Global Regents Review Sheet

The renaissance was a rebirth of

art, technology, and learning was a central theme.

Literature began to appear in

the vernacular (languages spoken by ordinary people) rather than in Latin.

A major reason that the Renaissance began in Italy was that (1) Italian city-states had grown wealthy from trade between Europe and Asia (2) farmers produced great agricultural surpluses on vast plains (3) merchants supported the Green Revolution (4) many European scholars had migrated to this area

(1) Italian city-states had grown wealthy from trade between Europe and Asia

What is meant by Machiavelli's belief that "the end justifies the means"? (1) Leaders may use any method to achieve what is best for the state. (2) The general public always acts in its own best interest. (3) Pleasing all of the people at any given time is possible. (4) Leaders must always act for the common good.

(1) Leaders may use any method to achieve what is best for the state.

Which statement best expresses an idea held by many Renaissance humanist philosophers? (1) People should study worldly subjects as well as sacred matters. (2) Governments should establish overseas empires. (3) Individuals should withdraw from the world and study religion. (4) Scholars should dedicate themselves to the study of life after death.

(1) People should study worldly subjects as well as sacred matters.

•Pope Leo authorizes the sale of indulgences, 1515 •Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses, 1517 These events are most closely associated with the (1) Protestant Reformation (2) Crusades (3) Age of Reason (4) Puritan Revolution

(1) Protestant Reformation

In which way were the developments of the Renaissance in Italy similar to the developments of the Tang dynasty in China? (1) The rebirth of art, technology, and learning was a central theme in both regions. (2) Warfare and insurrection led to the devastation of both societies. (3) Religious reform was a main focus in both regions. (4) The peasant class was responsible for the emergence of both eras.

(1) The rebirth of art, technology, and learning was a central theme in both regions.

In the early 1500s, Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses," Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to (1) a decline in the power of the Catholic Church (2) an increased sense of nationalism in Tudor England (3) the growing power of the feudal nobility in Europe (4) a major conflict among Eastern Orthodox Christians

(1) a decline in the power of the Catholic Church

In western Europe, Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy led to (1) an end to Christian unity (2) a strengthening of economic unity (3) better relations between peasants and merchants (4) fewer violent outbreaks between ethnic groups

(1) an end to Christian unity

Which innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation? (1) movable-type printing press (2) Mercator map projection (3) magnetic compass (4) triangular sail

(1) movable-type printing press

In this passage, Martin Luther presents his (1) objections to practices of the Catholic Church (2) plan for economic change in Central Europe (3) objections to using only metals as the basis for money (4) justification for the dethroning of an absolute monarch

(1) objections to practices of the Catholic Church

An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the (1) power of monarchies (2) power of the pope (3) belief in polytheism (4) unity of Europe

(1) power of monarchies

In Spain, an effect of the Inquisition during the 16th century was to (1) prevent the introduction of Protestant religions (2) reintroduce Moorish culture to the Iberian Peninsula (3) encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution (4) implement the ideas of the Renaissance in major cities

(1) prevent the introduction of Protestant religions

A major goal of the Counter-Reformation was to (1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church (2) reduce the authority of absolute monarchs (3) encourage new ideas in science and philosophy throughout Europe (4) compromise with European Protestants

(1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church

A direct impact that the printing press had on 16th-century Europe was that it encouraged the (1) spread of ideas (2) beginnings of communism (3) establishment of democracy (4) development of industrialization

(1) spread of ideas

One way in which the writers of the Renaissance were influenced by the writers of ancient Greece was that the Renaissance writers (1) stressed the power of human reason (2) promoted the religious doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church (3) showed little interest in secular affairs (4) produced few new scientific ideas

(1) stressed the power of human reason

• Sale of indulgences authorized by Pope Leo X to raise money to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome (1515) •Ninety-five Theses posted (1517) •Hearing held at Worms, Germany (1521) These events are most closely associated with (1) Charles V and absolutism (2) Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation (3) John Locke and the Enlightenment (4) Karl Marx and scientific socialism

(2) Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

". . . and in the actions of men, and especially of princes, . . . the end justifies the means." Which philosopher most likely wrote this statement? (1) Baron de Montesquieu (2) Niccolò Machiavelli (3) Voltaire (4) John Locke

(2) Niccolò Machiavelli

One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were (1) Latin American revolutionary leaders (2) Reformation leaders (3) Impressionist painters (4) divine right monarchs

(2) Reformation leaders

•Leonardo DaVinci used movement and perspective in his work. •Machiavelli's The Prince advised rulers on how to gain and maintain power. •Humanist scholars examined worldly subjects and classical culture. Which period is associated with these statements? (1) French Revolution (2) Renaissance (3) Early Middle Ages (4) Enlightenment

(2) Renaissance

Which statement concerning the Renaissance in Europe is based on opinion rather than on fact? (1) Literature began to appear in languages other than Latin. (2) The art of the Northern Renaissance was superior to that of the Italian Renaissance. (3) Art reflected the ideas of humanism and individualism. (4) Art produced during the Renaissance had religious as well as secular themes.

(2) The art of the Northern Renaissance was superior to that of the Italian Renaissance.

Which action could be considered an effect of the Protestant Reformation? (1) posting of the Ninety-five Theses (2) decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church (3) sale of indulgences (4) end of religious warfare

(2) decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church

•Martin Luther stresses the central role of faith. •The belief of predestination spreads throughout Switzerland. •The Council of Trent clarifies the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. These statements describe ideas and events that (1) brought religious unity to Europe (2) shaped the Reformation and the Counter Reformation (3) ended the Glorious Revolution (4) expanded the importance of the Orthodox Church

(2) shaped the Reformation and the Counter Reformation

Venice in Europe, Mogadishu in Africa, and Canton in China emerged during the 13th century primarily as important centers of (1) agriculture (2) trade (3) manufacturing (4) mining

(2) trade

Base your answers to the following two questions on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies. "Kings and Princes coin money only out of metals, but the Pope coins money out of everything, -- indulgences, ceremonies, dispensations, pardons; all fish come to his net." -- Martin Luther, 1519 The ideas presented in this passage led directly to the (1) Commercial Revolution (2) Spanish Inquisition (3) Protestant Reformation (4) French Revolution

(3) Protestant Reformation

• Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses. • Calvin preached the theory of predestination. • Henry VIII signed the Act of Supremacy. These events occurred during the (1) Crusades (2) Neolithic Revolution (3) Protestant Reformation (4) Glorious Revolution

(3) Protestant Reformation

Which period in European history is most closely associated with these statements?( 1) Early Middle Ages (2) Industrial Revolution (3) Renaissance (4) Hellenistic Period

(3) Renaissance

Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for (1) sponsoring explorations to the Middle East (2) allowing the Bible to be printed and distributed to the people (3) being too concerned with worldly power and riches (4) refusing to sell indulgences to peasants

(3) being too concerned with worldly power and riches

One major characteristic of the Renaissance period is that the (1) Catholic Church no longer had any influence in Europe (2) manor became the center of economic activity (3) classical cultures of Greece and Rome were revived and imitated (4) major language of the people became Latin 17 From the 15th to the 18th centuries, absolute monarchs of Europe and Asia sought to

(3) classical cultures of Greece and Rome were revived and imitated

What was one reason that some Italian cities developed into major commercial and cultural centers during the 13th and 14th centuries? (1) unified central government (2) isolationist economic policies (3) geographic location (4) system of social equality

(3) geographic location

In western Europe, a long-term effect of the invention of Gutenberg's printing press was that the (1) monarchies were restored to absolute power (2) feudal system declined (3) literacy rate increased (4) development of new ideas was discouraged

(3) literacy rate increased

Martin Luther's posting of the Ninety-Five Theses is considered by many to be a turning point in history because (1) the Pope's right to sell indulgences was strengthened (2) Luther soon became the leader of Germany (3) the power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened and royal power grew (4) the Roman Catholic Church unified the German states

(3) the power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened and royal power grew

The revival of Greek and Roman culture, the economic growth of Italian city-states in the 1400s, and the development of humanism were aspects of the (1) Age of Revolutions (2) Protestant Reformation (3) spread of Islam (4) European Renaissance

(4) European Renaissance

". . . Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; . . ." — Martin Luther Which period in European history is most directly related to this statement? (1) Age of Exploration (2) Scientific Revolution (3) Crusades (4) Protestant Reformation

(4) Protestant Reformation

Which factor contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance in Italian cities? (1) occupation by foreign powers (2) interaction with Latin America (3) surplus of porcelain from Japan (4) access to important trade routes

(4) access to important trade routes

One similarity between Martin Luther and Henry VIII is that they (1) argued against the establishment of a theocratic state (2) protested against the ideas of the Enlightenment (3) died during the Reign of Terror (4) challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church

(4) challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church

In his book The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli advises that a wise ruler is one who (1) keeps taxes and food prices low (2) encourages education and the arts (3) allows advisors to speak their minds (4) does what is necessary to stay in power

(4) does what is necessary to stay in power

Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince and Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan both advocated that a ruler should (1) obtain power from a social contract with the governed (2) place the needs of subjects first (3) apply Christian teachings to all decisions (4) employ absolute power to maintain order in the areas under their rule

(4) employ absolute power to maintain order in the areas under their rule

The Renaissance in western Europe is best described as a period marked by (1) unquestioned reliance on the teachings of Aristotle (2) an advance of Muslim culture (3) Christian unity throughout the region (4) great intellectual and artistic creativity

(4) great intellectual and artistic creativity

Effects of the invention of the printing press:

Literacy rates rise The spread of ideas (i.e. secular ideas, Protestant ideas) The printing press was a reason for the success of the Protestant Reformation. Shakespeare's sonnets circulated.

a major reason these city-states became thriving centers of trade during the Commercial Revolution was

The favorable location of the city-states (Venice, Naples, Pisa, Genoa) along the Italian peninsula (Italy juts out into the Mediterranean Sea)

Effects of the Protestant Reformation:

The power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened. The power of monarchies (royal power) was strengthened.

The Protestant Reformation was

a movement that objected to the worldly power and riches of the Catholic Church. It brought an end to Christian unity.

The Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) was

a reform movement within the Roman Catholic church taken shortly after - and in response to - the Protestant Reformation.

Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince and Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan both advocated that

a ruler should employ absolute power to maintain order in the areas under their rule

John Calvin wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Like Lutherʼs Ninety-five Theses, it

criticized Church practices. It also emphasized the theory of predestination.

In 1521, the Diet of Worms, a meeting of the diet (legislature) of the Holy Roman Empire in Worms (in Germany) convened to

determine Lutherʼs fate. The diet issued the Edict of Worms, outlawing Luther and banning all his books as those of a heretic.

Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were

e leaders of the Protestant Reformation. They challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church.

In his book, The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli advises rulers how to

gain and maintain power. He advises that a wise ruler does what is necessary to stay in power.

Johann Gutenberg is credited for

having invented the movable-type printing press in 1439.

The Parliament of England appointed Henry VIII the

head of the Church of England (the Anglican Church) when it passed the Act of Supremacy (1534)

what cultural movement spread throughout western europe?

humanism

Art produced during the Renaissance reflected the ideas of

humanism and individualism. It had religious as well as secular themes.

Machiavelli believed

leaders should use any method to achieve what is best for the state ("the end justifies the means").

Leonardo DaVinci used

movement and perspective in his work

In 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses

on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. It argued that the church was wrong to sell indulgences (a pardon for oneʼs sins). •

Martin Luther stressed that

salvation could not be bought. He argued that salvation could only be achieved thru faith. This idea became a central concept of Lutheranism.

Wealthy patrons

supported the arts and education.

One way in which the writers of the Renaissance were influenced by the writers of ancient Greece was

that the Renaissance writers stressed the power of human reason.

The Council of Trent was a very important meeting of Catholic Church officials (an ecumenical council) that established the goals of the Counter Reformation. It clarified the teachings of

the Roman Catholic Church. It also reformed numerous church abuses (e.g. abolished the sale of indulgences), condemned the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers and attempted to reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church by strengthening the papacy.

During the Counter Reformation

the Spanish Inquisition served to prevent the introduction of Protestant religions.

The printing press was a reason for

the success of the Protestant Reformation. It allowed Protestant writings to spread quickly throughout Europe.

During the 1400s, the cities of VENICE (Italy), Constantinople (Byzantine Empire), and Canton (China) achieved prominence because

their geographic locations were favorable for trade.

The cities in the Hanseatic League (in northern Europe) were successful during this era because

they too were accessible by water (these cities bordered the North Sea and Baltic Sea in northern Europe)

Calvinism (and the belief of predestination) spread

throughout Switzerland

Access to important trade routes was a major reason the Renaissance began in Italian cities. Italian city-states grew wealthy from

trade between Europe and Asia during the Commercial Revolution. Wealthy patrons supported the arts and education, prompting the Renaissance.

The renaissance

was a golden age in western Europe. The period was marked by great intellectual and artistic creativity.

In addition to the traditional study of sacred matters, humanist scholars examined

worldly subjects and classical culture.

what classical cultures were revived and imitated?

Greece and Rome