Geography Test 2

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The Earth's reflectivity

is decreasing due to melting ice

If all carbon emission were magically halted (0 Gt), atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global temperature

return to 2000 levels by the end of the century

In the southeast portion of Mato Grosso, in the hook shaped "finger" of Amazon biome east of Cuibata, cattle pasture dominates the landscape. Other than pasture, which land use is present?

- Agriculture - Conservation areas - Indigenous lands - Sugar cane

The Global Forest Watch defines "tree cover" as

- All vegetation taller than 5 meters in height - Natural forests - The biophysical presence of trees - Tree plantations

The Amazon has been referred to as the "lungs of the world" because it takes in carbon dioxide and gives off oxygen. While this is only true in-part, the more important story is the loss of forest and

- Changed weather patterns due to loss of soil moisture - Potential loss of medicinal plants - The ability to sequester carbon - The release of CO2 from land clearing for agriculture

Outside of tropical rainforest (lowland evergreen broadleaf), Mato Grosso contains what type of natural vegetation?

- Deciduous and Semi-deciduous seasonal forest - Ecotone between evergreen and seasonal evergreen - Mountain grass and woodland - Savannah

PM2.5 pollutants are more dangerous than other forms of particulate air pollution because:

- They are chemically more toxic - They are small and can penetrate deeply into the lungs - They do not come from natural sources such as dust - They cause an increased risk of cardiovascular death

The climate sensitivity in a climate model:

- is the projected amount of warming based on a doubling of CO2 - is related to the rate at which carbon is taken up by vegetation and the ocean - is related to the effect of climate feedbacks - is estimated to be between 1.8 and 4.0

What does the EPA currently (as of December 2020) regard as the maximum safe limit of PM2.5?

12-15 micrograms per cubic meter

If emission rates are at the high end of recent trends, at about 2.0%, Earth's temperature will likely exceed __________ deg C by the end of the century.

17.5

Just to the east of Itanhanga the first main road (MT338) was there prior to the earliest satellite image. The first minor (illegal) roads went in a year later. An expanded network of illegal roads was in place by ______________, and by _____________ the area was fully deforested.

1997, 2008

If carbon emissions are held at the current level going forward, and even if the climate sensitivity of the models is at the low end of estimates, we will still reach the recommended Paris Accord Temperature Limit by the year

2100

If all of Greenland's glaciers melted, how much will sea level rise?

25 feet

Under a business-as-usual scenario with greenhouse gas emissions increasing 2.0% per year, at the end of the century, Earth's average temperature is expected to rise about _______ deg C from the year 2000.

3.3

The Montreal Protocol, drafted in 1987, required countries to reduce their production of CFC's and other ozone depleting chemicals by:

50% over the following 10 years (or by year 2000)

As you recall from the Carbon Simulator Lab, deforestation is the second leading cause of CO2 emissions. When the report your read was written, how much of Brazil's total emissions came from deforestation?

75%

Under a business-as-usual scenario with greenhouse gas emissions increasing 2% per year the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is expected to be about ________ ppmv by the end of the century.

793

What percentage of CFC's that are released into the atmosphere remain there?

99%

Which climograph best exemplifies a mid-latitude dry steppe (shortgrass prairie), in the northern hemisphere?

A

While globally sea level has risen 8 inches in the last century, in New Jersey (and many places on the East Coast) it has risen 15 inches. This is due to All of the above

Answer 1: 15 Answer 2: All of the above

In order to create an ozone hole you need all of the following except:

A surplus of CFC's in the troposphere

Which of the following sites within Mato Grosso has no tropical rainforest remaining?

Amazon Biome Strip

The term "legal Amazon" refers specifically to:

An administrative unit that includes the Amazon forest as well as some areas of savannah in the states of Mato Grosso and Tocantins.

Reconnaissance flights into the stratosphere over Antarctica in the 1980's found:

An increase in chlorine and chlorine monoxide.

Grassland is found on every continent except:

Antarctica

Which climograph can best be described by the Bw Koppen classification?

C

Shrubland (Mediterranean Scrub), like that of Christchurch, New Zealand has a Koppen classification of:

Cf

Lakes in parts of New Jersey, not unlike many lakes in Wisconsin, have seen a water temperature rise on the order of 3 degrees. This has caused all of the following except

Changes in sea level

Which climograph best exemplifies a tropical southern hemisphere climate with winter precipitation?

D

Which of the following biomes has the greatest temperature range between day and night?

Desert

The solar cycle (the waxing and waning of sunspots)

Has been less than average in recent years

Ozone pollution in Milwaukee

Has improved, but is just at or above the EPA safe limit

All of the following are true of the tundra except

It is most abundant in the southern hemisphere

Which location is best described as having a Df climate?

Lahiti, Finland

A more optimistic emissions scenario shows that by the year 2080 the climate of Stevens Point will be like that of ______________ (on average) today.

Like that of east-central Iowa (e.g. Marion), even though most forecasts put in in central Illinois

Unlike the Amazon and the Southeast US, the primary driver of deforestation in tropical Southeast Asia is:

Palm oil plantations

Assuming a business as usual emissions scenario, by the year 2080 the climate of Stevens Point will be like that of ______________ (on average) today.

Southeastern Iowa

The price of, and international demand for _____________ drives deforestation in Brazil. If the price of these commodities drops the deforestation rate _________________

Soy and cattle, decreases

The sector responsible for the most greenhouse emissions in the US is

Transportation

The Carbon Simulator and the Very, Very Simple Climate model predict slightly different atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the remainder of the 21st Century even when using the same emission rates. This is because

The models use slightly different rates of CO2 uptake by the ocean, soils, and vegetation and the models use slightly different values for the proportion of CO2 that stays in the atmosphere

Ozone is formed in the stratosphere by:

The photodissociation of oxygen (O2) molecules by the sun's UV rays.

In places like the Southeast US, the amount of tree cover loss is quite high. At the same time the rate of tree cover gain is also high. This is because:

These are managed forests, where new trees are planted after others are harvested.

NASA's satellites did not originally detect the ozone hole because

They assumed ozone readings that low had to be error

In addition to the reasons discussed in class, glaciers in Greenland are retreating due to

Warm water currents melting them from below

The most abundant greenhouse gas is

Water vapor which comes from ocean evaporation

In the US in 2021, air pollution was unhealthiest in the Western US, with the most problematic pollutant being Ozone and PM 2.5 in those locations.

Western, Ozone and PM 2.5

Carbon dioxide tends to build up in the atmosphere (especially the northern hemisphere) in the _________ months due to ________

Winter, Seasonal loss of photosynthesis to take up the CO2

Which of the following is true of the climate of Portland, ME and/or Stevens Point, WI?

Winters in Portland, ME are warmer than those in Stevens Point because of Portland's proximity to the ocean.

In a best case scenario where CO2 emissions remain the same as now (11.4 Gt) every year going forward, the temperature and atmospheric concentration of CO2 will

continue to rise because CO2 is removed from the atmosphere more slowly than it is emitted, so temperature and CO2 levels will increase then eventually stabilize.

Small leaves with a waxy coating are an adaptation used by

plants in the desert and shrubland to protect themselves from moisture loss


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