Geography Final

Which country or region produces the smallest amount of petroleum? Europe Middle East North America Russia South America

a. europe The North Sea accounts for a small proportion of the world's oil.

Which of the following is the longest fallow period? a. Forest fallow b. Bush fallow c. Short fallow d. Annual cropping e. Multicropping

a. forest fallow Boserup identified five stages in the intensification of farmland, each with a shorter fallow period.

Ranching has declined in the western United States primarily because: a. growing crops is a more profitable use of land. b. infectious diseases have killed herds. c. the federal government prohibits cattle on public land. d. dietary and ethical concerns have lessened the appeal of meat. e. widespread water shortages limit the number of animals per acre.

a. growing crops is a more profitable use of land Widespread irrigation and hardier varieties of crops have replaced cattle.

Nuclear energy: has a high cost relative to other energy sources. is most common in less developed countries. is a renewable resource. has yet to have significant environmental impacts. was first produced in the late nineteenth century.

a. has a high cost relative to other energy sources Proven reserves of uranium will last for 70 years at current rates of use.

In the United States, which of the following is most likely to have the largest area? Metropolitan statistical area County Large city Urbanized area Micropolitan statistical area

a. metropolitan statistical area MSAs account for an urban area's extensive zone of influence, e.g., commuting.

Over the last five decades urban growth rates have been highest in: LDCs. MDCs. the United States. northern Europe. Australia.

a. LDCs LDCs host eight of the ten most populous cities and their growth is being sped by rural migration and natural increase.

Beer brewing is: a.a bulk-gaining industry. b.a bulk-reducing industry. c.a break-of-bulk industry. d.concentrated near mountain-fresh waters. e.unaffected by situation factors.

a. a bulk-gaining industry Because their product becomes more bulky through manufacturing, breweries seek out locations near markets.

Where do service industries contribute the smallest portion to the regional economy? Africa Australia Eastern Europe North America Western Europe

a. africa Workers in LDCs remain concentrated in the primary and secondary sectors of the economy.

Which of the following is an example of a basic industry? automobile assembly plant dance studio dentist restaurant supermarket

a. automobile assembly plant Basic industries are those whose primary customers live elsewhere.

Which type of renewable energy produces the most air pollution? biomass hydroelectric nuclear fusion solar wind

a. biomass Among renewable energy sources, only biomass is burned.

Complete the following analogy. Subsistence agriculture is to labor intensive as commercial agriculture is to: a. capital intensive. b. driving intensive. c. mentally intensive. d. nature intensive. e. worker intensive.

a. capital intensive Commercial agriculture relies on fewer workers and more machinery to produce food for market.

In contrast to the United States, most people in the world live in: clustered rural settlements. dispersed rural settlements. small cities. large cities. moderate-sized towns.

a. clustered rural settlements Villages and hamlets surrounded by agricultural fields are common throughout Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

The ______________ model holds that cities expand outward in circular rings. concentric zone edge city sector multiple nuclei peripheral

a. concentric zone Other urban models suggest that cities grow in sectors and discrete nuclei.

Complete the following analogy. Subsistence agriculture is to shifting cultivation as commercial agriculture is to: a. dairy farming. b. pastoral nomadism. c. plantation farming. d. swidden cultivation. e. wet-rice farming.

a. dairy farming Dairy farming is one of six types of commercial agriculture found in MDCs

In Latin American cities, the very poor tend to live: on the periphery of the city. in the central business district. in narrow corridors radiating out from the central business district. in a ring that immediately surrounds the central business district. in edge cities physically separated from large cities.

a. on the periphery of the city Like other cities in LDCs, the poor cluster on the margins in squatter settlements.

CBD retail services are least likely to have the following characteristic: primarily rural customers. high threshold. high range. services for office workers. None of these are typical of CBD retail services.

a. primarily rural customers Three types of retail services concentrate in the CBD: high threshold, long range, and cater to office workers.

It is especially important for aluminum processors to locate near: a.beverage manufacturers. b.cheap electricity. c.inexpensive labor. d.major metropolitan areas. e.navigable rivers.

b. cheap electricity Reducing aluminum from bauxite ore requires large amounts of electricity.

Complete the following analogy. Bartender is to consumer services as: auto mechanic is to business services. county clerk is to public services. librarian is to consumer services. corporate attorney is to public services. zoning regulator is to consumer services.

b. county clerk is to public services Although the distinctions among service workers are not absolute, the classifications are useful for discussing different spatial distributions.

According to the gravity model, the optimal location for a business is: independent of distance from customers. directly related to the number of people in the area. next to businesses offering similar services. in the Central Business District. adjacent to large government facilities.

b. directly related to the number of people in the area Additionally, the gravity model assumes that the optimal location for a service is inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Which of the following statements about the manufacturing of cars in the United States is true? a.There are relatively few factories in the South. b.Each plant focuses on only one or a few models. c.Plants are located near each major metropolitan area. d.Factories are more dispersed now than they were in the 1950s. e.Factories locate near railroads and industrial canals to ship their products.

b. each plant focuses on only one or a few models Auto manufacturers have clustered near the population center of the country.

In the United States, local government can best be described as: consolidated. fragmented. national. unitary. urbanized.

b. fragmented There are thousands of general and special purpose governmental units across the country.

The process by which an inner-city neighborhood is renovated and attracts middle-class residents is called: annexation. gentrification. public housing. redlining. urbanization.

b. gentrification Renovated housing stock leads to higher tax receipts for cities as well as higher rents that in turn displace poorer residents.

Industrialization in the United States began in: a.the Midwest. b.New England. c.New York. d.Pennsylvania. e.the South.

b. new england Early New England factories produced textiles for sale in Europe.

Dwelling patterns in less-developed countries: vary dramatically based on ancient cultural practices. tend to be similar to European cities. tend to be similar to American cities. are strongly regulated by governments. lead to strong intermixing of rich and poor in the city centers.

b. tend to be similar to European cities Most LDC cities have a colonial past and, like European cities, the poor and worker predominate in the suburbs.

A central place is located in order to maximize consumer: agricultural production. access to raw materials. access to services. political control. religious control.

c. access to services Sites are selected in order to minimize the range and achieve the necessary threshold.

A market area associated with a central place is an example of a: contagious region. formal region. functional region. gravity region. vernacular region.

c. functional region Central place market areas are arranged like functional or nodal regions.

The enclosure movement in Great Britain was carried out primarily to: advance democracy. encourage rural citizens to move to clustered rural settlements. increase agricultural efficiency. quell labor unrest. squash the revolutionary spirit of the peasantry.

c. increase agricultural efficiency Using force, the British government consolidated small rural landholdings into large farms.

Outsourcing: a.is one aspect of vertical integration. b.is at the core of Fordist mass production. c.leads to an increase in manufacturing jobs in less developed countries. d.is part of a just-in-time production strategy. e.relies upon securing highly skilled labor.

c. leads to an increase in manufacturing jobs in less developed countries Outsourcing is a key part of the new international division of labor.

The most fundamental shared aspect of regions that practice Mediterranean agriculture is: a. a longstanding tradition of wine production. b. a willingness to experiment with new crops. c. similar climate conditions. d.close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. e.shared use of Romance languages.

c. similar climate conditions Generally located on the western shores of landmasses, prevailing winds and ocean currents provide moisture and moderate winters.

Which of the following areas is least affected by desertification? a.North Africa b. American Southwest c.Central Australia d.Central Europe e.Southwestern Asia

d. central europe Semiarid land degradation is one of the factors that limits the amount of land available for agricultural expansion.

In the United States, services are predominately moving to locations: in scenic rural areas far from cities. in the Central Business District. dispersed evenly throughout cities. in malls near suburbs. with the lowest labor costs.

d. in malls near suburbs Service providers have moved to the suburbs to be near their customers.

Which of the following countries is least urbanized? Brazil United States France India Japan

d. india India has ten cities with populations over 3 million yet the majority of Indians live in the countryside.

According to von Thünen, which of the following crops will be grown closest to a city? a. butter b. cheese c. meat d. milk e. lumber

d. milk Because it spoils quickly, milk is more expensive to transport to market than the other crops in this list.

Acid precipitation is: a global phenomenon. most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. unrelated to prevailing winds. most common downwind of industrial areas. None of the above is correct.

d. most common downwind of industrial areas The worst damage from acid rain is not experienced at the same location as the emission of the pollutants.

Of the following regions or countries, which is the least important source of minerals? Australia China North America North Africa South America

d. north africa Australia and China are among the leading producers of a host of minerals.

Per capita energy consumption is highest in: East Asia. Europe. Middle East. North America. South America.

d. north america The proportion of energy reserves consumed by LDCs is expected to rise rapidly in the 21st century.

The least expensive mode of transport for shipping goods over long distances is by: a.airplane. b.automobile. c.rail. d.ship. e.truck.

d. ship Ship transport is the most cost effective mode over long distances.

Complete the following analogy concerning industrial areas. The Mohawk Valley is to the United States as: a.the Central Industrial district is to the United States. b.Kuznetsk is to East Asia. c.Middle Atlantic is to United Kingdom. d.Silesia is to Eastern Europe. e. Volga is to Western Europe.

d. silesia is to eastern europe Although industry is located worldwide, the four major industrial regions account for the majority of the globe's manufacturing.

Within the United States, manufacturing has been most likely to shift in which of the following directions? a.North toward Boston b.Toward Chicago c.East toward New York City d.South toward Houston e.Manufacturing has tended to stay in the Midwest and Northeast.

d. south toward houston Anti-union laws and federally funded infrastructure have enticed industry to move south.

Polls in the United States show that most people prefer to live in: city centers. rural areas. small towns. suburbs. any place that is within 5 miles of work.

d. suburbs Suburbs are widely perceived to offer a host of amenities and benefits

Which of the following is an example of a site consideration when locating an industry? a.The industry in question is bulk-reducing. b.The manufacturing process is bulk-gaining. c.The product is perishable. d.The manufacturing process is labor intensive. e.The product will be shipped a long distance.

d. the manufacturing process is bulk-gaining The cost of the three main site factors—land, labor, and capital—vary among places. Globally, labor is the most important site factor.

The temperature of the atmosphere was highest in: 1880. 1920. 1960. 1980. 2000.

e. 2000 The average temperature of Earth's surface has increase by 2° Fahrenheit during the past century.

Biodiversity in the tropics is: increased by deforestation. a function of numbers of species only. a function of distribution of species only. unaffected by shifting cultivation. decreasing due to species extinction.

e. decreasing due to species extinction Traditional shifting cultivation is being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and plantation agriculture.

Compared to other grains, wheat: a. is of less economic importance. b. cannot be stored as long. c. grows less well in humid continental climates. d. is grown almost exclusively in LDCs. e. is the world's leading export crop.

e. is the world's leading export crop. The U.S. and Canada account for half of the world's wheat exports.

Fossil fuels are: a source of renewable energy. essentially infinite in supply. distributed relatively evenly around the globe. not a significant source of pollution. None of the above is correct.

e. none of the above is correct The supply of fossil fuels is finite and their spatial distribution is uneven.

According to the von Thünen model, which of the following factors is least important to a farmer when deciding which crops to grow? a.Distance to market b.Transportation cost per kilometer c.Yield per acre d. Price per bushel e.Nutritional value of the crop

e. nutritional value of the crop In choosing a crop, commercial farms consider both the value of a commodity and the cost of transporting it to market.

The greatest proportion of energy use in the United States involves: coal. hydroelectric power. natural gas. nuclear power. petroleum.

e. petroleum The rate of energy consumption in the U.S. continues to grow, albeit at a slower rate since the 1970s.

The illegal process by which banks identify urban areas in which they will not make residential loans is called: urban renewal. black-listing. filtering. green-belting. redlining.

e. redlining The Community Reinvestment Act requires banks to demonstrate that loans are fairly distributed throughout their service area.

Which type of manufacturing requires the lowest level of skill? a.airplanes b.automobiles c.computers d.consumer electronics e.textiles

e. textiles The textile industry is labor intensive. As a result, a great emphasis is placed on finding low-cost labor.

Shifting cultivation is most common: a. in the interior region of Australia. b. in more developed countries. c. in humid continental climates. d. in close proximity to large cities. e. within 20 degrees latitude of the equator.

e. within 20 degrees latitude of the equator Proponents of shifting cultivation argue that it is the better-suited to the tropics than other forms of agriculture.