GI Unit

Vitamin B7

Biotin Deficiency: skin disorder, neuromuscular dysfunction, fatigue Function: Coenzyme in anabolic pathways Excess: none known

Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer composed of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium that resists abrasion?

esophagus

Chylomicrons are formed for the transport of

fats

All of the following are functions associated with the large intestine EXCEPT

fatty acids absorption

Vitamin B9

folic acid Deficiency: birth defects, anemia, delay growth Function: metabolic pathways Excess: same of vitamin 12

Which of the following hormones will increase gastric motility and gastric secretion?

gastrin

The preferred energy fuel of the body is

glucose

The painful and burning sensation in the chest usually associated with acid reflux into the esophagus is termed

heart burn

Bile is synthesized and secreted by the

hepatic cells

Pancreatic islets produce

insulin/glucagons/somatostatin

Stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system will cause the __________ anal sphincter to _____________.

internal; relax

______________ is synthesized in the stomach and is important for __________ absorption.

intrinsic factor/vitamin B12

All of the following statements are correct for the pancreas EXCEPT

it is an endocrine gland it is an exocrine gland involved in glucose homeostasis all of the above Correct! none of the above **

Cholecystokinin

stimulate the release of gastrin initiate the constriction of the sphincter of Odi You Answered inhibit gallbladder contraction all of the above none of the above**

Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract will cause

stimulation of local secretions

After leaving the stomach, chyme enters the

duodenum

Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter the ___________

duodenum

The pancreas and liver release their secretions into the

duodenum

The most nutrient absorption takes place in the

duodenum and jejunum

The process of breaking apart or dispersal of lipids into smaller droplets is termed

emulsification

Trypsinogen when activated by ___________ will break down proteins in the ___________.

enterokinase; small intestine

The outer most layer of the esophagus is the

serosa

The stomach, small intestine and large intestine are lined by

simple columnar

Proteins is completely digested in the

small intestine

Which of the following statements is most correct for fat digestion?

- Fat are first emulsified by bile acids -Pancreatic lipase further digest the fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides - Digested fat are transported into the cell as micelles - Fatty acids and monoglycerides are resynthesized forming chylomicrons for transport to the lymphatic system

Which of the following statements is most correct for bile?

- Synthesized and secreted by the liver - Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder - In general, green in color Correct! All of the above

Releasing cholecystokinin will most likely result in

- gallbladder contraction -relaxation of the sphincter of Odie (hepatopancreatic sphincter) -inhibiting gastrin secretion - so all of the above lol

Which of the following statements is correct for gastric secretion?

- the cephalic phase involves the sight, sounds, or thought of food - the gastric phase is initiated when food enters the stomach - the intestinal phase is initiated when food enters the duodenum Correct Answer all of the above **

All of the following statements are correct for the digestive system EXCEPT

- the stomach functions in mechanical and chemical digestion - the small intestine functions in nutrient digestion and absorption - the large intestine functions include water and electrolytes absorption all of the above Correct! none of the above * *

Which of the following statements is most correct for deglutition (swallowing)?

-The soft palate is pulled upward -The hyoid bone and the larynx is pulled anteriorly and superiorly - The vocal cords are adducted so all of the above

The primary site for nutrients absorption occurs in the

small intestine

All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT

B

Vitamin B12

Deficiency: pernicious anemia Function: coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism, required for development of erythrocytes Excess: polycythemia

Which of the following is most correct for defecation?

Evacuation of feces is possible with the relaxation of the internal and external sphincters

Which of the following comparison is NOT correct?

Gastric juice - secretions from intestinal glands

Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin in the presence of ________ and is involved in _________ digestion.

HCl/proteins

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine Deficiency: Peripheral nerve dysfunction Function: coenzyme in metabolic pathways Excess: coma, possible death

Which of the following statements is most correct for the gallbladder?

It stores bile

Vitamin C

deficiency: scurvy Function: antioxidant, coenzyme in collagen synthesis Excess: nausea/vomitting, kidney

Vitamin B3

Niacin Deficiency: Pellagra - CNS, GI, skin dysfunction Function: NAD, catabolic pathway Excess: vasodilation, leading to skin flushing and burning

Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid Deficiency: delayed growth, CNS dysfunction Function: synthesis coenzyme A Excess: unknown

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin Deficiency: skin disorders Function: Component of FAD and so critical component of catabolic pathways Excess: Skin dryness and itching

The more technical term for swallowing is

deglutition

Which of the following nerves innervates the muscles of mastication?

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Vitamin B1

Thiamine Definciency: Beriberi Function: Conenzyme in catabolic pathways Excess: Decreased blood pressure, nausea

Under aerobic condition, one mole of glucose will yield how many mole of ATP?

Thirty-eight (38)

Deficiency in this vitamin may result in night blindness and dry skin.

Vitamin A

Which of the following substrates requires an intrinsic factor for absorption?

Vitamin B12

Calcium is actively absorbed by the small intestine and this is accelerated by

Vitamin D

Deficiency in this vitamin may result in Rickets.

Vitamin D

Which of the following substrates is absorbed in the digestive tract without being digested?

Vitamins

All of the following enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in protein digestion EXCEPT

amylase

Starch is broken down to its disaccharide, maltose, by the enzyme

amylase

Starch, a complex carbohydrate, is broken down to its disaccharide maltose by the enzymatic action of

amylase

Which of the following digestive enzymes is contained in saliva?

amylase

If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ________________, which breaks down ________________.

amylase, starch

Lipids are emulsified by ______________ and digested by _____________.

bile salts/lipase

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are digested primarily in the

brush border of the small intestine

All of the following substances are stored by the liver EXCEPT

calcium

The region of the stomach closest (adjacent) to the esophagus and the gastroesophageal sphincter is the

cardiac region

Which phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food?

cephalic

Which one of the following cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen?

chief cells

Bile secretion is stimulated by __________ in response to ___________

cholecystokinin/lipids in the chyme

Once absorbed into the epithelial cell of the small intestine, free fatty acids and glycerol are recombined and a protein coat is added to form a

chylomicron

All of the following statements are correct for the digestive system EXCEPT

colorectal cancer results from a high protein, high fat, low fiber diet the most common cause for pancreatitis in the US is excessive alcohol consumption lactose intolerance is more common in Asian than Caucasian all of the above Correct Answer none of the above **

The union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic forms the

common bile duct

An 18 year-old Asian male presents to his primary care doctor complaining of stomach pain, bloating, discomfort, and diarrhea after eating dairy products. What is the most likely diagnosis?

lactose intolerance

A 48 year-old female presents to her doctor complaining of foul, greasy, and smelly stools for the past 4 weeks. The physical exam was remarkable for a thin woman. Laboratory tests confirmed your suspicion for pancreatic cancer. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient?

lipase

All of the following functions are associated with the liver EXCEPT

lipid digestion and absorption

Anatomically, the stomach is divided into the all of the following regions EXCEPT the

manubrium

The digestive system processes food into ___________ that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells.

molecules

The final product of carbohydrates digestion is a

monosaccharide

Chemical digestion of lipids or fats begins in the

mouth

The secretions that lubricate the food so it moves easily through the digestive tract and also protects the epithelium are called

mucus

Which of the following acts as a lubricant allowing food to pass through the alimentary canal?

mucus

Which of the following substances lubricates and protects the epithelium?

mucus

The majority of lipase is produced by the

pancreas

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the following cells?

parietal cells

The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity are

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

Which of the following cells in the stomach produces pepsinogen?

peptic (chief) cells

The muscular contractions, which move material through the digestive tract, are called

peristalsis

The process which propels materials through the digestive tract is termed

peristalsis

The primary purpose of peristalsis is to

propel food forward along the GI tract

Contractions that mix material in the small intestine are called

segmental contractions

The epithelium of the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus and anal canal is

stratified squamous

The typical epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, esophagus and anal canal is

stratified squamous

All of the following are functions of the liver EXCEPT

synthesis of lipases and carbohydrases

All of the following are muscles of mastication. Which of the following muscles is involved in opening or lowering the jaw?

the lateral pterygoid

Chyme entering the duodenum will most likely results in

the release of gastric inhibitory peptide, cholecystokinin, which inhibits gastrin secretion

The small intestine contains fingerlike projections called _________, whose function is to _______

villi/increase surface area