Geography Practice Exam 3

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape A) looks identical to the landscape that existed prior to the crossing of the threshold. B) adjusts to a new equilibrium condition. C) remains unstable thereafter. D) Any of the above are equally likely to occur.

B) adjusts to a new equilibrium condition.

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of A) a point bar. B) an oxbow lake . C) a levee. D) a terrace.

B) an oxbow lake

Earth's crust is roughly made up of A) mantle and core material. B) at least 14 plates capable of movement. C) a brittle material that does not move. D) strong, unbroken material.

B) at least 14 plates capable of movement.

Explosive eruptions tend to build up A) many subsequent lava flows. B) composite volcanoes. C) shield-shaped volcanoes. D) plateau basalts.

B) composite volcanoes.

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center? A) crust, lower mantle, aesthenosphere, core B) crust, aesthenosphere, lower mantle, core C) aesthenosphere, lower mantle, crust, core D) crust, core, lower mantle, aesthenosphere

B) crust, aesthenosphere, lower mantle, core

`Which of the following is not part of the hydrologic cycle? A) transportation B) radioactive decay C) sedimentation D) erosion

B) radioactive decay

Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography? A) radial B) trellis C) deranged D) dendritic

B) trellis

Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering? A) nitrogen, oxygen, argon B) water, oxygen, carbon dioxide C) oxygen, silicon, aluminum D) magnesium, water, limestone

B) water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called A) landmass denudation. B) weathering. C) mass wasting. D) erosion.

B) weathering.

The majority of the Earth's crust is composed of __________ rock. A) metamorphic B) sedimentary C) carbonate D) igneous

D) igneous

The eventual catastrophic eruption of Mount Saint Helens was A) a total surprise. B) not preceded by any physical activity. C) within only a few days of the first earthquake. D) related to seafloor subduction at the west coast of North America.

D) related to seafloor subduction at the west coast of North America.

If you were driving down the highway and saw mountains composed of layered strata, you could be confident that you were looking at A) batholiths or laccoliths. B) extrusive igneous rock. C) a shield volcano D) sedimentary rocks.

D) sedimentary rocks.

Hydration involves A) frost action. B) the action of wind. C) a chemical weathering process. D) swelling and stress within a rock with the addition of water.

D) swelling and stress within a rock with the addition of water.

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on A) element composition. B) mineral composition. C) relative and absolute locations. D) three specific rock-forming processes; i.e., the manner in which they formed.

D) three specific rock-forming processes; i.e., the manner in which they formed.

The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the A) mid-continent. B) southern coasts. C) eastern coasts. D) western coasts.

D) western coasts.

Bed load is moved by A) saltation. B) traction. C) suspension. D) all of the above E) A and B only

E) A and B only

How have we gained knowledge of Earth's internal structure? A) studying shock waves from earthquakes and underground nuclear tests B) direct observation of Earth's inner layers C) analysis of seismic waves passing through Earth's layers D) all of the above E) A and C

E) A and C

What country is the Himalayas located in?

India

Earths interior layers from center to outwards

Inner core, out core, lower mantle, upper mantle, crust

Kilauea Eruption

Longest eruption - longest in recorded history—active since January 3

Where is the application mountains located?

North America

what are the three most abundant elements in Earth's crust

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum

What are some common sedimentary rocks

Shale, sandstone, and limestone

Cinder cone

a cone-shaped mass of material made by volcanic eruption

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term A) mass movement. B) weathering. C) mass wasting . D) denudation.

D) denudation.

What are the three largest rivers in terms of discharge

1. Amazon, 2. Congo, 3. Chang Jiang

The phrase "considerable-to-serious damage to buildings" would be used in the __________ scale. A) Mercalli B) Richter C) Beaufort D) Moh's

A) Mercalli

Which of the following is incorrect relative to the principal locations of volcanic activity? A) They occur around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin. B) They occur along sea-floor spreading centers. C) They occur in the circum-Pacific belt. D) They occur in association with hot spots over plumes in the mantle.

A) They occur around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin.

Volcanoes formed from silica-rich magma A) are highly explosive and dangerous. B) are associated with rift zones. C) have gently sloping surfaces that give them the appearance of a shield. D) are associated with midocean ridges.

A) are highly explosive and dangerous.

The total possible load a stream can transport is its _________, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its __________. A) capacity; competence B) bed load; sediment load C) discharge; competence D) competence; capacity

A) capacity; competence

Watersheds are defined by A) drainage divides. B) fluvial units. C) continental divides . D) stream orders.

A) drainage divides.

Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming A) karst topography. B) complex patterns over only 5 percent of Earth's land area. C) hydrolysis plains. D) exfoliation domes and arch-like forms.

A) karst topography.

The most common type of mass wasting in a slightly hilly environment is A) soil creep. B) rockfall. C) a soil slide . D) debris avalanche.

A) soil creep.

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the A) tectonic cycle. B) rock cycle. C) hydrologic cycle D) mineral cycle.

A) tectonic cycle.

Ocean floor subducts under continents because A) the ocean floor is made of mafic material and is therefore more dense than continental material. B) the ocean floor has a lower density and therefore sinks more easily. C) the ocean floor is made of felsic minerals and is heavier than continental material. D) the weight of the continents is so great that they push the ocean floor material downward. E) both A and B

A) the ocean floor is made of mafic material and is therefore more dense than continental material.

When a dam and reservoir are constructed, the natural response of the river and its channel gradient come under the control of A) the same base level that existed prior to construction. B) a local, or temporary, base level. C) an ultimate base level. D) the government.

B) a local, or temporary, base level.

High mountains consisting of tightly folded and overthrust sedimentary rock layers, as well as metamorphic rocks, are formed A) during volcanic eruptions. B) in continental rift zones. C) during plate collisions. D) exclusively by magma intrusions. E) along midocean ridges during seafloor spreading activity and are subsequently uplifted above sea level in response to isostatic processes.

C) during plate collisions.

The density of material below the Moho is __________ that above it. A) less than B) the same as C) greater than

C) greater than

The aesthenosphere can best be described as A) a rigid solid. B) plasma-like. C) plastic-like. D) a liquid.

C) plastic-like.

Salt is an example of __________ rock. A) metamorphic B) extrusive igneous C) sedimentary D) intrusive igneous

C) sedimentary

Normal faults are associated with A) plate convergence. B) compressional forces. C) tensional forces . D) transcurrent forces.

C) tensional forces

Where is Niagara falls located?

Canada

Where is Mount Everest located?

China, Nepal

The thickness of Earth's crust ranges from A) the surface down to 2900 km (1800 mi.). B) the surface to an unknown depth. C) 70 km to 250 km (43 mi. to 155 mi.). D) 5 km to 60 km (3 mi. to 37 mi.).

D) 5 km to 60 km (3 mi. to 37 mi.).

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating? A) The Vishnu schist at the bottom of the Grand Canyon is 2 billion years old. B) The dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. C) The oldest known rocks on Earth are 3.96 billion years old. D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation.

D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation.

Which of the following is true regarding continental drift? A) It is an old theory that has been essentially disproven. B) It does not occur because the crust is brittle. C) It occurred about two billion years ago, but no longer occurs today. D) The term "continental drift" refers to crustal plate movement.

D) The term "continental drift" refers to crustal plate movement.

Landslides occur when A) the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity. B) a threshold is reached. C) driving forces exceed resisting forces. D) all of the above E) B and C only

D) all of the above

The variety of surface features on the Earth results from A) weathering and erosion. B) gravity. C) tectonic activity . D) all of these

D) all of the above

Which of the following is true of divergent plate boundaries? A) Tensional forces exist there. B) Rifting occurs there. C) New ocean crust can be created there. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

In reality, a landscape behaves as A) a closed system in terms of energy and an open system in terms of matter. B) a closed system. C) an evolutionary model changing in a sequence of stages that is the same everywhere on the Earth. D) an open system.

D) an open system.

Define rock cycle

cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion.

Caldera

large, basin-shaped depression that forms when summit material on a volcanic mountain collapses inward after an eruption or other loss of magma

where do you expect to find volcanic activity in the world

mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. At mid-ocean ridges, basaltic eruptions produce new sea-floor crust.

Define tectonic cycle

movement of large portions of the earth's crust in what is termed "plates."

Where is the Rocky Mountains?

north America

Compare the oceanic crust to the continental crust.

oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.

effusive eruption

outpourings of low-viscosity magma that produce enormous volumes of lava annually on the seafloor and in places such as Hawai'i and Iceland.

Define sheetflow

thin film spread over the ground surface, and it can concentrate in rills, small-scale grooves in the landscape made by the downslope movement of water.