GI system

Of the approximately 9.0 L of fluids contained in the digestive tract daily, only __________ L are eliminated with the feces.

0.15L

List the 6 sphincters of the digestive tract

1. UES 2.LES 3.pyloric 4. ileocecal sphincter 5. internal anal sphincter 6. external anal sphincter

List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients). ______________ ______________ ______________

1. carbs 2. proteins 3.lipids (fats)

List the three sheets of muscle in the stomach's muscularis externa:

1. circular 2. longitudinal 3. oblique

List, in order from the pylorus to the colon, the three regions of the small intestine:

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

The pancreatic hormone 1._______ regulates the absorptive state, while 2.______ regulates the postabsorptive state.

1. insulin 2. glucagon

The mouth, with its 1.____ ____ epithelium, is involved in both chemical and 2.____ digestion.

1. stratified squamous 2. mechanical

The large intestine absorbs __________, __________, and ___________.

1. water 2. salt 3. vitamin k

HCl in the stomach produces a pH of between ________ in the luminal fluid.

1.5-2.0

Only about _______ ml of the 500 ml of chyme that entered the colon is voided as feces.

150mL

Peristaltic contractions of the stomach occur about _____ times per minute when food makes it into the body & fundus.

3-5X

Of the approximately 800 g of food ingested during a typical day, only about ____ g are eliminated as undigested food in the feces.

50 g

_______ _______protects the wall of the large intestine from mechanical damage and from damage by bacterial acid.

Alkaline mucus

The intestinal hormone _____ causes contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the duodenum.

CCK

The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small intestine. a. True b. False

a true

List the two major functions of the large intestine. a. _______________________ b. _______________________

a. Storage/ concentration of feces b. Absorption of water, slats, and vitamin K

List the only two substances that are absorbed across the stomach's mucosal epithelium a. _________ b. _________

a. asprin b.alcohol

List the four organic components of bile: a. ________ b. ________ c. ________ d. ________

a. bile salts b. lecithin c. cholesterol d. bilirubin

. The four main components of gastric juice are: a. _________ b. _________ c. _________ d. ________

a. mucus b. pepsinogen c. HCL 4. intrinsic factor

From largest to smallest, list the three modifications of the small intestine's inner wall that function to increase surface area:

a. plicae circularis b. villi c. microvilli

List the four major functions of saliva. a. ___________ b. ___________ c. ___________ d. ___________

a. protection b. taste c. lubrication d. digestion

Swallowing has both voluntary and involuntary components a. True b. False

a. true

List the three major proteases (inactive forms) secreted by the exocrine pancreas a. ________ b. ________ c. ________

a. trypsinogen b. chymotrypsinogen c. procarboxypeptidase

List the three main substances that are absorbed in the large intestine. a. ________ b. ________ c. ________

a. vitamin k b. water c. salts

List two main divisions of the digestive system

alimentary canal and accessory organs

The breakdown products (monomers) of proteins are __________ _________.

amino acids

The colon epithelium produces substantial amounts of digestive enzymes. a. True b. False

b false

Which of the following is under voluntary control? a. Internal anal sphincter b. External anal sphincter

b. External anal sphincter

Segmentation moves chyme in only one direction. a. True b. False

b. false

The esophagus is digestive in function. a. True b. False

b. false

The esophagus secretes digestive enzymes. a. True b. False

b. false

The single digestive function of the liver is to produce _____.

bile

Absorption of nutrients occurs through the mucosal epithelium and into either _______ or ______ vessels.

blood or lyphatic

The vomiting reflex is coordinated in the _________.

brainstem

The microvilli of the small intestine's epithelial cells form the ______ border.

brush

Intestinal digestive enzymes that are embedded in the epithelial microvilli membranes are called ________ ________ enzymes.

brush border

List the four regions of the stomach

cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric

The muscularis mucosa has both ________ and _______ fibers that function in moving the villi to aid in digestion and absorption.

circular, longitudinal

Which of the following is not typically a stimulus for the vomiting reflex? a. Noxious chemicals b. Abnormal vestibular stimulation c. Sudden injury to the testes d. Sleep

d. sleep

The frequency of segmentation contractions is greatest in the _____.

duodenum

Which of the following is a function of HCl in the stomach? a. Activates pepsinogen b. Breaks down cell walls c. Kills most bacteria d. Denatures proteins in food e. All of the above are functions of HCl

e. All of the above are functions of HCl

Gastric emptying would be slowed by which of the following: a. Fats in the duodenum b. Acids in the duodenum c. Hypertonic solutions in the duodenum d. Distention of the duodenum e. All of the above

e. all of the above

_________ cells of the mucosa secrete hormones into the blood

enteroendocrine

Intestinal ________ converts (activates) trypsinogen into trypsin.

enterokinase

The mucosa includes a type of columnar ________that forms the inner lining of the lumen

epithelium

Once food is acidified in the stomach, amylase continues to digest starch. a. True b. False

false

Most water and salt are absorbed in the colon. a. True b. False

false- most occurs in small intestine even though the colon does absorb some water and salt

The breakdown products of triglycerides include monoglycerides and _______ _________.

fatty acids

Pockets formed by the contractions of the transverse and descending colon musculature are called ___________.

haustra

The process by which food is received into the GI tract via the mouth is called _____________________.

ingestion

Without _______ _______, vitamin B12, necessary for normal RBC development, can not be absorbed by the intestine.

intrinsic factor

Blood and lymph vessels of the mucosa are found in its ______ _______ connective tissue layer.

lamina propria

Sustained, intense propulsive peristaltic contractions of the large intestine are called __________ ___________.

mass movements

The function of epithelial goblet cells is to secrete ________.

mucin

The smooth muscle layer of the mucosa is called the ________ _______.

muscularis mucosa

The network of neurons in between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa is the ___________ ___________.

myenteric plexus

The main digestive enzyme-producing organ in the body is the ______.

pancreas

The digestive enzyme ________ begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach.

pepsin

The two types of movements produced by contractions of the muscularis externa are ____________ and ____________.

peristalsis, segmentation

The first wave of contraction of the esophageal muscles is called ______ ______.

primary peristalsis

Gastrin is released from the ______ region of the stomach

pyloric

Gastrin producing G-cells are found in the gastric glands located in the ________ region of the stomach.

pyloric

Three pairs of _____ _____ function to moisten food in the mouth.

salivary glands

The four main layers of the digestive tract wall are

serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa

Which of the following carbohydrates is NOT a disaccharide? a. maltose b. lactose c. starch d. sucrose

starch

. The anus is lined with ______ _______ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The built-in (intrinsic) network of nerve cells in the submucosa is the ______ ______.

submucosal plexus

Match the following pairs of molecules with their monomers by placing the number next to the matching letter: Sucrose __________ Maltose __________ Starch ___________ Lactose __________ The monomers: 1. Many glucose monomers 2. glucose + fructose 3. glucose + galactose 4. glucose + glucose

sucrose-2. glucose + fructose Maltose-4. glucose + glucose starch-1. Many glucose monomers lactose-3. glucose + galactose

The function of the epiglottis is to prevent a bolus from entering the _____.

trachea

Colic bacteria produce substantial quantities of ________ ___ as a by product of their metabolism.

vitamin k