Geoscience-100 Chapter 1 Book questions

Besides liquid water, the other two transportation agents of sediments are ________ and _________. Gravity also plays a role in moving sediments.

.....sediments are wind and ice.

Earth has __________ major concentric zones of material.

3. (The three zones are the crust, the mantle, and the core)

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition. Oceanic crust.

Basalt

Match the process of the rock cycle with their definitions. Weathering

Breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically.

Lithificaiton is the process by which sediment is ____________ over time to form sedimentary rocks.

Compacted

Which of the following processes might magma undergo as it cools?

Crystallization and solidification.

Geology is the scientific study of ________.

Earth

True or false: The ocean floor is topographically flat, while the continents show significant variations in elevation.

False. (Both continents and ocean basins have variable elevations).

True or False: Geologist exclusively study rocks

False. (Geology is the study of Earth, not just rocks)

Select from the list below the events and causes of the 1972 Rapid City, South Dakota, flood that killed hundreds of people and destroyed more than 1,300 homes. (Choose all that apply)

Flash flood. Houses built on the floodplain. Breach of a dam. Massive thunderstorms.

_____________ are examples of natural hazards present in the Rapid City area as a result of its location in a low area along Rapid Creek. (Choose all that apply)

Floods. Landslides.

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition. Continental crust.

Granite

The presidents' faces at Mount Rushmore are carved from which type of rock?

Granite. (Surrounding the ancient granite are metamorphic rocks)

Select the different types of information a geologist can infer from studying fossils and the rocks containing fossils. (Choose all that apply)

How long ago the particular life form lived on Earth. Past local and global environment. How large the particular life-form was. How the life-form lived and died.

__________ rocks are formed directly by precipitates from hot water. Some geologists consider these to be a type of metamorphic rock.

Hydrothermal

The physical state of Earth's inner core is _________ and the outer core is _________.

Inner core is solid and outer core is liquid.

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition. Core.

Iron and nickel

_____________ is the balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere. large

Isostasy.

Match the environment with the types of sediment typically found there. Steep mountain fronts.

Large, angular rocks.

___________ rocks are formed when an existing rock is transformed by the application of heat and pressure, which causes a chemical or physical change.

Metamorphic

Match the environment with the types of sediment typically found there. Sand dunes.

Mostly sand shifted by wind action

Match the process of the rock cycle with their definitions. Transportation.

Moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water.

Match the environment with the types of sediment typically found there. Seafloor.

Mud and the remains of sea creatures.

Match the process of the rock cycle with their definitions. Deposition.

Occurs when the energy of the transported materials decreases.

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition. Mantle.

Olivine

Match the process of the rock cycle with their definitions. Lithification.

Process of sediment turning into rock.

Choose the answer that best explains why rock might not go through the complete rock cycle.

Rock may be involved in a variety of processes in different sequences. (all rocks exposed at the surface will eventually weather)

Match the environment with the types of sediment typically found there. River channels.

Sand, pebbles, and cobbles, along with silt and clay.

When rocks are broken down and worn away, they form loose materials of all sizes called ___________.

Sediment.

What happens to a mountain range in terms of isostastic adjustment following a period significant erosion?

The continental crust underneath will be uplifted.

Which of the following correctly describe the primary differences between continents and ocean basins? (Choose all that apply)

The continents and ocean basins have different rock types. The continents and ocean basins have different rock thickness.

Which of these best describe the location of the core within Earth?

The core is located in the central zone of Earth, beneath the mantle,

The ____________ is the rigid portion of Earth composed of the ________ and uppermost part of the mantle. (Use just one word for each blank).

The lithosphere is the rigid portion... the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.

Which of the following describe the eastern part of North America compared to the western part? (Choose all that apply.)

The mountains are more subdued and coast is surrounded by a broad shelf.

True or False: Geologists study present-day geologic processes in order to understand the geologic past.

True (This idea is called uniformitarianism)

Match the process of the rock cycle with their definitions. Uplift.

Upwards movement of underground rocks to the surface.

Understanding geology is important to everyday life because _____________. (Choose all that apply)

We rely on it to locate raw materials for industry. It helps us make decisions regarding the environment. We rely on it for energy resources.

What are the three primary agents that act to deposit sediments, which may eventually become sedimentary rocks?

Wind, ice, water

Select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans.

Wind. Rivers. Gravity.

What is the continental shelf?

a fringe of shallow seafloor surrounding the land

Which type of crust is thicker?

continental

Metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below?

deformation. heat. pressure.

Factors that influence regional ________ include the density and cness of the underlying rock, and the temperature of the lithosphere.

elevations.

A type of rock that forms directly from precipitates of hot water called a(n) _________ rock.

hydrothermal

By looking at the image of this landscape, we can tell that these rocks are formed by an explosive volcanic eruption and are therefore classified as ______________.

igenous

Rock that has solidified from magma is a(n) _________ rock.

igneous

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ____________.

lithification

The _______ is the largest of Earth's concentric zones by volume.

mantle

The asthenosphere is part of the Earth's ________/

mantle

If rock is exposed to enough heat after metamorphism it will eventually _________ into magma.

melt

The age of the rock and how the rock was formed are two geologic factors that affect where ________ resources, such as copper and iron, are located.

mineral

The two types of crust found on Earth are continental crust and ______ crust.

oceanic

The rock cycle was conceived by James Hutton in an attempt to explain how:

older rocks become new sediments

Lava is molten rock that cools _______.

on the surface

Devil's Tower was formed by _________.

solidification of a magma chamber

The lithosphere is ________.

the rigid portion of Earth (crust and upper mantle)

Magma is molten rock that occurs ______

underground

The snow covering the mountains in the distance is an important source of _______ for the grazing horses and cows in the grassy pasture below.

water (snowmelt from the mountaintop flows downhill toward the lowlands, providing water for the pasture and the animals that graze there.)