Give Me Liberty! Chapter 9

Economic security

- a standard of life below which no person would fall - formed an essential part of American freedom

How were Irish stereotyped similar to blacks?

- childlike, lazy, and slaves of their passions, they were said to be unsuited for republican freedom

Langdon Byllesby

- described wage labor as the essence of slavery

Walden

..., written by Henry David Thoreau; a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth (1854), an account of his experiences and a critique of how the market revolution was, in his opinion, degrading both Americans' values and the natural environment

1806 Congress authorized ...

..construction of paved National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to the Old Northwest

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts

What did John Deere do?

1837 invented the steel plow and mass produced by the 1850s, made possible the rapid subduing of western prairies

Brigham Young

1847 this Mormon successor, Brigham Young, led more than 2,000 followers across Great Plains and Rocky Mountains to shores of Great Salt Lake in present day Utah, seeking a refuge where they could practice faith undisturbed

When did Nativism become a political movement?

1850s

Smith married no less than...

30 women

What did Beecher's sermon inspire?

A mob to burn a Catholic convent in the city

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

What became more and more a central component of American freedom

A sense of spatial openness, of the constant opportunity to pick up and move when the pursuit of happiness seemed to demand it

When did Finney become a national celebrity?

After success in upstate NY

Why did most white artisans sought to bar blacks from skilled employment?

Although most white artisans criticized slavery, most viewed the freed slaves as low wage competitors

What hardly changed during the colonial era?

American technology

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Richard Allen

An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church after being forcibly removed from his former church for praying at the alter rail, a place resevered for whites

Transcendalists

Any group of New England writers who stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience

How many slaves were shifted from the older slave states to the Deep South between 1800 and 1860?

Around 1 million

Why were Irish discriminated against?

As Roman Catholics they faced discrimination in a largely Protestant society in which the tradition of "anti popery" still ran deep

How did farmers find themselves drawn into the new market?

As the Old Northwest became a more settled society

What did cotton mean for the south?

As the southern economy expanded westward, it was cotton produced on slave plantations that became the linchpin of southern development and by far the most important export of the empire of liberty

Lincoln as an adult

Became a lawyer and embraced market revolution

Why did a considerable number of northern blacks possess craft skills?

Because of widespread slave ownership among 18th century artisans

Lincoln early life

Born Kentucky 1809, moved to Indiana at 7

What did Chicago become by 1860?

By 1860, thanks to the railroad, Chicago had become the nation's fourth largest city, where farm products from throughout the Northwest were gathered to be sent East

What did the newspaper Workingman's advocate say about capitalism?

Capitalism tore women from their role as happy and independent mistresses" of the domestic sphere and forced them into the labor market, thereby undermining the natural order of the household and the authority of its male head

What did Protestants fear?

Catholicism was a threat to American institutions and American freedom

The greatest of all the western cities was

Chicago

German Triangle

Cities of Cincinnati, St Louis, and Milwauke, they would attract a very large German population, which led to a german culture in these cities.

Why was the south in some ways the most commercially oriented region of the US?

Cotton was produced solely for sale in national and international markets

Gibbons v. Ogden

Court struck down a monopoly the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation

What happened when Andrew Jackson led troops into Florida 1818

Created an international crisis by executing two British traders and a number of Indian chiefs

Archbishop John Hughes

During the 1840s and 1850s, he made the church of Catholic a more assertive institution, by encouraging parents of Catholic Youth to send their kidlets to parochial schools, and even wanted the government to pay for them! He tried to convert those from Protestantism.

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate working in Georgia as a private tutor, in 1793

Henry David Thoreau

Emerson's Concord neighbour. American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War.

What did Thoreau illustrate in his own life?

Emerson's point about the primacy of individual conscience in matters, political, social, and personally and the need to find one's own way rather than following the crowd

Who stood in the way of expansion?

European powers like Great Britain and Spain, Native Americans, Mexicans - were by definition obstacles to the progress of freedom

What inspired many English workers to emigrate to the US?

Failure of Chartist movement of 1840s, which sought to democratize the system of government in Britain, along with continuing expansion of industry

Where did many Scandinavians settle?

Farms in the Old Northwest

How did Finney warn of hell?

Finney warned of hell (like the evangelists of the first great awakening) in vivid language while offering the promise of salvation to converts who abandoned their sinful ways'

What wretched America out of its economic path?

First half of 19th century in rapid succession the steamboat, canal, railroad, and telegraph

Why was little time left for agriculture geared to the market for pioneers?

For the tasks of felling trees, building cabins, breaking the soil, and feeding the family

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

How did immigrants usually emigrate?

Frequently, a male family member emigrated first; he would later send back money for the rest of the family to follow

Why was a nativist candidate elected New York City's mayor in 1844?

He appealed mainly to skilled native born workers who feared that immigrants were taking their jobs and undercutting their wages

How did Lucy Larcom compare home life to working at Lowell?

Home life, Lucy Larcom later recalled, was narrow and confining, while living and working at Lowell gave the mill girls a "larger, firmer idea of womanhood"

Difference between treatment of English and Irish immigrants

Immigrants of England were easily absorbed, but those from Ireland encountered intense hostility

Immigrants in the slave states

Immigrants were virtually unknown in the slave states, except in cities on the periphery of the South such as New Orleans, St. Louis, and Baltimore

What most dramatically increased speed and lowered expense of commerce?

Improved water transportation

What became a part of daily life in cities during the market revolution?

In cities clocks became part of daily life, and work time and leisure time came to be clearly marked off from one another

Difference between West and East

In the West, land was more readily available and oppressive factory labor was far less common than in the East

What made long distance travel far more practical?

Introduction of oceangoing steamship and the railroad

Samuel F. B.

Invented the telegraph during the 1830s

Between 1840 and 1860, over 4 million people entered the United States, the majority from...

Ireland and Germany

What alarmed many native born Americans?

Irish influx of 1840s and 50s

Why did the South lag in factory production

It lacked a strong internal market, and with its slaveholding class generally opposed to industrial development, the South lagged in factory production

Why did 90% of the immigrants head to Northern states?

Job opportunities there were most abundant and the new arrivals would not have to compete with slave labor

What was NYC known as

Kleindeutschland

What financed the acquisition of land and supplies?

Loans originating with eastern banks and insurance companies

How did local judges treat businessmen?

Local judges held businessmen blameless for property damage done by factory construction (such as flooding of upstream farmlands and disruption of fishing when dams were built to harness water power)

Liberty and prospertity

NJ motto

Where did early industrial revolution largely confine to?

New England and a few cities outside

John L. O'Sullivan

New York journalist, first employed the phrase 'manifest destiny'

What created the new Cotton Kingdom?

One stream of migration, including both small farmers and planters with their slaves, flowed out of the South

Lyman Beecher

Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States.

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Farm life continued to be...

Regulated by the rhythms of the season

* Rather than spurring economic change, the South's expansion westward simply...

Reproduced the agrarian, slave based social order of older states

Finney, Charles G.

Revivalist preacher credited with starting the Second Great Awakening. Inspired to preach after attending a religious revival in 1821

What did Hughes press Catholic parents to do?

Send their children to an expanding network of parochial schools, and sought government funding to pay for them

What caused several states to go bankrupt during the 1837 economic depression?

Several borrowed a lot of money to finance elaborate programs of canal construction

What did Slater do since exporting plans for industrial machinery was illegal?

Slater, a skilled mechanic, built from memory a power-driven spinning Jenny, one of the key inventions of the early industrial revolution

Why was Smith arrested?

Smith was arrested on the charge of inciting a riot that destroyed an anti Mormon newspaper

First long distance line to begin operation

South Carolina Canal and Railroad, which stretched from Charleston across the state to Hamburg

What remained adjuncts of the plantation economy?

South's transportation and banking systems

How did Spain react to Andrew Jackson?

Spain, aware that it could not defend the territory, sold it to the US in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 negotiated by John Quincy Adams

What did Robert Fulton experiment with while living in france during the 17902

Steamboat designs

What did the idea of the "sovereign individual" proclaim?

That Americans should depend on no one but themselves

Boston Associates

The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.

Maria Child wrote

The Frugal Housewife (guide for women of the market revolution)

What fundamentally altered the nature of work?

The drive among businessmen to increase production and reduce labor costs

What became a popular definition of social justice?

The idea that the male head of household should command a family wage that enabled him to support his wife and children

What did the American system of manufactures rely on?

The mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products

What did the Improvements in transportation and communication make possible?

The rise of the West as a powerful, self conscious region of the new nation

What did Hughes condemn?

The use of the Protestant King James Bible in NYC's public schools,

What did Massachussets Chief Justice decree in Commonwealth v Hunt (1842)?

There was nothing inherently illegal in workers organizing a union or a strike

Why did America's political and religious freedoms attract Europeans?

They chafed under the continent's repressive governments and rigid social hierarchies

What did most farmers in the old northwest do as the old northwest became more settled?

They increasingly concentrated on growing crops and raising livestock for sale, while purchasing at stores goods previously produced at home

How long did girls remain at the factories?

They typically remained in the factories for only a few years, after which they left to return home, marry, or move west

Why did some Georgia and Alabama planters want Florida?

To eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves and hostile Seminoles

John Jacob Astor

United States capitalist (born in Germany) who made a fortune in fur trading (1763-1848)

Difference between cotton and wheat:

Unlike cotton, the bulk of wheat was consumed within the country

Difference between corporations and smaller companies

Unlike family/individual/limited partnership owned companies, corporations can fail without ruining its directors and stockholders

What did the steamboat make possible?

Upstream commerce (travel against the current) on the country's major rivers as well as rapid transport across the Great Lakes and eventually the Atlantic Ocean

How was virtue redefined?

Virtue came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women "Virtue" for a woman meant not only sexual innocence but also beauty, frailty, and dependence on men

When was Smith murdered?

While in jail awaiting trial, Smith murdered by a group of intruders

Difference between life for blacks and white

While many white Americans could look forward to a life of economic accumulation and individual advancement, large numbers of free blacks experienced downward mobility

How did white employers/customers treat blacks?

White employers refused to hire them in anything but menial positions, and white customers did not wish to be served by them Result was a rapid decline in economic status

What did Whitney's invention do?

Whitney's invention revolutionized American slavery

A Plea for the West

Written by Lyman Beecher; warned faithful Protestants of an alleged Catholic conspiracy to send immigrants to the West in enough numbers to dominate the region

For expanding middle class it became...

a badge of respectability for wives to remain at home, outside the disorderly new market economy

Bankruptcy was...

a common fact of life, and men unable to pay their debts filled the prisons of major cities

What did Germans have?

a considerably larger number of skilled craftsmen than Irish

Cotton Gin

a fairly simple device consisting of rollers and brushes, the gin quickly separated the seed from the cotton, it made possible the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale

What did westward migration and urban development create?

a large mobile population no longer tied to local communities who sought to seize the opportunities offered by economic change

What did Western farmers find in the growing cities of the East?

a market for their produce and source of credit

What happened after Congress prohibited the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1808?

a massive trade in slaves developed within the United States, supplying the labor force required by the new Cotton Kingdom

What did the opportunity for personal growth offer?

a new definition of Jefferson's pursuit of happiness, one well suited to a world in which territorial expansion and the market revolution had shattered traditional spatial and social bounders and made moving from place to place and status to status common features of American life.

The market revolution encouraged...

a new emphasis on individualism and physical mobility among white men, while severely limiting the options available to women and African Americans

What did the Market Revolution produce?

a new middle class - an army of clerks, accountants, and other office employers who staffed businesses in Boston, New York and elsewhere Created new opportunities for farmers and skilled craftsmen

The conviction of 20 NY tailors in 1835 under the common law of conspiracy for combining to seek higher wages inspired ...

a public procession marking the "burial of liberty"

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s

What did Erie canal completion set off?

a scramble among other states to match New York's success

What was the catalyst of the market revolution?

a series of innovations in transportation and communication

What was the telegraph initially?

a service for businesses (especially newspapers)

What did the Market Revolution represent?

acceleration of development already under way in colonial era

Federal law barred blacks from...

access to public land and by 1860 four states - Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Oregon - prohibited them from entering their territory altogether

Why was Cincinnati known as Porkopolis?

after its slaughterhouses, where hundreds of thousands of pigs were butchered each year and the meat was shipped to eastern consumers

When did most migration have?

after the War of 1812, unleashed flood of land hungry settlers moving from eastern states

Samuel Slater

an English immigrant, established America's first factory in 1790 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Morse

an artist and amateur scientist living in NYC, and was put into commercial operation in 1844

What did the market revolution and westward expansion produce by the 1830s?

an energetic, materialistic, and seemingly in constant motion society

In the 1820s the Boston Associates expanded their enterprise creating...

an entirely new factory town on the Merrimack River, 27 miles from Boston

Emerson's definition of freedom

an open ended process of self realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives

Many Americans experienced the market revolution not as an enhancement of the power to shape their own lives, but...

as a loss of freedom

Lincoln as a teenager

at 19 traveled by flatboat to New Orleans to sell goods, but essentially Lincoln family self sufficient

Where did Western cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis stand?

at the crossroads of inter-regional trade, they experienced extraordinary growth

In artisan workshops of the colonial and early national eras..

bouts of intense work alternated with periods of leisure

Eventually the entire manufacturing process in textiles, shoes, and many other products was...

brought under a single factory roof

In the new factory town, the Boston Associates...

built a group of modern textile factories that brought together all phases of production from the spinning of thread to the weaving and finishing of cloth

In Europe, what did the modernization of agriculture and the industrial revolution disrupt?

centuries-old patterns of life, pushing peasants off the land and eliminating the jobs of traditional craft workers

What did the Market Revolution cause?

cities to grow

What did Taney declare?

community had a legitimate interest in promoting transportation and prosperity

What did canals do?

connected existing waterways

What did many Americans distrust?

corporate charters as a form of government grants special privilege. But the courts upheld their validity, while opposing efforts by established firms to limit competition from newcomers

What did Nativists intend Irish posed a threat to?

democratic institutions, social reform, and public education due to being supposedly unfamiliar with the American conceptions of liberty and subservient to the Catholic Church

Not until after the Civil War

did some control the wages they earned rather than their husbands

Free blacks suffered...

discrimination in every phase of their lives

Thousands of poor women found jobs as...

domestic servants, factory workers, and seamstresses

Work in middle class homes was done by...

domestic servants, the largest employment category for women in 19th century America

What did official imagery link the goddess of liberty even more closely to?

emblems of material wealth

What did numerous court decisions affirm?

employers' full authority over the workplace and invoked the old common law of conspiracy to punish workers who sought to strike for higher wages

A corporate firm

enjoys special privileges and powers granted in a charter from the government, among them that investors and directors are not personally liable for the company's debts

These revivals were originally organized by...

established religious leaders alarmed by low levels of church attendance in the young republic

What did Finney believe?

everyone was a "moral free agent" - a person free to choose between a Christian life and sin, sinners could experience a "change of heart" and embrace spiritual freedom

Free blacks found themselves...

excluded from the new economic opportunities

What ownership of one's self rather then ownership of property makes a person capable of?

exercising the right to vote

The early industrial revolution, which began in England and soon spread to parts of the North, centered on...

factories producing cotton textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving machinery

What was the farmer's situation in 1800?

farmers not located near cities or navigable waterways found almost impossible to market produce

What did the Alien Act of 1798 reflect?

fear of immigrants with radical political views

What did early New England textile mills rely on largely?

female and child labor

What did these impoverished agricultural foreign laborers and small farmers end up doing?

filling the low wage unskilled jobs native born Americans sought to avoid

Why did the Irish come to America?

fleeing the Great Famine of 1845-1851, when a blight destroyed a potato crop on which the island's diet rested

By the 1840s, what did steam power make possible?

for factory owners to locate in towns like New Bedford nearer to the coast, and in large cities like Philadelphia and Chicago with their immense local markets

Barred from schools and other public facilities,

free blacks laboriously constructed their own institutional life, centered on mutual aid and educational societies, as well as independent churches, most notably the African Methodist Episcopal church

For both genders freedom meant...

fulfilling their respective "inborn qualities"

What did factories do?

gather large groups of workers under central supervision and replaced hand tools with power-driven machinery

What did entrepreneurs do?

gathered artisans into large workshops in order to oversee their work and subdivide their tasks

Other women embraced a new definition of femininity...

glorifying a woman's ability to create a private environment shielded from the competitive tensions of the market economy rather than economic contributions. Woman's "place" was in the home,

What did completion in 1825 of the 363 mile Erie Canal across upstate New York allow?

goods to flow between Great Lakes and NYC

Slave coffles

groups of slaves chained together and forced to march into the South to the Cotton Kingdom

What was an artisan's pay in America known as?

his "price" since it was linked to the goods he produced

What was widespread during early 20th century

hostility to the "new immigration" from southern and Eastern Europe

The Second Great Awakening illustrated...

how the end of governmental support for established churches promoted religious pluralism

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Where did Astor invest his wealth?

in Manhattan real estate, which was rapidly rising in value, and built Astor House, which quickly became the nation's most famous hotel

Where did the majority of blacks live?

in poorest, unhealthiest sections of cities like NY, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, and even these neighborhoods were subjected to occasional violent assault by white mobs, like the armed bands that attacked blacks and destroyed their homes and businesses in Cincinnati in 1829

How was the mass production technique perfected?

in the manufacture of clocks by Eli Terry, a Connecticut craftsman, and in small-arms production by Eli Whitney, who had previously invented the cotton gin

What did Tocqueville observe?

individualism led "each member of the community to sever himself from the mass of his fellows and to draw part with his family and his friends... [leaving] society at large to itself"

What did the canal attract?

influx of farmers migrating from New England, giving birth to cities like Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse

What did the telegraph make possible

instantaneous communication throughout the nation

Some women followed work as...

it moved from household to factory

What was Chicago like in the 1830s?

it was a tiny settlement on the shore of Lake Michigan

Every town it seemed had...

its sawmill, paper mill, iron works, shoemaker, hatmaker, tailor, and a host of other such small enterprises

Until mid century vast majority of northern blacks...

labored for wages in unskilled jobs and as domestic servants

The shortage of industrial labor continued only easing when...

large-scale immigration began in the 1840s and 50s

Mormons

members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Morse Code

messages, could be sent over electric wires, with each letter and number represented by its own pattern of electrical pulses

What did Thoreau write about most persons?

most persons were so preoccupied with material things that they had no time to contemplate the beauties of nature

What were roads like at the dawn of the 19th century?

most roads were little more than rutted paths through the woods

As population moved west...

nation's borders expanded

What did Fulton's ship the Clermont do?

navigated the Hudson River from NYC to Albany, demonstrating steamboat's technological and commercial feasibility

Over and above these specific issues, workers' language of protest drew on...

older ideas of freedom linked to economic autonomy, public spirited virtue, and social equality

What did these new innovations do?

opened new land to settlement, lowered transportation costs, and made it far easier for economic enterprises to sell their prodcuts Linked farmers to national and world markets and made them major consumers of manufactured goods

Nineteenth century, pay increasingly became a "wage"-

paid according to an hourly or daily rate

Spinning factories such as Slater's

produced yarn, which was then sent to traditional hand-loom weavers and farm families to be woven into cloth

What was the Deep South climate and soil particularly suited to?

producing cotton

New opportunities for talented men opened in

professions like law, medicine, and teaching

Evangelical ministers

promoted controlled individualism as the essence of freedom

Men moved between...

public and private "spheres"; some were supposed to remain cloistered in the private realm of the family

Corporations were able to

raise far more capital than traditional forms of enterprise

Revivalist ministers...

raised funds, embarked on lengthy preaching tours by canal, steamboat, and railroad, and flooded the country with mass produced inexpensive religious tracts

By the end of 1850s, Lowell textile mills had largely...

replaced Yankee farm women with immigrant Irish families

What did Thoreau do to escape the fate of fellow Americans?

retreated for two years to a cabin on Walden Pond near Concord, where he could enjoy the freedom of isolation from the "economical and moral tyranny" he believed ruled American society

How did Astor die in 1848

richest man in the US leaving a fortune of perhaps $10 million, the equivalent of hundreds of millions of dollars today

As the household declined as a center of economic production, many women..

saw their traditional roles undermined by the availability of mass produced goods previously made at home

Mormon church

self consciously democratic, admitting anyone, regardless wealth or occupation, who accepted Smith's message, could join Blacks could not enter priesthood until 1978 tho

Some western migrants became "squatters" meaning..

setting up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title

Workingmen's Parties

short lived political organizations that sought to mobilize lower class support for candidates who would press for free public education, and end to imprisonment for debt, and legislation limiting work to 10 hours per day

Married women could still not...

sign independent contracts or sue in their own name

Why could women not compete freely for employment?

since only low paying jobs were available to them

What did the telegraph help?

speed the flow of information and brought uniformity to prices throughout the country

What did the Second Great Awakening do?

spread to all regions of the country and democratized American Christianity, making it a truly mass enterprise. It now waned, and Christianity became even more central to American culture

What did the idea of the US as a refuge for those seeking economic opportunity or as an escape from oppression always coexist with?

suspicion of and hostility to foreign newcomers

Women's role was to...

sustain non market values like love, friendship, and mutual obligation, providing men with a shelter from the competitive marketplace

Free blacks could not...

take advantage of the opening of the West to improve economic status

What did the court rule under Roger B. Taney Chief Justice 1837?

that Mass. legislature did not infringe the charter of an existing company that had constructed a bridge over the Charles River when it empowered a second company to build a competing bridge.

First commercial railroad

the Baltimore and Ohio

With population and price of land rising dramatically in older states and young men's prospects for acquiring a farm or setting up an independent artisan shop declining,...

the West still held out the chance to achieve economic independence, the social condition of freedom.

What happened after Finney's preaching?

the area had been "completely overthrown by the Holy Ghost" so that "the theater had been deserted, the tavern sanctified.. and far higher and purer enjoyment has been found in exercises of devotion"

Early industrialization enhanced...

the availability of paid work for northern women

What had American freedom been linked to?

the availability of the land in the West

In a democratic society it was inevitable that...

the debate over the market revolution and its consequences for freedom would be reflected in American politics

A source of greater freedom for whites, what did the westward movement men to African Americans?

the destruction of family ties, the breakup of long-standing communities, and reeding opportunities for liberty

What did fiery revivalist preachers promise at large camp meetings?

the doctrine of human free will and at these gatherings, rich and poor, male and female, and in some instances white and blacks worshiped along side one another and pledged to abandon worldly sins in favor of the godly life

What did American law increasingly support?

the efforts of entrepreneurs to participate in the market revolution, while shielding them from interference by local governments and liability for some of the less desirable results of economic growth

The freedom of the middle class woman rested on...

the employment of other women within her household

What did the cutoff of British imports because of the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 stimulate?

the establishment of the first large-scale American factory utilizing power looms for weaving cotton cloth

What did the initial pioneer stage of settlement reinforce?

the farmer's self sufficiency

By 1830 what did many sates replace?

the granting of charters through specific acts of legislation with "general incorporation laws" allowing any company to obtain a corporate charter if it paid a specified fee

What did closely supervised work tending a machine for a period determined by a clock seem to violate?

the independence Americans considered an essential element of freedom

Craftsmen who traditionally produced an entire pair of shoes or piece of furniture saw...

the labor process broken down into numerous steps requiring far less skill and training

What did the Mormons' experience reveal?

the limits of religious toleration in nineteenth century America but also the opportunities offered by religious pluralism

What was the Americans right to the continent provided by?

the nation's divinely inspired mission to extend the area of freedom

What does Astor's story exemplify?

the opportunities open to the "self made man" According to this idea, those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism as in Europe, but through their own intelligence and hard work

What did Americans increasingly understand?

the realm of the self - "privacy" - as one with which neither other individuals nor government had a right to interfere

What did Cyrus McCormick invent?

the reaper, a horse drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest in 1831 and produced in large quantities afterward

What did the Second Great Awakening stress?

the right of private judgement in spiritual matters and the possibility of universal salvation through faith and good work

What became a touchstone of American freedom as the market revolution progressed?

the right to compete for economic advancement became a touchstone of American freedom

What was more impressive than factory production?

the wide dispersion of mechanical skills throughout northern society

Immigrants in the North

they became a visible presence in both urban and rural areas

People frequently traveled in groups, once in the West...

they cooperated with each other to clear land, build houses and barns, and establish communities

Nativists

those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life

Book of Mormon tells the story of...

three families who traveled from the ancient Middle East to the Americas, where they eventually evolved into Native American tribes Jesus appears to one of the family groups in the Western Hemisphere after his death and resurrection

1830s

time of rapidly rising prices, union organization spread and strikes became commonplace

What did craftsmen see themselves subjected to?

to constant supervision by their employers and relentless pressure for greater output and lower wages

Most women valued the opportunity...

to earn money independently at a time when few other jobs were open to women even though the constant supervision of the workers' private lives were restrictive

Why did Smith mortgage his farm?

to help pay for an edition of 5,000 copies which appeared in 1830

Why did houses also establish lecture halls and churches?

to occupy the women's free time

Why did Lowell owners set up boarding houses with strict rules regulating personal behavior?

to persuade parents to allow daughters to leave home to work in the mills

What did the settlement and exploitation of the West promise?

to prevent the United States from following down the path of Europe and becoming a society with fixed social classes and large group of wage earning poor

Why did young mill women at Lowell walk off their jobs in 1834?

to protest a reduction in wages and again two years later when employees raised rents at boarding houses

As the market revolution accelerated, work in factories, workshops, and even for servants in Americans' home...

took place for a specified number of hours per day

The market revolution

transformed and divided American society and its conceptions of freedom It opened new opportunities for economic freedom for many Americans, while leading others to fear that their traditional economic independence was being eroded

What was done to the majority of the slaves that were moved around?

transported by slave traders to be sold at auction for work in the cotton fields

First advance in transportation came through construction of...

turnpikes

What did eastern farmers do?

unable to grow wheat and corn as cheaply as their western counterparts, increasingly concentrated on producing dairy products, fruits, and vegetables for nearby urban centers

What did Nativists blame immigrants for?

urban crime, political corruption, and a fondness for intoxicating liquor, and they accused them of undercutting native born skilled laborers by working for starvation wages

1840s, NYC and Philadelphia witnessed...

violent anti immigrant riots

What did Irish influx greatly enhance?

visibility and power of the Catholic Church, previously a minor presence in most parts of the country

Outside New England, most northern manufacturing...

was still done in small-scale establishments employing a handful of workers, not infantries

Slave trading became a...

well organized business

Why were the earliest factories located along the "fall line"

where waterfalls and river rapids could be harnessed to provide power for spinning and weaving machinery

Railroad opened vast new areas of the American interior to settlement....

while stimulating mining of coal for fuel and the manufacture of iron for locomotives and rails

What did Hughes aggressively sought to do?

win converts from Protestantism

Period between War of 1812 and 1840...

witnessed a sharp economic downturn in 1819, a full fledged depression starting in 1836, and numerous ups and downs in between during which employment was irregular and numerous businesses failed. Especially in growing cities widened gap between wealthy merchants and industrialists

Orestes Brownson

wrote "Wealth and labor.. were at war"

At Lowell, the most famous center of early textile manufacturing, who dominated the work force that tended the spinning machines?

young unmarried women from Yankee farm families

Senator John Breckinridge of Kentucky

"The Goddess of Liberty... was not governed by geographical limits"

Thoreau appealed to Americans to...

"simplify" their lives rather than become obsessed with the accumulation of wealth. Genuine freedom, he insisted, lay within

What did NY governor DeWitt Clinton, who oversaw the construction of state financed canal, predict it would make NY?

"the granary of the world, the emporium of commerce, the seat of manufactures, the focus of great moneyed operations."

"Outwork" system

,in which rural men and women earned money by taking in jobs from factories, typified early industrialization