geology 100 exam 2

B. a rising plume of hot mantle material

A hot spot is interpreted to have formed from:

B. by waves at the beach

A sandstone containing mostly sand but mixed with rounded pebbles and pieces of shells indicates deposition:

A. intrusive rock

An igneous rock that solidifies below the surface is called a(n):

B. there is an increase in temperature and pressure

As depth increases into the Earth,B. there is an increase in temperature and pressure

A. minerals in the subducted plate release water, which lowers the melting temperatures of the mantle material above

As magma is generated along a subduction zone:

C. from Canada to Mexico

Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1,1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch:

C. from cooling

How did the joints in this photograph form?

D. a quartz-rich rock

If you were designing a rock that resisted weathering, which of the following characteristics would it have?

C. the current flowed from right to left

Imbricated clasts in this river means that:

C. loose sediment hardens into sedimentary rock

Lithifies can be defined as:

C. abundant magma produced within a subduction zone

Most subduction-derived magma never reaches the surface. However, what is formed if this type of magma reaches the surface of a continent?

A. beneath a volcano

Mt. Taylor in the diagram has a partial volcanic neck exposed. Which type of volcanic neck is being shown?

B. other locations

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from:

B. the low viscosity of basaltic magma allows it to flow downhill for long distances

Shield volcanoes have low slopes primarily because:

C. sharp

The boundary between these two different sedimentary layers is:

B. fine dust and the remains of single-celled organisms

The deep-sea floor is characterized by sediment dominated by:

C. Its size decreases.

The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement?

D. volcanic neck

The igneous feature shown in this photograph is:

A. columnar joints

The igneous rocks shown in this photograph are forming:

A. composite volcano

The most dangerous type of volcano is a:

C. sandstone

The rock shown here, with sediment just visible to the naked eye, is a:

C. physical and chemical weathering

The two main processes by which sediment is produced are:

B. conical

The typical shape of most volcanoes, including the one shown here, is:

C. the conglomerate is younger because it contains clasts of the dark basalt

This photograph shows an upper light-colored conglomerate and a lower dark basalt. Which of the following statements is true?

C. composite volcano

This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?

D. volcanic dome

This relatively small volcanic feature consists of solidified lava and some volcanic ash. What kind of volcano is it?

B. shield volcano

This volcano is broad and low, and is composed of basaltic lava flows. What kind of volcano is it?

B. mineral content of each individual unit.

Tuff and volcanic breccia are both composed of a variety of igneous fragments. Their classification as either felsic, intermediate or mafic therefore depends on the particular:

B. hot and deep conditions

Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

D. all of these

Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

C. melting ice sheets

Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by:

D. for a while at some depth and then rose to the surface where it finished solidifying

What does the texture of this rock indicate about its cooling history? The magma cooled

D. the magma had abundant dissolved gas.

What does this texture indicate about the formation of this rock?

C. relatively small pyroclastic eruptions caused by localized explosions or collapse

What is a main hazard of this type of volcano?

D. large, less frequent mudflows

What is the main volcanic hazard at site 1?

C. internal strain of the rock

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A. normal fault

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

B. normal fault

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

B. foliation in banded gneiss

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

C. shear

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

C. syncline

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

C. fault

What type of structure is shown in this photograph?

A. basalt mostly formed in lava flows

What types of rocks would be most common in this photograph?

B. large folds and thrust faults that have been eroded

What types of structures dominate the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A. the clasts become more rounded

What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?

A. form pillow basalts

When basaltic lava reach the ocean they:

A. lava flows

When fluid lava erupts onto the surface, it typically produces:

D. 4

Which numbered layer in this photograph represents the youngest layer?

C. from C to B

Which of the following changes in conditions represents the main cause of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges?

A. coal-deep-sea organic-rich black shale

Which of the following does NOT correctly match a rock with a possible environment in which that rock forms?

E. none of these

Which of the following in common during crystallization of a magma?

B. age of volcano

Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor on volcanic eruption style?

B. sandstone

Which of the following materials is NOT produced by erupting volcanoes?

E. thermal expansion

Which of the following processes is NOT considered to be chemical weathering?

E. all of these

Which of the following processes produce sedimentary clasts?

A

Which of the following rock photographs depicts a felsic igneous rock?

A. A and B

Which of the following sites would most likely have composite volcanoes? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.

A. To be called a sandstone, quartz must make up more than 95 percent of the grains.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about clastic sedimentary rocks?

D. superposition

Which principle is used to determine the age of rocks by ordering them from oldest on the bottom to the youngest on the top?

D. cross-cutting relations

Which principle of relative age dating can be used to determine when the river formed on the landscape?