GEOSC 40 Exam 2

Specific heat capacity measures the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gm of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. What are the units for heat capacity?

(Calories) / (Grams x °C)

How many electrons must Cl gain to have the electron configuration of Ar? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 8

A. 1

How many electrons must Na lose to have the electron configuration of Ne? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 8

A. 1

Question: The specific heat of water is 1.00 calorie/gram oC. How many calories of energy are required to heat 25 grams of water by 100 oC? A. 2,500 calories B. 40 calories C. 75 calories D. 4 calories

A. 2,500 calories (1 calorie/gram x 25 grams of water x 100 = 2,500)

Which of the following seafloor features is the greatest in areal extent? A. Abyssal plains B. Continental rises C. Continental slopes D. Shelf breaks

A. Abyssal plains

What is the residence time of H2O in the oceans if the total volume of ocean water is 1.4 x 109 km3 and river influx is 3.7 x 105 km3 /yr? A. About 25 yrs B. About 3,800 yrs C. About 45,000 yrs D. About 8 million yrs

B. About 3,800 yrs

Which city is farther north? A. Minneapolis, Minnesota B. Anchorage, Alaska

B. Anchorage, Alaska

On a sunny summer's day, which heats faster? A. Ocean Water B. Beach Sand

B. Beach Sand

Why is the temperature in Pennsylvania hotter in the summer than in the winter? A. Because the Earth is closer to the Sun in the summer. B. Because the Earth's rotational axis is tilted relative to the plane that it orbits about the Sun. C. Because solar emissions vary in intensity on an annual cycle.

B. Because the Earth's rotational axis is tilted relative to the plane that it orbits about the Sun.

What are the bubbles in this reaction? CaCO3+ 2H+Ca2+ + CO2+ H2O (SEASHELL IN VINEGAR IMAGE) A. Water vapor B. Carbon dioxide C. Oxygen D. Heat

B. Carbon dioxide

The crashing of waves releases a lot of dissolved gases. Will calcite dissolve or crystallize in surf zones? A. Dissolve B. Crystallize

B. Crystallize

Any process that INCREASES dissolved CO2 in oceans will INCREASE acidity CO2(dissolved) + H2OH2CO3H2CO3H++ HCO3-. Will photosynthesis ______ acidity? A. Increase B. Decrease

B. Decrease

True or False: Coastal cities generally have LARGER daily temperature changes than cities far from water. A. True B. False

B. False

In the following reaction: C^0H^04+ 2O^02 -> C^4+O^2-2+ 2H^+2O^2- is oxygen oxidized or reduced? A. LEO the Lion: Oxygen is oxidized! B. GER says the Lion: Oxygen is reduced!

B. GER says the Lion: Oxygen is reduced!

But water does not really dissolve everything. Which of the following does NOT dissolve in water? A. Sugar B. Grease C. Table Salt D. Alcohol

B. Grease

pH is a measure of acidity. In the reaction H2CO3= H++ HCO3-, the concentration of which species determines the acidity? A. H2CO3 B. H+ C. HCO3-

B. H+

If seawater is pH 8.1, what carbonate species dominates in seawater? A. H2CO3 B. HCO3- C. CO32-

B. HCO3-

Which has more heat energy? A. Candle Flame B. Hot Bath

B. Hot Bath

In halite, which atom is the cation and which is the anion? A. Ca is the cation and C is the anion. B. Na is the cation and Cl is the anion. C. Cl is the cation and Na is the anion. D. Si is the cation and O is the anion.

B. Na is the cation and Cl is the anion.

What is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere? A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Carbon Dioxide D. Water vapor

B. Nitrogen

An anaerobic organism does not need to survive. A. Carbon B. Oxygen C. Iron D. Sulfur

B. Oxygen

Is evaporation to air a source or a sink of water for the ocean? A. Source B. Sink

B. Sink

Which of the following minerals would be MOST soluble in water? A. Diamond - C B. Sylvite - KCl C. Quartz - SiO2

B. Sylvite - KCl

Which Penn State student stays the longest? A. The one who takes lots of courses? B. The one who hangs out and does nothing

B. The one who hangs out and does nothing

Why will water freeze when the temperature is 1000oC in the thermosphere? A. The pressure is low, and low pressures favor the crystalline state. B. The temperature is high, but the heat energy is low, so heat flows from water into space. C. The impact of cosmic radiation on liquid converts it to ice crystals.

B. The temperature is high, but the heat energy is low, so heat flows from water into space.

Fe^2+/Fe^3+ and Mn2+/Mn^3+/Mn^4+ exhibit very short residence times because A. they are incorporated into sea shells. B. They facilitate electron exchanges for oceanic micro-organisms. C. they are preferentially subducted relative to Si. D. They participate in very few chemical reactions once dissolved in the ocean.

B. They facilitate electron exchanges for oceanic micro-organisms.

A decrease of 0.12 pH units corresponds to an increase in H+ concentration by a factor of 100.12. That equals A. a 12% increase. B. a 32% increase. C. a 112% increase. D. a 132% increase.

B. a 32% increase.

The depletion of ozone can be attributed to chemical reactions of O3 with A. industrial soot. B. chlorofluorocarbons. C. carbon dioxide. D. methane.

B. chlorofluorocarbons.

Temperature is to heat energy as A. magnetism is to iron. B. density is to mass. C. degrees Kelvin are to degrees Celsius. D. gravity is to force.

B. density is to mass.

The wind transfers its kinetic energy to the ocean through... A. electromagnetic forces. B. frictional forces. C. gravitational forces. D. electrostatic forces.

B. frictional forces.

If a red hot horseshoe is immersed in water, then the flow of heat energy will be from the A. warm water to the red-hot horseshoe. B. red-hot horseshoe to the warm water. C. There will be no heat flow. D. Not enough information.

B. red-hot horseshoe to the warm water.

A global glaciation would lead to... A. regression, a rise in sea level B. regression, a drop in sea level C. transgression, a rise in sea level D. transgression, a drop in sea level

B. regression, a drop in sea level

The abundance of nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere is attributed to A. denitrifying bacteria that convert organic nitrogen compounds into gaseous N2. B. the transformation of ammonia in Earth's early atmosphere to N2 by ultraviolet light. C. The weathering of nitrate minerals in soils to N2. D. the presence of N2 in the primordial atmosphere of the Earth.

B. the transformation of ammonia in Earth's early atmosphere to N2 by ultraviolet light.

By how many pH units has the ocean acidified since 1850? A. 1.00 pH unit B. 0.05 pH units C. 0.12 pH units D. 1.70 pH units

C. 0.12 pH units

The residence time of calcium (Ca) in seawater is 1 million years. The concentration of Ca in seawater is 4.2 x 10^-4 kg per kg of seawater. There are 4.1 x 10^21 kg of ocean water. What must be the influx of Ca to the world's oceans in kg/yr? A. 4.2 x 10^24 kg/yr B. 1 x 10^-20 kg/yr C. 1.7 x 10^12 kg/yr D. Too much information

C. 1.7 x 10^12 kg/yr

Viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to flow. Rank these fluids from lowest to highest viscosity: 1: Window glass, 2: Maple syrup, 3: Water, 4: Axle grease. A. 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 B. 4 < 3 < 2 < 1 C. 3 < 2 < 4 < 1 D. 2 < 1 < 3 < 4

C. 3 < 2 < 4 < 1

Heat Capacity: Amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1o C. Question: The specific heat of gold is 0.03 calories/gram oC. How many calories of energy are required to heat 25 grams of gold by 100 oC? A. 2,500 calories B. 40 calories C. 75 calories D. 4 calories

C. 75 calories (0.03 calories/gram x 25 grams of gold x 100 = 75)

What is the pycnocline? A. A layer in the ocean with a strong gradient in temperature B. The continental rise C. A layer of ocean water with a strong gradient in density D. An ocean layer with no organic matter

C. A layer of ocean water with a strong gradient in density

Water molecules engage in several vibrational modes. The animation above depicts A. Sun salutation B. Bending mode C. Asymmetric stretch D. Downward dog

C. Asymmetric stretch

What is the most abundant gas in the surface layer of water? A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Carbon Dioxide D. Argon

C. Carbon Dioxide

Why is carbon dioxide present at much lower concentrations on Earth than on Mars? A. In early Martian history, animal life released many gigatons of CO2. B. Intense volcanism during the Plinian Era (3.8 Ga) on Mars released enormous plumes of CO2. C. Carbon dioxide on Earth dissolves in ocean water and combines with Ca to make calcite. D. Earth's stronger gravitational field retained O2 and N2 in preference to CO2

C. Carbon dioxide on Earth dissolves in ocean water and combines with Ca to make calcite.

Question: Which water can contain the most dissolved O2? A. Cold, salty water B. Warm, salty water C. Cold, fresh water D. Warm, fresh water

C. Cold, fresh water

Which is true of a continental slope and a continental rise? A. A continental rise is steeper than a continental slope. B. A continental slope occurs at greater depths than a continental rise. C. Continental rises are covered with sediments that are shed down continental slopes. D. Unlike continental slopes, continental rises are associated with oceanic spreading centers.

C. Continental rises are covered with sediments that are shed down continental slopes.

Do you remember what heat source drives mantle convection? A. Earth's magnetic field B. Solar radiation C. Decay of radioactive elements D. Jovian tidal forces

C. Decay of radioactive elements

Which of the following carbonate species is most abundant in seawater? A. CO2(dissolved gas) B. H2CO3 C. HCO3- D. CO32-

C. HCO3-

Temperature is a measure of which type of molecular energy? A. Potential B. Electric C. Kinetic D. Gravitational

C. Kinetic

Which of these processes is likely to ADD the most O2 to water? A. Underwater Volcanoes B. Respiration C. Photosynthesis D. Decay of organic matter

C. Photosynthesis

Why is the temperature at the equator hotter than at the poles? A. The equator is always slightly closer to the sun. B. The velocity of Earth's rotation is fastest at the equator, and the frictional energy is converted to heat. C. The sun's rays hit the equator most directly, and they impinge the poles at a high angle. D. The equator overlies a magmatic dynamo.

C. The sun's rays hit the equator most directly, and they impinge the poles at a high angle.

Which statement is true of a system that is in chemical equilibrium? A. All inputs and outputs to the system have stopped. B. Biological contributions play no role. C. The total outgo of a chemical species is exactly balanced by the inflow. D. The system must be operating at 0 Kelvins.

C. The total outgo of a chemical species is exactly balanced by the inflow.

Based on the figure to the right, rank the relative heat capacities: A. Cement > Water > Gold B. Gold > Water > Cement C. Water > Cement > Gold D. Gold > Cement > Water

C. Water > Cement > Gold

The pH of rainwater is typically 5.8, and the pH of seawater is 8.1. Which relation reveals the ratio of [H+] in rainwater to [H+] in seawater? A. 5.8 ÷ 8.1 B.-5.8 ÷ -8.1 C.10^-5.8 ÷ 10^-8.1 D.10^5.8÷ 10^8.1

C.10^-5.8 ÷ 10^-8.1

The pH of seawater is 8. How much more H+ is dissolved in tomato juice (pH 4) than in seawater? A. 2 times B. 4 times C. 100 times D. 10,000 times

D. 10,000 times

The student population at Penn State is 42,000. If Penn State admitted 10,000 new students every year, but 8,000 students graduated every year, then after 4 years, the student population would be A. the same - 42,000 B. 44,000 C. 46,000 D. 50,000

D. 50,000

The reaction CH4+ 2O2 -> CO2+ 2H2O is identical to what happens during A. Combustion B. Burning C. Ignition D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Waters at the ocean bottom are RICH in oxygen. Why? A. Cold water dissolves O2 gas effectively. B. There are few aerobic organisms on the ocean bottom. C. There is little decaying organic matter to consume O2. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Where is the Oxygen Minimum Zone located? A. At the bottom of the seafloor. B. At the surface of the ocean C. Near hydrothermal vents D. Between 0.5 and 1.5 km in depth

D. Between 0.5 and 1.5 km in depth

Typically, on what day is the Winter Solstice (1st day of winter & shortest & darkest day)? A. Jan. 29 B. July 19 C. Nov 30 D. Dec 21

D. Dec 21

Which of the following is the least important source of dissolved salts to the ocean? A. Black smokers at oceanic spreading centers B. Weathering of continental rocks C. Volcanic outgassing D. Infall of micrometeorites

D. Infall of micrometeorites

What is the chemical formula for ozone? A. O2 B. H2O2 C. H3O+ D. O3

D. O3

In which layer of the atmosphere is ozone concentrated? A. Thermosphere B. Mesosphere C. Troposphere D. Stratosphere

D. Stratosphere

Why is the Earth's rotational axis tilted with respect to its orbital plane about the sun? A. The Earth has more continental landmass in the northern hemisphere, and the unequal weight tips it over. B. The gravitational attraction of Jupiter exerts tidal forces that tilt the Earth. C. Earth's magnetic field attracts the iron core of the Moon, and the Moon is usually closer to the northern portion of the Earth. D. The impact of the planetesimal that created the Moon 4.5 Ga ago left the Earth tilted.

D. The impact of the planetesimal that created the Moon 4.5 Ga ago left the Earth tilted.

What does this configuration stand for?

water molecule

Which has a higher temperature? A. Candle Flame B. Hot Bath

A. Candle Flame

Rank these species in order of DECREASING residence time in the ocean. (most to least) A. Cl > Na > Fe B. Na > Cl > Fe C. Fe > Na > Cl D. Fe > Cl > Na

A. Cl > Na > Fe

Can you dissolve more gas in cold water or in hot water? (coca cola bottle kept refrigerated to keep fizziness in liquid) A. Cold Water B. Hot Water

A. Cold Water

Question: Do molecules in HOT water vibrate faster or slower than water molecules in COLD water? A. Faster B. Slower

A. Faster

Query: Concentrations of dissolved salts are _____ in seawater than in river water. A. Greater B. Lower C. the same

A. Greater

A region with high temperatures is likely to have salinity values that are relatively: A. High B. Low

A. High

Any process that INCREASES dissolved CO2 in oceans will INCREASE acidity CO2(dissolved) + H2OH2CO3H2CO3H++ HCO3-. Will animal respiration (6CO2+ 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2) ______ acidity? A. Increase B. Decrease

A. Increase

Any process that INCREASES dissolved CO2 in oceans will INCREASE acidity CO2(dissolved) + H2OH2CO3H2CO3H++ HCO3-. Will higher pressures ______ acidity? A. Increase B. Decrease

A. Increase

Any process that INCREASES dissolved CO2 in oceans will INCREASE acidity CO2(dissolved) + H2OH2CO3H2CO3H++ HCO3-. Will lower temperatures ______ acidity? A. Increase B. Decrease

A. Increase

On average, what is the coldest day in State College? A. Jan. 29 B. July 19 C. Nov 30 D. Dec 21

A. Jan. 29

The atmospheres of other planets offer insights into the evolution of Earth's atmosphere. Which planet's modern atmosphere is most like Earth's primordial atmosphere? A. Jupiter B. Mars C. Venus D.Mercury

A. Jupiter

Question: Do the most abundant elements in the ocean have LONG or SHORT residence times? A. Long B. Short

A. Long

Which elements tend to be cations? A. Na, Mg, K, Ca B. S, Cl

A. Na, Mg, K, Ca

Any process that INCREASES dissolved CO2 in oceans will INCREASE acidity CO2(dissolved) + H2OH2CO3H2CO3H++ HCO3-. Will coral reefs thrive _____? A. Near the equator? B. Near the poles?

A. Near the equator?

Which factor best accounts for the difference in the composition of Earth's atmosphere and those of Venus and Mars? A. Plate tectonic processes on Earth have released gases that still are stored inside tectonically dormant planets. B. The development of life on Earth has led to its unique atmospheric composition. C. Earth is larger than Venus and Mars, and its greater gravity allowed it to retain lighter gases. D. The planetesimals that congregated to form the Earth had a different composition than those that formed Venus and Mars.

A. Plate tectonic processes on Earth have released gases that still are stored inside tectonically dormant planets. (CORRECT) B. The development of life on Earth has led to its unique atmospheric composition. (MOST CORRECT) C. Earth is larger than Venus and Mars, and its greater gravity allowed it to retain lighter gases. (CORRECT) D. The planetesimals that congregated to form the Earth had a different composition than those that formed Venus and Mars. (CORRECT)

What is an atmosphere? A. The envelope of gas surrounding any planet B. Only Earth has an atmosphere, so the envelope of gas around Earth

A. The envelope of gas surrounding any planet

The major dissolved ions in seawater are Na+ and Cl-. Where did the sodium in seawater come from? A. The weathering of minerals B. Volcanic emissions C. Cometary ices that melted after impact D. The dissolution of submarine salt domes

A. The weathering of minerals

Which reflects the proper order of the Earth's atmosphere from BOTTOM to TOP? A. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere B. Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere C. Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere D. Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere

A. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

Any process that INCREASES dissolved CO2 in oceans will INCREASE acidity CO2(dissolved) + H2OH2CO3H2CO3H++ HCO3-. Will coral reefs thrive _____? A. Warm shallow waters? B. Cold deep waters?

A. Warm shallow waters?

What accounts for the OMZ? How does the DENSITY of water change with increasing depth? A. Water density increases with depth B. Water density decreases with depth

A. Water density increases with depth

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's A. resistance to flow. B. tendency to engage in turbulent flow. C. surface tension. D. stickiness.

A. resistance to flow.

The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) occurred during which period of Earth's history? A. 4.0 to 4.5 Ga ago B. 2.3 to 2.5 Ga ago C. 600 Ma ago D. 20,000 years ago

B. 2.3 to 2.5 Ga ago

What percentage of seawater is salt? A. 35% B. 3.5% C. 0.35%

B. 3.5%

The concentration of H+ in tomato juice is 10^-4 moles* per liter. What is the pH of tomato juice? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. -4

B. 4

"Small calories" - 1 small calorie will raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC 2) "Big calories" - 1 big calorie will raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1oC 3) Joules - 4.18 Joules will raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 oC So, which is true? A. 1 Joule = 1 small calorie B. 4.18 Joules = 1 small calorie C. 1 Joule = 4.18 small calories

B. 4.18 Joules = 1 small calorie

If the CO2 concentration was 280 ppm in the year 1800 and it is 410 ppm today, what is the percentage increase in the past 220 years? A. 32% B. 46% C. 87% D. 100%

B. 46%

Ions are added at the same rate they are removed. RESIDENCE TIME = average length of time an element spends in the ocean. Assume that there are 42,000 students at Penn State at any given time. If 8,000 students graduate every year, what is the average residence time for students at Penn State? A. Exactly 4 years B. 5.25 years C. 6.67 years

B. 5.25 years

The pH of rainwater is typically 5.8, and the pH of seawater is 8.1. Estimate how much more or less acidic rainwater is than seawater. A. A little less than 10 times B. About 200 times more C. Exactly 2.3 times more

B. About 200 times more

What is the formula for residence time of an ionic species in seawater?

Residence Time (yrs.) = (total amount of seawater (kg)) / (input rate kg/yr))