give me liberty chapter 4

what prevented spain to assemble a military force to dominate the n/a regioin. pg 165-167

wars in europe

French and Indian War. pg 170

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

seven years war. pg 170

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Pontiac's Rebellion. pg 174

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

neolin. pg 174

A Delaware religious prophet whose teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion.

Liberalism. pg 152

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Father Junipero Serra. pg 167

A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.

Enlightenment. pg 160

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Republicanism. pg 151

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Deism. pg 161

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Proclamation of 1763. pg 174

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Middle Passage. pg 137

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

How was an African-American collective identity created in these years and what role did slave rebellions play in that process?

African slaves came from many different regions of Central Africa, and most had different religions and languages. When the African population in the New World grew by natural reproduction, each generation became more connected and their cultures became blended (partly by European influence). What truly united the slave population was the desire for freedom, which, when united, the slaves rebelled and resisted wherever they could. pg 134-137

how did the ideas of republicanism and liberalism differ in 18th century british north america

Republicanism was based on the idea of active public participation, surrendering self-interest for the public good. Liberalism was based on a more private and individual sense of freedom. pg 151-152

albany plan of union. pg 178

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Salutary Neglect. pg 155

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

how were colonial merchants in british america involved in the atlantic economy, and what was the role of the slave trade in that economy

Colonial merchants, if they wanted to be prosperous, participated in the slave trade. They would import slaves to be sold, and sent fish, grain, and lumber to the Caribbean, which was the largest market for New England goods. pg 134-137

middle ground. pg 169

Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth.

how did a distinct native american identity start to emerge after the seven years' war

Native Americans had distinctive issues all their own in trying to hold on to their homelands as well as maintain access to trade and supplies as war engulfed their lands too. Some allied with the British, while others fought alongside the American colonists. pg 170-173

how and why did the colonists' sense of a collective british identity change during the years before 1764

Politics in the colonies were for the most part unorganized, and usually consisted of just one candidate running, and his sons would carry on after him. pg 149-150

Great Awakening. pg 162

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

how did great britain's position in the north america change relative to the other european powers during the first three quarters of the 18th century

The English replaced France and Spain as the most influential political and economic power in North America during the first three quarters of the eighteenth century. pg 170-171

What ideas generated by the American Enlightenment and the Great Awakening prompted challenges to religious, social, and political authorities in the British colonies?

The Great Awakening was especially impactful because people became more divided over religion, which weakened the power of the Anglican Church. pg 161-163

stono rebellion. pg 149

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Atlantic slave trade. pg 134

The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fueled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco.

three distinct slave system were well entrenched in britain's mainland colonies. describe the main characteristics of each system

Tobacco-based plantation slavery in the Chesapeake, rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia, and non-plantation slavery in New England and the middle colonies. pg 140-143

We often consider the impact of the slave trade only on the United States, but its impact extended much further. How did it affect West African nations and society, other regions of the New World, and the nations of Europe?

West African rulers could become successful by manipulating and controlling the slave trade, learning to collect taxes from foreign merchants and competing with other nations. West Africa became a huge market for European goods like guns and textiles which furthered the slave trade. As more slaves were lost each year, the economy and politics of West African society became distorted. In other regions of the New World, racism became further ingrained while whites were associated with liberty and blacks with enslavement. Populations became imbalanced and distorted, just like in West Africa, as certain regions of the New World grew into majority black colonies. pg 134-137

what happend in new york city 2 years after the stono rebellion in 1741. pg 148-149

a panic swept ny city because a series of fires broke out. rumor spread the slaves with white allies planned to burn part of the city. the continued fear led to arrest of 150 black arrest and 34 conspirators were executed

how did african slavery differ regionally in 18th century North America?

african slavery was largely regionalized in the 18th century north america, slavery was largely rejected by the north and was eventually banned but the south favored it becuase of its cheap labor. pg 148

what was the outcome of the stono rebellion of 1739 in south carolina? pg 148-149

an increase in the level of taxation applied to slaves imported into the colony and the introduction of a more restrictive set of slave codes in the colony

the government still recognized and supported an official church in each region, such as the congregationalists in new england and the what?

anglicans

What were the meanings of British liberty in the 18th century?

british freedom celebrated the rule of law, the right to live under legislation to which one's representatives had consented, restraints on the arbitrary exercise of political authority, and rights like trial by jury enshrined in the common law. pg 135

on the eve of the revolution, most american colonies had an established an official what?

church

yeoman farmers. pg 146

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

what was neolin's idea pan-indian identity

his idea was that all indians were a single people and only through cooperation they could regain their lost independence. pg 174

pontiac's rebellion was significant for what reason

it represented an emergence of a unified indian response to european enroachment on their lands

how did the great awakening challenge the religious and social structure of british north america

it was attempting to use religious and social structure for profit. ministers were claiming to be able to free people from sins if they donated enough money to the church; this caused the church to become corrupt. pg 162-163

when was the first spanish mission established

it was established in san diego in 1769

was the present day great lakes divided between the french and the spanish. pg 166

no

were spanish missions built exclusively on west coast. pg 166

no

there was a high degree of religious what?

pluralism

who was ponitac speaking to when he said, "[A]though you have conquered the french, you have not yet conquered us"

pontiac was speaking to the english

who was ponitac speaking to when he said, "your nation supposes that we, like the white people, cannot live without bread and pork and beef!"

pontiac was speaking to the english

who was ponitac speaking to when he said, "fling all these things away; live as your wise forefathers did before you

pontiac was speaking to the native americans

spain's north american colonies were based on. pg 165-167

ranching and trade

what was the first mass consumer good in international trade were produced by slaves. pg 134-135

rice

how did african slavery differ regionally in 18th century north america

some were left to tend to the plantation fields on their own, others were under constant supervision

identify the first colony to have black majority population

south carolina with 61%

what caused spain's problems in north america. pg 165-167

stemmed in large part of the small size of the settler population

where did french influence extend to in the north america. pg 166

the area of french influence extended from the gulf of mexico north through canada

what was the impact of the seven years war on imperial and indian white relations

the british victory threatened native freedom. the treaty of paris left natives more dependent on the british which caused a period of confusion over land claims, fur traders and tribal relations. pg 170-171

what was the one thing that the africans who were shipped to the new world held in common. pg 144-145

the fact of their slavery

what factors led to distinct african american cultures in the 18th century

the harsh living conditions, low birth rate, and seldom contact with white people caused black culture to distinctively different. pg 134

What concepts & institutions dominated colonial politics in the 18th century?

the right to vote, the right assembly, the right to press, religious freedom, and politics in public and colonial government. pg 135

how did the spanish and french empires in america develop in the 18th century

the spanish empire made an effort to strengthen its empire north of the rio grande. tried to make good relations with the indians. they lured indians in to make them part of spanish society and increase spanish population. tried to imply scientific methods to society would bring progress to society. moved into texas so the french would not have commercial influence. in california the spanish launched the scare experimnt to take control and prevent russia and foreigners from occupying it. deveopled missioins into california to convert indians into loyal spainards. and the french empire expanded and french traders pushed into the mississippi river and southward from the great lakes. french founded new orleans and baton rougue, this posed real threat to british pg 164-168

how did the spanish northern american colonies help the spanish? pg 165-167

they served as a buffer to prevent furhter french territorial enroachment into spanish interests

where were spanish missions built in the south west

they were built in mexico, texas, new mexico, and california. pg 165

british land claims extended to where

they were extended to the east coast. pg 166

why did south carolina offer poor protestants cash bounites and levying taxes on slave imports

they were fearful of the ever increasing black population. however london overturned this law.

why were british efforts to take spanish florida repulsed. pg 148-149

they were repulsed because the spanish had help from runaway slaves

what did pontiac encourage his people to do against europeans

to reject their technology, free themselves from commercial ties with whites and dependence on alcohol, clothe themselves in the garb of their ancestors, and drive the british from their territory.