic, political, military, religious and other associations
S-curve
exponential growth of J-curve is bent to horizontal and converted to S-curve; population die-back
desertification
extension of desertlike landscapes as a result of overgrazing, destruction of the forests, or other human-induced changes, usually in semiarid regions
agglomeration economics
external economics : the savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as factories or retail stores
situation
external relations of a locale; relative location with particular reference to items of significance to the place in question
universalizing religion
faiths that claim applicability to all humans and that seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work and conversion
Russia's highest point, Mt. Elbrus, is located in the Ural Mountains.
false
amalgamation theory
formal term for the "melting pot" concept of the merging of many immigrant ethnic heritages into a composite American mainstream
spatial system
functions as a unit because its component parts are interdependent
structural assimilation
fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations of the host society and the adoption of common attitudes and values
popular culture
general mass of people primarily urban based, constantly adopting, conforming to, and quickly abandoning ever-changing common modes of behavior and fads of material and nonmaterial culture
pattern
geometric arrangement of objects in space
Scientists have been studying The Devil's Bay glacier in Antarctica for several years. Geologists believe that the melting is an indicator of climate change probably due to
global warming.
The most accurate representation of the earth is a(n) ______. Azimuthal equidistant globe relief map Winkel Tripel projection
globe
language family
group of languages descended from a single, earlier tongue
language family
group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
regionalism
group, frequently ethnic group, identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole
The countries in the region of North Africa and Southwest Asia span two continents, but they are geographically alike in that MOST
have a dry climate.
During the Middle Ages, Arabia was relatively isolated from the benefits of the Silk Roads primarily because
he Arabian Desert cut them off from the full impact of trade.
greenhouse effect
heating of the earth's surface as shortwave solar energy passes through the atmosphere, which is transparent to it but opaque to reradiated long-wave terrestrial energy; also, increasing the opacity of the atmosphere through the addition of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat
hawley smoot tarrif
his 1930 tariff was passed with the goal of protecting the American economy, but in reality it reduced U.S. imports and exports by as much as 50%. Example: It was a major cause of the Great Depression.
social distance
how much social "space" is there between differing racial or ethnic groups in society, refers to the amount of space that operates between individuals or groups as a result of differences in race, age, culture, ethnicity, etc.
Choose the geographic theme represented below. As a protection from fire, many people living in heavily forested areas clear trees and brush away from their homes. location human-environmental interaction movement place
human-environmental interaction
ideological subsytem
ideas, beliefs, and knowledge of a culture and of the ways in which these things are expressed in speech or other forms of communication
creole
if pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers; may have lost their former native tongue; acquire more complex grammatical structure and enhanced vocabulary
mental map
images about an area developed by an individual on the basis of information or impressions received, interpreted or stored
Undocumented Immigrants
immigrants who come into a country without the government's permission
dowry death
in arranged marriages in india, bride is killed for failure of father to pay dowry
Assimilation
in cultural convergence, this occurs when the original traits of the weaker culuter are completely erased and replaced by the traits of the more dominant culture
substitution principle
in industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location
official language
in multilingual countries the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government
metropolitan area
in the US, a large functionally integrated settlement area compromising one or more whole county units and usually containing several urbanized areas; discontinuously built up, it operates as a coherent economic while
dowry death
in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some cases, lead to the death of the bride
Independent invention
in which many hearths invent similar innovations without knowing about each other
Which of the phrases describes a result of the greenhouse effect? increased temperatures increased solar radiation decreased atmospheric gases shorter days
increased temperatures
culture complex
individual cultural traits that are functionally related
Which of the following are anthropogenic sources of acid rain? volcano emissions, lightning, and microbial processes industrial emissions and other man-made polluters smokestacks and volcano emissions microbial processes and fuel combustion
industrial emissions and other man-made polluters
relocation diffusion
innovation or idea is physically carried to new areas by migrating individuals or populations
cultural integration
interlocking nature of all aspects of a culture
Geographers most often use this type of map to study region characteristics, such as population and natural resources, because blank spaces are put into the map to prevent distortion. Azimuthal equidistant interrupted area Robinson topographical
interrupted area
Which statements describe Global Positioning Systems (GPS)? is used to map routes to unfamiliar places is only used by the armed forces and the police is a feature offered in new cars is used by meteorologists to predict the weather is used to pinpoint your exact location on the earth
is used to map routes to unfamiliar places is a feature offered in new cars is used to pinpoint your exact location on the earth
Folk culture
isolated group that has had long-lasting culture traits that have not changed substantially over time
why is pompeii referred to as the lost city
it was hidden under 60 feet of ash for 1700 years
Rod is a city planner; the type of map he probably uses most often is the _____. land use polar projection political Winkel Tripel
land use
landscapes of the dead
landscapes such as cemeteries that are only there because of the dead
Carrying Capacity
largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
While this situation represents a problem on some levels, New Yorkers have found the good in it by taking advantage of the "tight" space to become one of the
least vehicle-dependent cities in the United States.
New York City is located at the meeting point of the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean, geographically situated in a naturally sheltered harbor. The lack of available land for expansion makes New York a densely populated metroplex. While this situation represents a problem on some levels, New Yorkers have found the good in it by taking advantage of the "tight" space to become one of the
least vehicle-dependent cities in the United States. Eliminating wrong answers helps focus on the correct one. Choice A is incorrect because Broadway's shows are a constant pull for visitors and New York's Statue of Liberty is an attraction for visitors as well. Choice B is also incorrect as New York is energy efficient. A factor that adds to this efficiency is the minimal use of automobiles, which makes New York one of the least vehicle-dependent cities in the United States. Choice D is correct but it has nothing to do with the "tight" geographical space of the city.
Put the following settlement patterns in the proper order, representing how most areas of Western Europe grew over time: nucleated town, linear hamlet, t-shaped village
linear hamlet, t-shaped village, nucleated town
What are the three main patterns of settlement?
linear, scattered, clustered
dialect
local or regional characteristics of a language
Choose the geographic theme represented below. Paraguay is a landlocked nation. It is bordered by Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina. location human-environmental interaction movement regions
location
Popular culture
mass culture that diffuses rapidly
artifact
material objects used to fill basic needs of food, protection, and defense
Conference of Berlin (1884)
meeting of 14 mostly European countries on how to divided up Africa amongst themselves disregarding African input or ethnic groups
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
nomadic herding
migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage
usable resources
mineral deposits that have been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology
von Thunen model
model developed by vonThunen, German economist and landowner, to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization
Rocky Mountains
mountain range found on the western side of North America. It extends from northern British Columbia to new Mexico
Sierra Madre
mountain range that is divided into five smaller ranges in Mexico
autonomous nationalism
movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory it occupies from the state within which it lies
Voluntary Migration
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
Immigration
moving into a population
Choose the geographic theme represented below. Geographers have set up a blog to discuss the geographic implications of overfishing in different areas of the world. Contributors from more than fifty countries have submitted possible solutions. location human-environmental interaction movement place
movment
Hudson Bay
named for a famous British explorer, this bay is bound in northern Canada and is the second largest bay in the world
adaptation
natural selection - characters are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environment conditions such as climate
push factor
negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate
vernacular
nonstandard language or dialect native to the locale or adopted by the social group
In Australia a tropical climate is MOST LIKELY associated with which region?
northern
crude density
number of people per unit area of land (arithmetic density)
arithmetic density
number of people per unit area of land (crude density)
agricultural density
number of rural residents per unit of agriculturally productive land
territorial dispute
occurs when a country claims an area existing in some other country's territory or when the border is under dispute
Acculturation
occurs when the "weaker" of two cultures adopts traits from the more dominant culture
Hierarchical diffusion
occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another ina leveled pattern
Transculturation
occurs when two cultures of just about equal power or influence meet and exchange ideas or traits without the domination seen in acculturation and assimilation
Hinduism
oldest major religion (?); no common creed, single doctrine, or central ecclesiastical organization; caste system; aim is to conform to prescribed social rituals and duties for assigned caste
world city
one of a small number of interconnected,internationally dominant centers (eg London, NY) that together control the global systems of finance and commerce
vishnu
one of three major deities in Hinduism. Brahma, the creator of the universe, Shiva, the destroyer of the universe and is in charge of restoring balance between good and evil.
monolingual
only one language spoken
Christianity
origin in the life and teachings of Jesus, a Jewish preacher of the 1st century; promised Messiah; salvation to all races not just Jews
Australia
originally inhabited by the Aborigines, this country is also the world's smallest continent
overpopulation
overcrowding; value judgment
built environment
part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans
Migration patterns
patterns of movement; Intercontinental- over countries' borders, Interregional- within a region or certain area, Rural-Urban- from a rural area to an urban area (farm to a city)
ethnic group
people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
speech community
people who speak a common language
ecumene
permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface
The statement, "Jamaica is an island nation," describes what type of region? cultural economic physical political
physical
Choose the geographic theme represented below. Cuba is an island nation. It lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the people here speak Spanish. Ninety-nine percent of the population over the age of fifteen can read and write. location place human-environmental interaction movement
place
sacred space
place or space people infuse with religious meaning
spatial interaction
places interact with each other in structured and comprehensible ways
Which is a viable way to combat the effects of drought on the population of Sub-Saharan Africa?
planting many trees
The president is the leader of this type of region. climate cultural economic political
political
Which is a problem/challenge that is MOST LIKELY unique to urban areas?
population density
cohort
population group unified by a common characteristic
homeostatic plateau
population is equivalent to the carrying capacity of the occupied area
race
population subset whose members have in common some hereditary biological characteristics that set them apart physically from other human groups
hunter-gatherer
pre-agricultural people dependent on the year-round availability of plant and animal foodstuffs they could secure with the limited variety of tools and weapons at their disposal
acid rain
precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, or fog
extractive industry
primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources
gathering industry
primary activities involving the subsistence or commercial harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water. Primitive gathering involves local collection of food and other materials of nature, both plant and animal; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries
diffusion
process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or to another across space
privatization
process of converting government enterprises into privately owned companies
syncretism
process of fusion of the old and new
aquaculture
production and harvesting of fish and shellfish in land-based ponds
total fertility rate (TFR)
rate and probability of reproduction among fertile females
raison d'etre
reason or justification for existing
dialect
recognizable speech variants
protolanguage
reconstructed earlier form of a language
social distance
refers to the amount of space that operates between individuals or groups as a result of differences in race, age, culture, ethnicity, etc.
separatist movement
refers to the social movements for a particular group of people to separate from the dominant political institution under which they suffer
perceptual region
reflect feelings and images rather than objective data
Choose the best answers to complete the paragraph below. This chapter introduced you to the five themes geographers use to study and organize information about the world. A frequently used theme is the theme of _______ that defines areas using one or more common characteristics. These characteristics can be ______ —the way people's actions and ideas change the earth. They can also be _______ —features of the earth that occur naturally, such as ______—the amount of rainfall an area receives.
region,human,physical, and precipitation
geographic dialect
regional dialects
population density
relationship between the number of inhabitants and the area they occupy
christianity
religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus
islam
religion; based on the teachings of Muhammad
zoroastranism
religion; based on the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster; founded in the eartly part of the 5th century BCE
taoism
religion; based upon Tao-te-ching, a book by Lao-Tsu which focuses on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature
sikhism
religion; began in northern Inda; the principal belief is that faith in Vahiguru emphasizes faith in god
buddhism
religion; belief that enlightenment will come through knowledge, especially self knowledge, elimination of greed, craving, and desire, complete honesty, and never hurting another person or animal
shintoism
religion; located in japan and related to Buddhism; focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship
judaism
religion; roots in the teachings of Abraham, who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god
hinduism
religion; unique in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins
religious extremism
religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
religious fundamentalism
religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy
suffrage
right to vote
Tigris River
river that flows from Turkey through Iraq and was the eastern- most of the two major Mesopotamian Rivers
Because of the amount of precipitation it receives, most of populated Australia can be considered
semi-arid.
language group
set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics
network
set of routes and the set of places that they connect
culture system
sharing enough cultural traits and complexes to be recognized as a distinctive cultural entity
Population pyramid
shows percentage of population in 5-year age groups, with the youngest group at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top. The length of the bar represents the percentage of the total population in that group. Males are usually on the left and females on the right
dependency ratio
simple measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years must support
Which are elements of effective charts and graphs? simple, meaningful, attractive design accurate information at least five different colors clear presentation of information
simple, meaningful, attractive design accurate information clear presentation of information
model
simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships
buffer state
small country located between two hostile powers and whose presence decreased the possibility of conflict between them
gender
social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes
multilingualism
societies in which two or more languages are in common use
absolute distance
spatial separation between two points on the earth's surface
tribal (traditional) religion
special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, unique identity with localized culture groups not absorbed into modern society, and close ties to nature
ethnic religion
strong territorial and cultural group identification; usually become a member by birth or by adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity, not by simple declaration of faith
Who led the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989?
students and intellectuals
geopolitics
study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography
What is a pressure felt more strongly by teenagers living in urban areas than by teenagers living in rural areas in Eastern Europe?
succeeding in school and in the job market
demographic equation
summarizes the contribution made to regional population by the combination of natural change (births to deaths) and net migration
environment
surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions
What type of flora can be found in a tropical wet climate zone?
tall, dense forests of broadleaf trees
Cultural landscape
tangible result of a human group's interaction with its environment
material culture
tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies
Remote sensing
technique of obtaining information about objects through the study of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects being analyzed
ethnocentrism
tendency to evaluate other cultures against the standards of one's own
ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups; practice of judging another culture by one's own standards
supranationalism
term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives
stateless nation
term used to imply that a group, usually a minority ethnic group, is a nation but does does not have a State of its own (ex. Kurds, Palestinians)
central city
that part of the metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed
Cattle ranching and mining were instrumental in the nineteenth century in getting more people to settle
the American west.
It can be concluded from the chart that http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/2/269/269.gif A) the Hispanic population the west is declining. B) the Midwest has very little linguistic diversity. C) the Northeast has seen a drastic increase in immigration. D) the South has the smallest population of Spanish speakers.
the Midwest has very little linguistic diversity. By adding up the numbers of different language sets, it is relatively easy to see that the Midwest has very little linguistic diversity. Also, knowing the demographic make-up of the Midwest would allow you to make that choice, as well.
hajj
the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad
What is considered to be the largest mountain-free area in Russia?
the Russian plain
Which of these would MOST LIKELY have a negative effect on Jamaica's tourism industry?
the U.S. State Department warning people about outbreaks of violence
Sustainability
the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs; the 3 components of sustainability are economy, environment, and society (culture)
Literacy
the ability to read and write, it is a key ingredient in being an informed and active citizen of the United States
standard language
the accepted norms of syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation
acculturation
the adoption by the immigrants of the values, attitudes, ways of behavior, and speech of the receiving society
dispersion
the amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area
linguistic diversity
the amount of variation of languages a place has
crop rotation
the annual alteration of crops that make differential demands on or contributions to soil fertility
in-transit privilege
the application of a single-haul freight rate from origin to destination even though the shipment is halted for processing en route, after which the journey is completed
The PRIMARY obstacle to population growth in the area known as the "Canadian Shield" is that
the area is not capable of intensive agricultural output.
material culture
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
chain migration
the assemblage in one area if the relatives, friends or unconnected compatriots of the first arrivals; attracted by both favorable reports and by familiar presences in specific locales of the New World
place perception
the awareness we have, as individuals, of home and distant places and the beliefs we hold about them
infrastructure
the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities
monotheism
the belief in a single god
heartland theory
the belief of Halford Mackinder that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest
rimland theory
the belief of Nicholas Spykman that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest
environmental determinism
the belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts
economic geography
the branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic variation of economic activities over the surface of the earth
freight rates
the charge levied by a transported for the loading, moving, and unloading of goods. Includes line-haul costs and terminal costs
locational interdependence
the circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors
capital
the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province
vernacular
the commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place
soil
the complex mixture of loose material including minerals, organic and inorganic compounds, living organisms, air, and water found at teh earth's surface and capable of supporting plant life
core / periphery / semi-periphery
the core-periphery idea that the core houses the main economic power of the region and the outlying region and that the periphery houses the lesser economic ties with the semi-periphery in-between the two
first effective settlement
the culture that first moves into an area has a tremendous influence on the area no matter how tiny the initial band of settlers may have been. Work of Wilbur Zelinsky
third wave of democratization
the defeat of dictatorships in South America to Eastern Europe, to some parts in Africa.
syncretism
the development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental elements
longevity gap
the difference of average expected life spans between different groups of people, nations, races, etc.
multiplier effect
the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity; in urban geography, the expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment
critical distance
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence our willingness to travel
limiting factor principle
the distribution of an organism or the structure of an ecosystem can be explained by the control exerted by the single factor (such as temperature, light, water) that is most deficient, that is, that falls below the levels required
charter group
the dominant first arrivals establishing the cultural norms and standards against which other immigrant groups were measured
gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
cultural landscape
the earth's surface as modified by human action
Distance Decay
the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
territoriality
the emotional attachment to and the defense of home ground as a root explanation of much human action and response
cultural realm
the entire region that displays the characteristics of a culture
acculturation
the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous first-hand contact
segregation
the extent to which members of an ethnic group are not uniformly distributed in relation to the rest of the population
top layer
the firm layer between the crust and the asthenosphere
rates
the frequency of occurrence of an event during a given time frame for a designated population
Transmigration
the government-required relocation of people away from overpopulated core regions to less crowded areas. (Indonesia has a policy of moving people away from Java.)
reincarnation
the idea that after this life you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or a human
secularism
the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife
Environmental determinism
the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment
domino theory
the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control
Possibilism
the idea that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people
absolute location
the identification of a place by some precise and accepted system of coordinates
Confucianism
the importance of proper conduct; no churches or clergy; worship of ancestors encouraged
friction of distance
the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
globalization
the increasing interconnection of peoples and societies in all parts of the world
truck farm
the intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market rather than for processing or canning; synonyms horticultural farming, market gardening
environmental pollution
the introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes
Sydney
the largest populated city in Australia and is located in New South Wales
upper mantle
the layer between the asthenosphere and lower mantle
outer layer
the layer surrounding the inner core
folkways
the learned behavior shared by a society that prescribes accepted and common modes of conduct
replacement level
the level of fertility at which populations replace themselves
return migration
the likelihood that as many as 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin (counter migration)
Relative location
the location of something in relation to something else
architectural form
the look of housing, effected by the available materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time
placelessness
the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
economic base
the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population
Fordism
the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.
scale
the mathematical relationship between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of the mapped area
maximum sustainable yield
the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished
place utility
the measure of an individual's satisfaction with a given residential location
inner core
the metallic layer at the earth's center
projection
the method chosen to represent the earth's curved surface as a flat map
Which historical event MOST LIKELY had a lasting impact on Chile's economy? A) major earthquake that destroyed many communities in 1960 B) a border dispute between Chile and Argentina in 1977 C) the eruption of Mount Hudson in 1991 D) the military coup of 1973
the military coup of 1973 After Augusto Pinochet took over, several industries were privatized and the inflation rate was finally stabilized. This led to a more free economic market in Chile that still exists today.
gentrification
the movement into the inner portions of American cities of middle- and upper-income people who replace low-income populations, rehabilitate the structures they occupied, and change the social character of neighborhoods
spatial interaction
the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places
chain migration
the mover is part of an established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination
infanticide
the murder of infants
Mesopotamia
the name for the ancient river valley civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, meaning "the land between two rivers."
hydrologic cycle
the natural system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
global-local continuum
the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice-versa
central business district (CBD)
the nucleus or "downtown" of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high
carrying capacity
the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology
Crude Density
the number of people per unit area of land
carrying capacity
the number of persons supportable within a given area by the technologies at their disposal
tragedy of the commons
the observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of a resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource altogether
Judaism
the oldest, monotheistic religion and is based on the Hebrew bible
nonmaterial culture
the oral traditions, songs, and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors
religious toponyms
the origin and meaning of the names of religions
isogloss
the outer limit of the territorial extent of a dialect
primary activity
the part of an economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; includes mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, grazing
quaternary activity
the part of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities
migration
the permanent or planned long-term relocation of residential place and activity space
site
the physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of the place itself
market equilibrium
the point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity
irrendentism
the policy of a state wising to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state
relative location
the position of a place in relation to that of other places or activities
multiple-nuclei model
the postulate that large cities develop by peripheral spread not from one central business district but from several nodes of growth, each of specialized use. The separately expanding use districts eventually coaliesce at their margins
fallowing
the practice of allowing plowed or cultivated land to remain uncropped or only partially cropped for one or more growing seasons
terracing
the practice of planting crops on steep slopes that have been converted into a series of horizontal steplike level plots
Intervening Opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
intervening opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
comparative advantage
the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trades exists
cultural appropriation
the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
spatial search
the process by which individuals evaluate the alternative locations to which they might move
glocalization
the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
cultural integration
the process of combining cultures together into one
deglomeration
the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation
spatial diffusion
the process of dispersion of an idea or an item from a center of origin to more distant points with which it is directly or indirectly connected.
Commodification
the process though which something is given monetary value
assimilation
the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities, or mannerisms when they come into contact with another society or culture
foreign direct investment
the purchase or construction of foreign factories and other fixed assets by transnational corporations; also purchase of or merging with foreign companies
Population Explosion
the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century
Mortality
the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area
Natality
the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area
culture rebound
the readoption by later generations of culture traits and identities associated with immigrant forebears or ancestral homelands
accessibility
the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
offshoring
the relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location particularly white-collar, technical, professional, and clerical services
placelessness
the replacement of local variety with a homogeneous and standardized landscape (eg Walmart)
official language
the required language of instruction in schools, government business, courts, etc
self determination
the right of people to choose their own form of government
Rhine River
the river in the Swiss Alps and flows through Germany, France, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands
agriculture
the science and practice of farming, including the cultivation of the soil and the rearing of stock
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources
asthenosphere
the semi-solid layer between the top layer and the upper mantle
cultural divergence
the separation of cultures through less and less contact and interaction between them; restriction of a culture from outside influences
segregation
the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
spatial margin of profitability
the set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible
cultural convergence
the sharing of technologies, organizational structures, etc among widely separated societies in a modern world united by instantaneous communication and efficient transportation
agglomeration
the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefits; the concentration of productive enterprises for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access
concentration
the spatial property of being crowded together
Diffusion
the spread of a culture element or some other phenomena
expansion diffusion
the spread of an item or idea from one place to others
Cultural diffusion
the spread of culture
democratization
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
demography
the statistical study of human population
Physical geography
the study of physical features of the earth's surface
toponymy
the study of place names
toponymy
the study of place names of a region, or toponyms
linguistic geography
the study of the character and spatial pattern of dialects and language
electoral geography
the study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections
cultural ecology
the study of the relationship between a culture group and the natural environmental it occupies
Culture
the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society
sharia law
the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran
ethnic cleansing
the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
icebox effect
the tendency for certain kinds of air pollutants to lower temperatures on earth by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space and thus preventing it from reaching (and heating) the earth
market orientation
the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs
material orientation
the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; happens when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs
Bushido Code
the term given to the code of conduct and ethics that Samurai in Japan were obligated to follow
Doubling Time
the time required for a population to double in size assuming constant rate
Crude Birth Rate
the total number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
devolution
the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory
authenticity
the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, devotion, and intentions; the quality of being authentic
adaptive strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment
Boserup thesis
the view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive and intensive subsistence agriculture
cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.
space-time prism
the volume of space and length of time within which our activities must be confined
cultural identity
the way people categorize their culture, sometimes by the way they dress and what they eat
soil erosion
the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice
personal space
the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or our physical circumstances require or permit
Sequent occupance
theory that a place is occupied by different groups of people, each group leaving an imprint on the place from which the next group learns
Pyrenees
these mountains serve as part of the border between France and Spain
Spatial perspective
they way geographers look at everything-- in relation to space
how were the deep ravines and rock steps of the alps formed
thicker ice and faster flowing ice
English Channel
this body of water separates the United Kingdom and France, and was vital in the D-Day invasion of Europe by Allied forces in WW2
Caribbean
this body of water to the north of South America contains the countries of Cuba and Jamaica
Gulf of Mexico
this body of water touches Mexico and the American states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida
Seuz
this canal was built in the 19th century to connect the mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and is owned and operated by Egypt
Chernobyl
this city in Ukraine is most known for the 1986 nuclear disaster there that contaminated over 1/2 million people with dangerous radioactivity
Panama Canal
this connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America
sahara
this desert is found in the northern part of Africa and covers 3.5 million square miles
Atacama
this desert is found just to the west of the Andes Mountains in South America, mostly in northern Chile
Great Victoria Desert
this desert is located in the southwestern portion of Australia, covering over 160,000 square miles
honshu
this is the name for Japan's largest island
Latin America
this is the part of the Western hemisphere where languages derived from Latin (usually Spanish or Portuguese) are the primary language
Demographic Momentum
this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
trade
this is to take part in the exchange of goods
Ayers Rock
this large sandstone formation is found in central Australia and was vital to the Aboriginal culture there
St Lawrence River
this river runs southwest to northeast along the US - Canadian border and is rich in natural sediments
Coral Sea
this small body of water off of the northeast coast of Australia, home to the Great Barrier Reef, and was the site of a major naval battle in WW2
Hegemony
this term is used to describe a situation in which a country or people are supremely dominant over all others in either a large region, continent, or the world
global commons
those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries
quarternary activities
those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities
secondary activities
those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included are manufacturing, construction, and power generation
secondary activity
those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; includes manufacturing, construction, and power generation
tertiary activity
those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services; includes wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kinds
tertiary activities
those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and the bring together consumers and providers of services (eg wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services)
basic sector
those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community
supranationalism
three or more countries agree to give up a degree of autonomy in order to pursue common goals. (ex. European Union)
nation
tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes
doubling time
time it takes for a population to double if the present growth rate remains constant
enfranchisement
to admit to citizenship; the rite of voting
gerrymandering
to redraw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other nondemocratic objectives
Geographers use many tools. One tool is a(n) ______which is a special type of map that shows the earth's physical features. This map is drawn by a ______ . Maps are also called ____ because they display our 3-dimension earth on a 2-dimensional surface. A globe is a good tool to use if you want to better understand how the earth rotates on an imaginary line we call a(n) ______.
topographical map,cartographer,projections,and axis
physiological density
total population divided by arable land area
traditional architecture
traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
shamanism
tribal religion; involves community acceptance of a shaman, religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who can intercede with the spirit world
Based on its location, the climate in southwestern India is MOST LIKELY
tropical monsoon.
On this map, the areas in yellow and orange make up Southeast Asia. The climate throughout that region is
tropical.
law of retail gravitation
two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two cities to the intermediate place (Reilly's Law)
Reilly's law
two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two cities to the intermediate place (law of retail gravitation)
network cities
two or more nearby cities, potentially or actually complementary in function, that cooperate by developing transportation links and communications infrastructure joining them
assimilation
two part process - behavioral (cultural) assimilation and structural assimilation
religion
unified system of beliefs and practices that join all those who adhere to them in a single moral community
nonecumene
uninhabited or very sparsely occupied zone (anecumene)
culture trait
unit of learned behavior ranging from language spoken, tools used, games played etc
Buddhism
universalizing faith founded 6th century BC in India; moral philosophy that offered an explanation for evil and human suffering
primate city
urban center disproportionately larger than the 2nd largest city; dominates the country's social, political, and economic activities
All of these would be MOST associated with which issue in Africa?
urbanization
multilinear evolution
used to explain common characteristics of widely separated cultures developed under similar ecological circumstances
Which geographical factor is MOST beneficial to Russia's economy?
ussia has the world's largest reserves of energy resources.
Christianity is an example of what component of culture?
values
neo-Malthusianism
view that to lift living standards, the existing national efforts to lower mortality rates had to be balanced by governmental programs to reduce birth rates
possibilism
viewpoint that people, not environments, are the dynamic forces of cultural development
ghetto
when a cluster is perpetuated by external constraints and discriminatory actions
positional dispute
when states argue about the location of the border
functional dispute
when states cannot agree on policies that apply near border