Gilded Age Practice AP Questions

Which of the following is a similarity between White's and Hahn's overall arguments in the excerpts about interactions between American Indians and the United States in the late 1800s? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." -Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pantribal Indianness." -Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016

Both claim that United States officials sought to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals.

Throughout United States history, which of the following groups most typically opposed the perspectives expressed in the public service announcements? _______________________________________________________________________________ "How many times have you heard the story that we cleaned up Pittsburgh years ago? Do you know that Pittsburgh air is far more dangerous to breathe now[?]... The danger is the gas you do not see—the sulfur dioxide that our environmental scientists tell us is increasing." -Public service announcement script, Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1970 "Mothers are all alike. They spend most of the day washing clothes, washing dishes, washing diapers, dusting and cleaning and scrubbing. A clean house means a clean family. But what about the air? Is someone else out there scrubbing and cleaning the air? Don't hold your breath! FIGHT FOR IT. Attend the public meeting." Public service announcement script, Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1970

Business executives concerned about economic growth

The claims made by White and Hahn about United States policies toward American Indians in the late nineteenth century are similar in that they both support which of the following arguments? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." -Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pantribal Indianness." -Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016

Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians.

Which of the following was true of the American labor movement in the late nineteenth century?

It was involved in a number of violent strikes.

Which of the following best accounts for the success of the American Federation of Labor in organizing labor in the late 1800s?

Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen

Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." -George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870

Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

Which of the following developments best explains changes in agricultural production in the United States during the 1880s and 1890s?

New systems of transportation integrated farming into national markets.

Which of the following best accounts for the severe decrease of immigration to the United States from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900?

Restrictive congressional legislation

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." -Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 5) Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt?

Settlement house workers

In the period 1890-1915, all of the following were generally true about African Americans EXCEPT:

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) endorsed the Back-to-Africa movement.

Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." -George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870

The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

Access to natural resources for businesses changed from the mid-1800s to the late 1800s most directly as a result of which of the following factors?

The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph

Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth endorsed which of the following views?

Wealthy individuals have a duty to return their fortunes to society.

Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." -Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pantribal Indianness." -Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016in the late 1800s?

White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." -George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870

accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership

All of the following account for nativist sentiment against the "new immigrants" of the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that the immigrants

dominate the professions of law, medicine, and engineering

African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as

exodusters

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the formation of labor unions was often a response to

low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work

In the three decades following the Civil War, the policies of the Republican Party generally favored

northern industrial interests

The "Atlanta Compromise" is the name given to the

proposal that African Americans emphasize making economic progress over the quest for political and social equality

The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized

skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains