Geology final exam review

quartz

According to Bowen's Reaction Series, which mineral found in a rock is the first to melt?

schist

A metamorphic rock that has a foliation expressed as an alignment of visible micas is called:

granite

A possible protolith for the rock shown here is:

shale

A possible protolith for this metamorphic rock is:

magnitude

A quantitative measure of the energy released by an earthquake is termed:

olivine

According to Bowen's Reaction Series, which mineral is the first to crystallize (form) within a cooling magma?

epicenter

An earthquake has occurred in the image above. The feature depicted at the black circle is the point on the ground's surface above the earthquake. It is called the:

focus

An earthquake has occurred in the image above. The feature depicted at the star is where the earthquake originates, and is called the:

stock

Based on the extent of rocks exposed in this close up view of Acadia National Park, what type of igneous body is this?

lava dome

Based on the size and appearance of the volcanic feature in this photo, this is a:

mauna loa

Based on the size and shape of these two volcanoes in this image, which volcano is most likely to have magma that is mafic in composition?

colorado plateau

Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, CO is part of which physiographic province?

sandstone

Cloudland Canyon in Northwest Georgia is a spectacular canyon carved by water eroding through what rock type?

3 cleavage planes

Examine the photo above and determine the directions of cleavage present in the sample. This sample has:

no cleavage (it fractures)

Examine the photo above and determine the directions of cleavage present in the sample. This sample has:

left side, down

For the block diagram, which side is the hanging wall, and which way has it moved?

fold axis

For the diagram above depicting a fold, what fold part should go at A, marked by the red arrow?

the resistance of a mineral to being scratched

Hardness is defined as:

16-45% MCI

Igneous rocks that have an intermediate composition will have what mafic color index (MCI)?

oldest rocks are in the center, with younger rocks to the outside

In a dome, the:

the beds dip towards the axis

In the block diagram, in which direction do the beds dip relative to the fold axis?

tennessee

In the image above, an earthquake has occurred, and circles have been drawn with the radii for each distance from the seismic stations listed above. In which state did the earthquake occur?

beach

In the photo above, what type of sedimentary environment is displayed?

eolian

In the photo above, what type of sedimentary environment is present?

mechanical weathering from a current

In the photo above, what type of weathering is most likely to happen within this sedimentary environment?

15 seconds

In the seismogram above, from Carrier, OK, at what approximate time does the P-wave arrive?

22 seconds

In the seismogram above, from Carrier, OK, at what approximate time does the S-wave arrive?

the beds are horizontal

In which direction are the beds dipping in the block diagram above?

softer than a fingernail

Observe the scratch on the mineral in the photo above, created by the fingernail. The hardness of this mineral is:

the way that a mineral resists breakage

Tenacity is defined as:

hexagonal prism

The crystal form displayed in the photo above is:

a dike of mafic rock

The dark colored rock that forms a straight line on the surface in the image shown here is most likely:

northern end of the rupture

The image above depicts the amount of horizontal slip (relative movement along the fault) from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (taken from the USGS). The approximate epicenter is marked by the red arrow. Does the amount of horizontal slip decrease slower along the northern end or the southern end of the rupture?

northwest

The image above depicts the earthquake hazards in the Bay Area today (taken from the USGS), and includes earthquake probabilities. Note the scale in the upper left. Based on the map, would you be more likely to experience an earthquake of magnitude >6.7 by 2031 if living in the northwest Bay Area or southeast Bay Area?

sacramento

The image above depicts the shaking intensity from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (taken from the USGS). Note the scale in the upper left. Based on the intensity of shaking, which location would you prefer to be in when the earthquake occurs?

c

The image above from Google Earth displays an area around San Francisco. A layer of liquefaction susceptibility has been included, with areas more likely to experience liquefaction in yellow, orange, or red. Notice the 4 locations marked by letters. During an earthquake, which location would you most want to be at?

metallic

The luster of the sample in the photo above is:

decreased pressure (arrow "b")

The magma generated at a mid-ocean ridge is due to what process shown in this figure?

salty clevage

The metamorphic rock shown here has the following texture visible at the white arrow:

schistose foliation

The metamorphic rock shown here has the following texture:

contact metamorphism

The rock in this figure is most likely an example of ____________:

high grade of metamorphism

The rock shown here is an example of:

biotite

The small, dark colored minerals in this light colored rock are most likely ____________.

a composite volcano

The volcano pictured here is:

46-85% MCI

This dark colored igneous rock has what mafic color index (MCI)?

aphanitic

This dark colored igneous rock has what texture?

basalt

This dark colored igneous rock is called_________.

by very fast cooling lava

This igneous rock formed ________________.

0-15% MCI

This light colored igneous rock has what mafic color index (MCI)?

granite

This light colored igneous rock is called_________.

non-foliated

This metamorphic rock has the following texture:

marble

This metamorphic rock undergoes a reaction with acid:

piedmont province

This region of Georgia has abundant igneous plutons (like Stone Mountain):

intermediate grade of metamorphism

This rock is an example of a(n)_______________:

malleable

This sample in the picture above can be hammered. What type of tenacity does it display?

plunging syncline

What is the specific name of the geology featured in the diagram?

kaolin

What natural resource is mined in Georgia's Coastal Plain Province? This particular region shown here is south of Augusta, GA:

shear

What type of force created the feature depicted in the block diagram?

extensional

What type of force created the feature in the block diagram above?

compressional

What type of force created the feature in the diagram?

compressional

What type of force created the featured depicted in the block diagram above?

mature rocks have jagged clasts

When considering maturity in clastic sedimentary rocks, which of the following is NOT true?

delta

Which depositional environment is characterized by a river meeting the ocean?

shallow marine

Which depositional environment occurs in submerged areas of the ocean that are close to shore?

all of the choices are correct: naturally occurring, definite chemical compound, inorganic solid, characteristic chemical structure

Which of the following is part of the definition of a mineral?

shale

Which rock is NOT a chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock?

crystalline limestone

Which rock is a chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock?

crystalline limestone

Which rock was formed through chemical weathering, the transport of ions, the precipitation of minerals, then lithification?

chert

Which sedimentary rock forms from chemical weathering, the transport of ions, the precipitation of minerals, then lithification?

between 2.5-5.5

Your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5, and a glass plate has a hardness of 5.5. You are given a mineral that will not scratch glass, and you cannot scratch it with your fingernail. It has a hardness of: