Geology

What is the scientific method? Describe each part.

- 1. Observation- common human perceptions using 5 senses. - 2. Forming a hypothesis- educated guess of what will happen and are based on observations - 3. Experimentation- run the experiment according the hypothesis. Preform it with multiple trials and record measurements/ result. 4. Evaluation and reevaluation- evaluate weather your data supports your hypothesis

1- What is a scientific theory?

- A broad detailed explanation that survive the test of time.

What are the control group and the experimental group?

- A control group is the group that does not receive the variable you are testing. The experimental group is the one that receives the variable being tested.

What are inferences.

- Are assumptions drawn from an observation that are sometimes valid and others invalid. There are no majority agreement and are often shown as caused and effect relationships.

Why is it important that mineral classification is based on both physical and chemical properties?

- Because there are some minerals that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures.

1- What three principles is science based on? Describe each.

- Casualty- able to test things that happen. - Uniformity of time and space- laws in nature for example, gravity. - Common human perceptions- the use of the 5 senses to gather information, make observations, value judgements and inferences.

Define crystal form. Why is this an important physical property?

- Crystal form- the outward form of a crystal is a visible representation of it's internal molecular arrangement. Many minerals have characteristics crystal forms, they are large perfect crystals that are very rare.

What is the importance of the invention of the printing press?

- During the dark ages (476- 1000 A.D), there were no schools, no science, and no people with knowledge. The invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century made it easier for people to afford books. With the opportunity of having books, people were also able to gain knowledge.

Who started modern science and how was it different from previous science?

- Galileo Galilei started modern science. He used experiments rather than speculation. Other people only did speculations and most of their answers to questions were wrong. He tested everything with experiments, he even used his pulse, pendulum and water tank drips to time everything.

Why is geology important?

- Geology is important because of its history, the effects it has on economics and during war. Also because of economics, politics, natural events, mining, oil, gas, coal, land development, building and environmental issues.

What is geology?

- Geology is the study of the earth. It is defined as the scientific study of the origin, history and structure of the earth. It has two broad areas of study. Which are physical and historical geology.

List the eight chemical elements (and percentages) that make up the major constituents of most of the minerals in the whole earth.

- Iron 33.3% - Nickle 2.0% - Oxygen 29.8% -Calcium 1.8% - Silicon 15.6% - Aluminum 1.5% - Magnesium 13.9% - Sodium 0.2%

What are the manipulated variable and the responding variable?

- Manipulated variables are two samples that are different. For example, a water and a chemical. Responding variable is the outcome.

How are minerals classified?

- Minerals classification is based on both physical and chemical properties. Certainly, careful and costly chemical analysis can identify minerals. Many minerals can also be Identify by their distinctive physical properties that they exhibit.

1- Define minerals and minerology.

- Minerals is a naturally occurring, inorganically formed, crystalline (solid substance consisting of one or more chemical elements in fairly specific proportions with a distinctive set of physical properties. Minerals are all around us some are quite valuable, and others are very common. Some examples are diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, calcite, and quartz. - Minerology is the study of minerals.

What are observations?

- Observations are common human perceptions using their 5 senses to gather information. They are received by the majority of humans in the same fundamental way. They are agreed upon, not subjected to interpretation nor experience. They are best when quantified by measurements, because we all do not get the same mental picture.

List the eight chemical elements (and percentages) that make up the major constituents of most of the minerals in the crust.

- Oxygen 47% - Sodium 3% - Aluminum 8% -Potassium 2.5% - Iron 5% - Magnesium 2% - Calcium 3.5% - Silicon 27%

Only two elements, -------- and --------, account for 74% of the elements (by mass) in the earth's crust.

- Oxygen and Silicon

Name and describe the two broad areas of study in geology.

- Physical geology- the study of earths materials and the processes functioning inside and outside the earth. (what makes up the earth's layers) - Historical geology- the study of the origin and evolution of the earth including its continents, oceans, atmosphere and life

What is rational thinking?

- Rational thinking is the basis of science. An example is caused and effect, "Why did something happen".

1- What is the difference between science and non- science?

- Science deals only with hypothesis that are testable, while non- science are only superstitions.

Define science.

- Science is the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenal. It is the product of observation, common sense, rational thinking, sometimes brilliant insights and an organized body of knowledge about nature. It is also a method, a way of exploring nature and discovering the order within. Science is an important tool for solving problems.

How can science be used as a tool for solving problems?

- Science is used as a tool for problem solving as there are observations, experimental investigations and other methods used to identify the order in how things or problems happen. These will help investigators know the problem and how to fix it.

1- What are value judgement?

- They are opinions that reflect individual human experiences. They do not depend on sensory information. They are expressed by adjectives, for example short, long, tall big, etc.

How are crystals classify?

- They classify on the bases of their, number, angle between and length of axes within the crystal.

What is required to create large perfect crystals?

- To form crystals the conditions during crystallization must be ideal. The conditions include unrestricted space, the correct pressure, temperature and dissolved minerals in water.

Why should an experiment be performed multiple times?

- To make the data more reliable. Things may vary and it is important to make sure we do the experiment right.

What is an aggregate of crystals?

- When formed with none exhibiting a perfect crystal form.

List the fields of study in geology.

-Mineralogy - Petrology -Paleontology -Stratigraphy -Structural Geology -Geomorphology -Sedimentology -Hydrogeology -Oceanography -Petroleum Geology -Geochronology -Planetary Geology -Economic Geology -Environmental Geology -Geochemistry -Geophysics -Seismology

What are ores, and why are they important?

Are certain rock types that are rich in minerals. They are important because they have a commercially valuable amount of some type of element or mineral. Some examples are, iron ore, gold ore and copper ore

1- What common mineral have cubic crystals?

Pyrite