Global Test 6 + Map + Primary Source IDs/Short Answer + Timeline

Essential Questions

1. When, where, and how did the slave trade develop? Most slaves were taken from the west coast of Africa, This was because Europeans would land here and set up port cities in which they paid local people to sell their fellow African into slavery. From about 1400s to 1700s when North America outlawed the north atlantic slave trade 2. Who were the first Europeans to explore Africa? How did they become involved in the slave trade? The portugues followed by the dutch. As said before they set up port cities (portugal in the north dutch in the south) and they guns and other products for slaves 3. What were the initial responses to and effects of the European entrance into African slave trade? At first africans "happily" traded slaves with the Europeans because it helped them defeat enemy tribes and get wealth 5. What were the chief causes or reasons for a prolonged Trans-Atlantic Slave trade? Slaves were an economic asset to North Americans and were the main work force for plantations throughout the south and south America 6. What were the chief regions of Africa involved in the trade? The west north coast (transatlantic) and the east coast (islamic slave trade) 7. What parts of the world were the principal recipients of African slaves? American south, caribbeans, and south america (brazil being the largest) 8. Who were the chief players and methods involved in this trade? Europeans trade finish products, Africans trade slaves and Americans trade raw material 9. Why was this slave trade somewhat unique in human history? Purely based on ethnicity and exploitation of one continent (earlier slaves were usually captured enemies of war) 10. What were the initial responses and effects of the European entrance into African slave trade? How did this change over time? At first africans "happily" traded slaves with the Europeans because it helped them defeat enemy tribes and get wealth. Over time it lead to aggression towards Europeans and a drain of young men and women because they were being shipped to the Americas 11. Why did colonialism/imperialism sweep into Africa in the late 19th century? African Nations were weakened after centuries of the slave trade, also Europeans were searching for wealth (gold salt and ivory) 12. What is the Scramble for Africa? What was the role of the Berlin Conference? Nations dividing up Africa and taking whatever they can, drew up the mad and legitimized Europeans nations claims to Africa. 13. What methods were used to occupy and rule Africa? Economic control of trade and allying with tribes to defeat other tribes. 14. What were the effects of European colonialism? What benefits came from the long period of colonialism? Economic turmoil (from years of dependence and being left to deal with the effects of decolonization without help). Violent governments. But lead to a large population that is developing and can lead to many new developments in the coming decades. 15. How and why did the system of apartheid develop? Aggression between the small ruling white class and the subjugated black majority creating laws separating blacks and whites. 16. What types of restrictions were placed upon black South Africans in the apartheid system? Who they could marry, where they could live, what facilities they could use. 17. When and why did blacks begin to resist apartheid? Why was it effective? Stating in the 1980s blacks began to resist after international backlash to the system, also after internal pressures of citizens fighting back against the Nationalist party. It was effective because of a strong internasional push

Algeria

1830 france invaded algeria after 300 years of ottoman rule. Establish trade routes and spread french culture and religion. Diplomatic tension with algerian leader. We administered how they lived. They saw algeria as an extension of mainland france. Also distinction - settler colony - white settlers came over and would establish colonies. People were living here better because they were treated as a different class - class above natives and muslims. Discrimination - islam subhuman, punishments for speaking against the french government, forced french culture upon algerians thinking of improvement and saving them from subhuman practice but in reality oppressing algerians. Life in the colony was bad for africans who were subhuman. France had several other colonies and lost a 9 year war in indochina and so they start fighting back. FLN - lead to algerian war started in 1954 - fought was brutal and aggression built up and exploded, they use bombs and terrorist blew up buildings and so the french had to react. Bombs are bad - france reacted by having mass executions and torture sessions and imprisonment. In the end 1 million algerians died while 10 thousand french men did. Algeria gained independence - french annihilated them Everyone is hypocritical because their own colonies barely rescued from hitler so disapproving looks on france from the rest of the world and that's actually how it got its independence - rest of the world started to let go their own colonies - france didn't colonize algeria they went in and didn't intend to leave. French saw as validation their economic and expansion as seeing these people as barbarian - the counter argument to that is that they focused on the benefit . No islam so they had to abandon their culture to become french and citizens. Lost identity. Wins its independence around 300 thousand people died but over a million white french people left ¼ of their population had devastating effects after. They struggle with religious and ethnic conflicts. They have various islamic activist groups. Issues with ethnicity - the berbers The nomads that were taking islam and bringing it through the sahara desert - they are prominent minority and wanna be autonomous. Unreliable water supply and pretty bad. French invaded Algeria in 1830. Thereafter, they considered their colony of Algeria to be a province of mainland France. French leaders viewed their culture as superior and instituted policies to assimilate Algerians - for example, by encouraging people to speak French, limiting the influence of Islam, and educating Algerians about French history, literature, and political ideas. Many Algerians worked hard to protect or regain aspects of their culture that came under attack from French colonialism. Algerians gained their independence from France in 1962, after a long and bloody war for independence.

DIsmantling APartheid - Truth and Reconciliation

All black and white were guilty of crimes The state was the primary perpetrator fo gross violations of human rights in South Africa Racism constituted the motivating core of the South African political order...this created a climate in which gross atrocities were seen as legitimate. Reparations paid in 2003 and still working through it and overall the truth and reconciliation is a success... THey have a constitution and is seen as hugely successful, rising economic power, and they have three capitals, pretoria (executive), cape town (legislature and parliament), blume fonane (judiciary).

Competition and Rule

Because of this, and rapid exploration, missionaries and others are going deeper and deeper within africa and this leads to territorial grabs in the late 1800s and is called the scramble for africa

Central Africa DRC

Belgium - THought they were helping but in reality making things much worse Particularly interesting : They are able to gain independence in 1960 - anti colonial strikes that leads there - first pm is patris First prez is kasavubu. Democratic gov almost immediately. Lumumba like many of the new african leaders had the tendency to agree with socialism, fits with communal ethos and helping each other out - there are however many groups that don't want to become socialist. So while lumumba gets support from USSR, The US is pushing to push lumumba. 10 weeks after taking power he is deposed in a coup and imprisoned and murdered in his prison cell. He is murdered by belgians but evidence that came out that we had a lot to do with it - not CIA but we set it up. Joseph mobutu - mobutu sese seko Takes power in 1965 - military dictator for next 32 years - power for long time as a result of his gov and systems that they set up, politics theorists set up a new term - kleptocracy One party state for years and years and stays that way but there are some questions about them They deals with all kinds of resource issues - rebellion going on with different groups in the congo with mineral resources and cell phones and other tech so lots of issues in the DRC The region that is today the DRC became the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium after the Berlin Conference in 1885. Leopold's top priority was to make money from his colonial venture and the colony became infamous for its harsh abuse of the African population. Fierce international criticism of this brutality forced Leopold to cede control to Belgium in 1908. The Belgians believed that their colonial subjects were happy with colonial rule and considered the Belgian Congo to be a model colony. But Africans knew well the abuse, violence, and humiliation they suffered as a result of the colonial system. Africans in the Congo gained their independence from Belgium in 1960.

British

Boer Tensions Increase: 1877- British Annex the Transvaal 1883- First Boer War (Transvaal War of Independence): Paul Kruger: THey win and this dude becomes president. The british lose and the boers can keep the transvaal but the british annex transke, natal, zululand, and in addition to bukanaland then...they find more gold. In 1886 they find more gold in the transvaal and this is too much of a temptation for the british and so they start the second boer war to take over the transvaal again. 2nd Mineral Revolution 1899-1900- Second Boer War (South African War): Lord Horatio Kitchener - he is not a good guy. Used torture tactics, a lot of time scorched earth we think how russians where they scorched their own land so they can't take anything from them. In this case the scorched earth tactics are used on the other side so they burn farms and villages down and so they don't care about civilian protection in this war. The other thing they do is they bring boers into restricted fenced off labor camp areas where they are not fed enough and beaten and so concentration camps now. The british win and they are able to annex the transvaal and pretty much whatever they want. They take customs and duties and tariffs between all that and take away so its one colony. They also have bukanaland and swaziland that are included with that. Transvaal before the british but this time the different have different tactics that they are gonna use. The british hang onto them for a few years, in 1910 they can be their own colony now.

Beginnings of Anglo Boer Conflict

British coexist alright with boers and make them angry in 1853 when the british are like slavery has more uncomfortable things and so abolition acts and end slave trade in all british colonies. (Britain takes Cape Colony (1815)) Great Trek (1836-1838) Natal, Orange Free State, South African Republic (Transvaal): Trekboers are not happy at all so they have to pay these workers and so they are like we will just leave...and find other territory for us to live in. Most of the trekkers settle in orange free state, south african republic (transval) and natal. They are creating new states, white people in control in all three of those areas, economic and agricultural, growth racism and segregation. South africa economy is going and cape colony has gold and diamonds. Leader of cape colony - cecil rhodes particularly concerned with diamonds and gold (changed names to debeiers now). They coexist for a while through 1870s and something changes this....

SHiny

British find diamonds in orange free state in the 1870s and more gold and so they decide that they are going to decide they are going to annex these states and they offer to make a confederation with everything and the boers say absolutely not and so in 77, british are like we will annex. People are not happy and so tensions increase.

African Slave Trade (1400-1850)

Causes - Needed cheap laborers to cultivate sugar cane, colonialism, location and climate in the middle is Africa, and pre-existing slave trade Participants (role) - North Americans and Europeans who abducted and pute slaves to work, Africans (indigenous) who were carted around and were the slaves, Portuguese, Dutch, English, Americans, African Empires (Ashanti, Dahomey, Benin, Yoruba, Arab) Location - Africa, North America, Europe, West coast of Africa specifically and Angola (FROM), East coast - Horn, Mozambique, Zanzibar, West Indies, South America - Brazil, American Colonies (TO) System - Triangle trade (capture, trade cities on coast, ships to middle passage, slave auction, choosing based on race, economic growth); Methods (shore method, factory forts); Perpetual and hereditary; Total Ownership (property) Results - Lots of displaced people, class diversity rift, race - view of Africa, massive depopulation largest migration in human history and destabilization, increased tensions and sectionalism, increase in war.

Nationalism, Decolonization, and Independence

Colonialism so far...Berlin conference that divides everything up and all of africa are taken up except ethiopia and liberia - 1845. Height in 1914.

Growing Conflict (1800 - 1870)

Conflict between europeans, british vs boer, between europeans and natives, and within native communities as well. Big reason in late 18 cent there are a lot of problems, drought, food shortages, white colonial expansion and migration leads to competition for land, paddle, pasture space, water, and so leads to bloody conflicts. Rivalries Xhosa - win for a little bit, 1779, but rivalry between african states is interestings. Mfecane - the crushing, is actually the expansion of the zulu to conquer all the nearby kingdoms. Happens under... Shaka Zulu - he is the son of the wife of the chief (married and pregnant and outcast as a child and her mom too)...torment them.....shaka's name means little biting fly. Over time he becomes tough and warrior and becomes indispensable and finds opportunity to take power and he does and becomes chief. He decides that he changes the african interaction of groups. Conflict happens and both sides would send warriors, and do war chants, and usually resolved without bloodshed. Shaka changes this, changes shield so they bigger, and asagai has giant blade at top and so when he goes out and kills when they meet up, he starts to conquer chiefdoms bit by bit. Come or die. He is able to defeat the boers and keep them out of his territory for a while. The problem is shaka is not particularly mentally stable and he would kill his own people randomly whenever he chose and he makes his own people so angry they look for every way to defeat him and at that point his empire falls apart and they start to loose to the boers. White colonial expansion: Allowed to continue here. Their policy on native is you can leave your territory or assimilate or we can kill you. In 1815, great britain is no longer distract by napoleon and decide back to our colonies that we would like to have they reoccupy...Great Britain occupies Cape Town Colony

Order of Independence (on slide)

Ethiopia and liberia never colonized (4th cent BCE and 1847) Ghana - first ssa country to gain independence (1957) 1960 - year of africa - whole bunch get independence Finally - the portuguese hold on the longest causing problems

Nigeria

Ethnic difficulties. Political and religious issues Gains independence in 1960s - British give in 1960 gain independence Oil in nigeria - lots of good economic prospects there Most populous country in africa You got all of these different ethnicities in there - you see a series of coups Their government is held by military. Today, it is back in civilian hands - political and religious issues, ethnic strife, biggest problems is islamic fundamentalism boko haram is anti west and islamic fundamentalist and strict bad interpretation of sharia law. Dealing with 200 girls kidnapped, northern, dealing with extremism

Challenges of Independence (on slide)

Ethnic disputes Dependent economies Growing debt Cultural dependence on west - religious revivalism as backlash Widespread social unrest Military responses to restore order Population growth Resources depletion Lack of middle class in some locales Education deficit and later, brain drain Neo-colonialism through economic debt

Origins and Causes for European Colonization African Trade

Europeans have been involved for a while Trade has gone on for a while, but not as direct - them to muslims to africa Some slaves with the trans saharan trade Henry the Navigator sets them off to africa - first european: Portuguese are exploring coastline after 1450 and they get involved with the slave trade and more and more people are getting involved (like the dutch and so on) THere isn't a lot of direct european contact in the middle however

End of Apartheid (1989 - 94)

FW de Klerk: Succeeds Botha and so we see more peaceful protests and lifts ban on diccident parties and from 90 to 91, they repeal the various apartheid laws. On april 27, 1994, south africa has its first multiracial democratic election universal suffrage - ANC won by a landslide led by nelson mandela. First black president. He has deputy presidents like de Klerk and create a transition period. The international community is like welcome back and so you have a new south africa.

Pre 19th C. Trade

If we look at this map, we see before 19th cent we see (1600 to 1700) the spanish have colonized the new world quite a bit portuguese have outskirts of brazil bc there is brazil rainforest amazon, but the portuguese have bits of area around the coastline of africa, but no one is going IN because they benefit so much from the slave trade and they don't needs to go in and they can use the slaves from africa to benefit them in other colonies Gonna change in the late 1700s 1650 to 1750: Enlightenment: Involved taking what you learn from the scientific revolution - place in universe understanding and understanding of universal laws and taking it and applying it to humanity and society and politics. Natural laws applied to humans - natural rights because you are human - so they can't avoid a big conclusion of the slave trade that it is wrong. 1700s: Big push in different areas to end the slave trade. Ends in early 1800s and most places end it and like by the end everyone ends it, but this doesn't mean owning and using them stops. So no benefiting from slave trade, so they start exploiting africa in another way. THis is when they start exploring africa since they know nothing about it.

The Struggle for South Africa Early history

Khoi and San: The earliest that we see people in southern africa is a hundred fifty thousand years ago. Over time, they develop into the khoi and san people. Khoi people - pastoralist. San - hunter gatherers. Khoisan - linguistic group because these are the click tongues. Bantu: Migration goes around the congo, east and west coast of africa. Khoi and san life was unaltered until bantu peoples make it there and it is 20 ce and they harmoniously mix together to make the people that live there - Xhosa, sotho, and zulu people. They exist there for 1000-1500 years or so functioning by themself until the europeans make their way around the coast and get around the cape of good hope.

Benefits of Colonialism

Improved sanitation, medical care, transportation, communication...but they are limited S Africa and Nigeria are the only with roads and transportation and rail and europeans are benefiting, not them. THey benefit european people in the cities, not them. ANy jobs that are there there are unskilled of semi skilled labor and europeans are managerial professional class. African lived were not improved. Agriculture is a very important aspect - cash crops and plantation - cash crops make money not sustain. These export crops are peanuts, cotton (egypt uganda, kenya ethiopia coffee, gold coast (ghana) is cocoa, so you do see lots of these cash crops and money but europeans own them. Foreign merchants at times not living in country that own plantations. Tenant farmers do work and don't make profit only wages for working, so most farmers grow subsistence crops in their backyard the best land is cash crop. (Cash crops - erodes soil base, use up groundwater causing desertification bc in marginal land areas. When talking about the industrial revolution, we have some development and some creation of industry, but they don't benefit from that it isn't reaching everyone equally.)

European Motives for COlonization

Industrial Revolution: SOurce for raw materials (rubber) and markets for finished goods (Colonies will help them with that) 1850 onward WWI - MAIN European Nationalism: Territory and power - the bigger the territory the better your empire. Missionary Activity: Truly believe frot their and these people's salvation, this is necessary. Military and Naval Bases: They wanna protect their empires and trade routes and are looking for places to put them. Places to Dump Unwanted Excess Population: Population takes off in europe and we need somewhere to put 'em. Socio and Economic Opportunities: People that are in europe and not benefitting want new things. European Racism: Turns from face value racism, to scientific racism - science justifies the racism they had all along and comes after darwin. Social Darwinism - Strongest and most adaptable are going to survive - survival of the fittest - people apply it to races. Tells them that europeans are inherently better and genetically better and theories of race comes from here. Caucasoids - white coming from caucasus. Mongoloids - all asians except south asians. Negroids - all black people (And aborigines and if they look like they belong there). White Man's Burden: It's on white people to civilize the people. They try and prove that africans are less evolved than humans and closer to apes and use it to explain how they are better - also called ffronology. Humanitarian Reasons: We need to educate them and christianize them and basically make them civilized. Social Darwinism and White Man's Burden Document poem questions: 1. To take of the Africans and make them better, regardless. They need to cure their illnesses, feed them, give them bare necessities, etc. 2. Revolting, unhappiness, ungratefulness, angered by them, etc. 3. They are below him and that he is superior. He is very racist towards others. 4. They are agreeing and portraying with Kipling's words. I guess, I would agree with the rightmost picture that it takes a lot to "properly" care for the other people. 5. It appealed to everyone as it was a popular idea in the time, and these advertisements were showing how what the Europeans were doing was justified and only to help the "dark corners" of the Earth, not for any other malicious reasons.

Explorers

James Bruce 1770s: Starts traveling into africa by himself and is trying to find the source of the nile (europeans interested in this) and he finds the source of the blue nile - he starts over there near egypt because we know some stuff about that area. Source of blue nile in ethiopia - people didn't believe him at the time. He is Scottish Mungo Park 1795, 1805: He is Scottish and a young doctor. Makes a couple different trips, and dies second trip. He explored the niger river, goes to timbuktu, and tons of what he is writing goes to europe and inspires other people to explore africa. David Livingstone 1840: He is Scottish and a doctor. He is a missionary. He makes his first big trip in 1840 when he is 27, and he goes all over the place in southern africa: Kalahari, zambezi river and lake victoria and he discovers the source of the white nile. He usually isn't credited with it because he disappears - we didn't know that he founded it first. Johann Krapf and Johannes Rebmann 1840s: Trying to find source of white nile - and is german. They discover mount kilimanjaro and ruwenzori mountains (e side of great rift) mountains of the moon. Heinrich Barth 1855: He is German. Looking through northern africa and goes on some of the trans saharan trade routes and makes his way into timbuktu eventually and found chad. He is writing tons of stuff and journals and accounts are very valuable and serves as a guide to other explorers and trades making it easier for other people. Sir Richard Burton and John Speake 1862: English explorers and they are credited with founding the source of the white nile - lake victoria and the smaller lake lake albert. Henry Morton Stanley 1870s: Journalist and welsch and an explorer. The new york harold in 1871 send him - the mystery of the mid to late was to go find livingstone like where did he go, die, and so on. He finds livingstone - livingstone i presume. Throughout the 1870s he explored the congo region various parts and writes stuff about how he calls africans his brothers but is very racist to them.

East Africa Kenya

Land rights - 1920 colony of britain and they thought the land is for them but kenyans believe that it was given to them by god. Britain - white man's burden - and kenyans like okay...why? They took land from kenyans cuz they thought that they couldn't use it properly and used it for farming. Kenya is a settler colony 20 ish thousand europeans there that wanna maintain their land. When the mao mao rebel they want to put down the rebellion violently. The mau mau rebellion supported by kikuyu ethnicity majority - peaceful approach - harambe - means to pull together - pull together and peacefully protest. Since their independence they have had ethnic groups that work together to a certain extent with problems with dominant kikuyu - parties form - constant source of trouble coalition govs at times Islamic extremism problem today - big shooting at a university and shopping mall nairobi every once in a while it comes up and typical issues with one party dominance Kenya became a British colonial possession in 1895. Kenyan experiences of colonialism were colored by the region's role as a settler colony - a colony where large numbers of Europeans came to live and make their fortunes. Land was controversial issue during the colonial period, and a major source of African frustration with the colonial system. The British claimed the European control of Kenya's best land was necessary for the economic development of the colony .For Africans in Kenya, the issue of land was a simple one - as the original inhabitants of the region, they should have the right to all lands in Kenya. In the early 1950s, African frustration sparked a violent uprising called the Mau Mau revolt. Kenyans gained their independence from Britain in 1963.

Angola

Leader - Agostinho - president now - however it is important to note the mpla was supported by the soviet union in cuba, like the other people. Portuguese hold on and don't want to let go and held on tightly to their countries creating civil wars in the process. Goals Events Methods UNITA: Strong anti commie organization supported by US and S Africa - anti communism and so soviet union and cuba down there so you have proxy war MPLA: Popular movement for the liberation of angola - this group decided they were gonna declare someone president and move forward with independence Results 25 year civil war but at the same time you have war for independence in portugal. Portugal leaves in 1975 but the war continues much longer after that until 1992 Civil war resolved in 1992 trying to shift to multi party democracy and multi party elections but pushing back. New civil wars after. If you constantly fight yourself, best military strategies you cut off transportation and communication - so in your own country you blow stuff up and so you end up with bads Famine and burning stuff. Corruption and mismanagement of oil revenue. Major Problems

Rise of Apartheid (1948-1970)

Officially begins in 1948 but they try even harder to codify segregation as much as possible and take away as many rights from black people as possible. Take the legal division of race and apply it to all kinds of things - residences, public places, permits and passes. Apartheid Laws (Look at wksht) Population Registration Act (1950) -Declares that the South African population is to be classified by race. Race classification is determined by the state Suppression of Communism Act (1950) -Prohibits actions that aim to bring about any political, industrial, social, or economic change within the Union through the promotion of disturbance or disorder. Group Areas Act (1950) -Declares that South Africa is made up of African, Colored, White, and Asian areas. Each group must live only in its own area. No black may own property in a white area; no black may live on white land without special permission. Natives Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act (1952) -Every African boy or girl, upon reaching 16 years of age, must apply for a reference book and identity number. Books contain the identity number, personal details of the holder, employment status, fingerprints, etc. Person must carry the reference book at all times. Any African not having pass book in possession is liable for immediate arrest. Response - lots of boycotts and stay home from work (important employees) and so if everyone stays home then the company can't run. Nelson Mandela defiance campaign. What changes this and peace is the below... March 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre - Actually a reaction to the natives abolition of passes and coordination of documents act - pass laws basically - completely restrict and where black people can go - pass book with identity card, employment authorization, name of your employer, personal history, all that fun stuff and enforces segregation and detain political opposition and try to silence them that way. 5 to 7 k people in sharpeville protest and the south african police open fire and 69 people killed and injured 180 and more protest and strikes in response. Outside world pressure and pay attention and so they start feeling it. Militant Resistance - more of this. Umkhonto We Sizwe - wing of the ANC abbreviation MK. Led by nelson mandela and they do guerilla attacks. In response to the international pressure on south african gov, they create bantustans or homelands. Bantustans: The purpose is to make it appear as though they are giving black people som sovereignty (10 total) they only occupy 20 perc of total african territory despite the fact they had many people. You had a say in administration of teeny homeland, but keep africans out of south african political system but actually no say in south africa even though it seems like they are.

Ghana

Peaceful process with Kwame Nkrumah first prime minister. Pan africanism 1963 - however 1964 he declares himself president for life. He went way way up then democratic crash to dictator. Economic downturn and military coup overthrows him and so problematic. One the military is in power - suspend constitution and ban political parties. 1992 - military stepped aside, created a new constitution, multiparty politics and elections, and one of the more stable countries in africa and stable state. Great, comes from the manner in which they achieved independence. Beginning in 1850, the southern region of present day Ghana came under British colonial rule. It was known as the Gold Coast colony. British colonial officials governed Ghana by a policy of indirect rule, making traditional leaders the administrators of colonial rule. They argued that this system respected tradtiional politicla structures while exposing African leaders to the civilizing influecnce of European cultural and political values. This policy came under sharp criticism from educated Africans in the colony. They critizized indirect rule because it limited the role of public participation by making traditional leaders accountable to colonial authorities rather than to their people. Africans in the Gold Coast gained their independence from Britain in 1957.

Effects

Positive for europe - economic, military (strategic locations), feed revolution, cheap labor, new, developed trade routes developed, and they can convert people to christianity benefits. Africa positive - in some cases transportation and communication infrastructure improved, housing improved, overall, the process of learning about the modern economic and political world is helpful to them as they develop further. Neutral europe - to benefit, you need to spend money. Pay for the basics of society and gov and judicial systems but they benefit Neutral africans - transportation and trade links are two sided, converts are strong believers but they lose their culture Negative europe - they fight against rebellions and deal with competition from other nations. They are having to deal with the negative perception of them, those morally black areas are not going well. Negative africa - fighting against colonial powers, losing land, forced into hard labor, no control over their goc economic resources, social and political hierarchy undermined, and we've completely destroyed local groups and cultures Big takeaways - exploitation of resources (very important) and the undermining of traditional culture (2 things that impact a lot). Even beneficial things...

Union of South Africa - May 4th 1910

South africa act - 4 colonies become one state to govern themselves. Constitution with no bill of rights The official languages of this african state is english and dutch Segregation and resistance: Started before official union - south africa native affairs commission. Commission that basically sat up ways to segregate people. There is some resistance in terms of boycotts and revolts but they continue to make these laws to segregate as much possible. 1913 - native lands act but this marked land as either white or naive. Africans only can do stuff with this land so only 7 percent of all land. Role in ww1: S. Africa sides with british and as a reward they are allowed to absorb the nearby german colony and so S. africa has its own colony (namibia). Post, things don't get better. More laws: Urban areas act of 1923 - made it so that africans were only allowed certain areas of the city...Official reason why certain people can do certain things and have stuff. Later on they do more but black political groups after become more active... Development of political groups Non European Unity Movement - if you aren't european let's bond together and kick people out. Communists are interested and establish roots there. African National Congress - ANC is the most important of these groups that we will see throughout times and ends up becoming the party that takes control at the end of apartheid. They also had a segment of the ANC for the youth (ANCYL youth league) and one person that grew up in that was Nelson Mandela.

Early Cape Colony (1652 - 1795)

South africa is where we see the earliest permanent settlements on the part of the europeans. Dutch arive the at the cape under Dutch East India Co (VOC): Establish permanent camp at cape colony as a way station between indonesia and europe - genocide to nutmeg. Develops gradually and people there don't want to be a part of the netherlands or go back so you see second or third sons that don't inherit anything, also small amount of space so not inheriting land to live on so it makes sense to go somewhere else to make fortunes. We see migrant farmers and frontiersman that wanna stay permanently... Trekboers - these people as they stay there and become a society, their language starts to change and is mostly dutch but over time they pick up words from english, portuguese, malay bc of trade and khoisan words and bantu words. Distinctive language known as afrikaans. These trekboers gradually start to migrate away from cape colony (not happy there) a lot of this is because they don't like being under the control of the VOC, they can't really go directly north from cape colony cuz desert so they go east. As they are moving up to the east, they encounter the various people (sotho xhosa and zulu) in their way. As they go, the dutch were definitely a part of the thriving slave trade, so they win small skirmishes and they take slaves that aren't treated well. But it fuels a booming agricultural growth that happens during this time. The VOC is fine with this. THe various peoples they run into resist. Xhosa - major group that resist and they defeat the boers temporarily. Through the 1780s, the trekboers grow and expand and raid the little chiefdoms. Near the ned of the 1700s the VOC is falling apart, netherlands not doing great, corrupt COV, resistant to reform, restrictive so colonists don't like it, so they can no longer keep control. 1795 britain wants this colony and was like we want this. By the end of the 1700s they have established colonies in india so they come into power and they get colonists support, band trade monopolies, and no torture slaves and the dutch don't like humanitarianism or tolerance and there's lot of push back against the british and in 1803 the british leave and return the colony to the boers (napoleon).

End of COlonialism - End of Empire

Starts after WWI: Up until, we don't see any political organization for african rights and have no ability to do these. A few develop after like the National Congress of British West Africa, Kikuyu Central Association - ghan...Even those are focused on living conditions like standard of living not independence. Independence comes later because colonialism is established a little later - independence started elsewhere timeline moved back, but also you don't really have the empitice of nationalism you see in other places. People don't identify with a nationality - they identify with their ethnicity or tribe - no cultural ethnic or linguistic unity at all. So they don't affiliate with that. So purposefully disunified by colonial powers - split and rule. Some started changing. 1931 - Great Britain - Statute of Westminster - the british commonwealth from british empire. People part of british empire we will allow them to have some certain amounts of autonomy and african colonies don't get so much but it is a step towards decolonization. After WWII surge of nationalism. There are many reasons - disingenuous to have colonies when you saying hitler bad. 200 africans fought with the europeans against the nazis. So we see this near the beginning of the war, 1941 FDR and winston churchill sign the atlantic charter which says that all nations have the right to self determination. Allowing people to have sovereignty over themselves if they want and all people all around the world can determine their political and economic sovereignty and destiny - european rationale behind decolonization. All these living condition organizations become political parties pushing for independence. Ghana - first political party in black africa creation of the convention people's party and after the kenya african national union

Challenges to decolonization and independence

The idea of the circle and allegiance to that groups of tribe is going to undermine basic ideas of nationalism. Also in terms of gaining a stable state after independence, and if you have an underdeveloped education system and illiterates it becomes much more difficult. Because colonial powers set up - they do this bling without strong traditions and stuff. There's also religious differences - islam vs christianity especially in sahel. Geography diverse makes it difficult to unify and climate. So they can't support each other in different needs. So you have several society social structures like traditional and ones about colonial powers and they butt heads you also have new modern ideas about the definition of equality and it is very difficult. From the outside, they are dependent on their former colonial powers economically. This is going to make trying to govern themselves very difficult. Of course western investments remain and neocolonialism remain on a different front, and of course the cold war. The cold war is bad for newly independent countries and soviets push anti colonial sentiment and the us is like no communism but not help anyone with the least socialist tendencies. So these people turn to ussr but then no so proxy wars.

Independence Mini Lecture

There are a variety of different ways these African colonies approach independence. Different colonizing powers and ethnicities being controlled and in some cases violent reactions. We see this before in China first a civil war with Qing and another civil war with the commies. Vietnam's with violent overthrow of French. And we look at Algeria and Angola as examples as well. The other way is nonviolent when nonviolent what we mean there isn't a war or major rebellion or uprising or not completely without bloodshed cuz you will have police brutality and minor but it's not a pattern. India and turkey transition very peacefully from ottoman to turkey. Ataturk father of Turks and they love him and he's great. Ghana as well. Ghana follows example of ghandi and MLK and this idea u do civil disobedience non violent First colony is Ghana to gain independence. There's a combination too, Nonviolent methods and other uprising as well. Kenya, Congo, Egypt, and South Africa. The two major methods of independence in Africa are negotiated in that case long term or short term deal with Euro power and African power and they work it out like a business deal. Some cases violent and other nonviolent. Some cases there is incompletely decolonization colonizing power says they are done and instead pausing power to black Africans they pass it to white settlers immigrants basically. White settler minority given political power and violent sometimes. Settler colony is where people have detached from mother country white boos and they set down roots. In those cases places that have lots of settlers they pose more problems because white settlers are reluctant to have colonial power leave be they are minority and could lose land and money. So for example in Algeria there are over a million white settlers in Kenya 40 thousand and they push gov for no nationalist gov uprising so colonial powers get tired of fighting and anti colonial leads to independent. Non settler move quickly to independence much more likely for peaceful.

West Africa

There are french colonies there, after algeria gets independence the other colonies follow with way fewer problems. We focus on british. West africans had interaction with the europeans and pulling some aspects of western culture, more opportunities for modernization and educations, as a result the independence movements were less painful in general. Europeans accepted their independence more naturally and easily.

Africa 1945

They want a nice long transition period to indepence, by 50s pace increased and in 60s you have year of africa. In 15 years, the vast majority of africa got their independence, 60 specifically all of the northish and eastish countries gained independence - year of africa and also 60 had resolution (1514) supported the end of colonization UN says colonization bad and decolonization good. Helps independence movements. A few later ones and the portuguese hold on and cause civil war when they leave.

Decline and Fall of Apartheid (1970s and 80s)

Things are not going well for south africa. Big economic problems and oil and gold crisis. No gold standard and yea. Crisis, inflation, etcetera. June 16, 1976 - Soweto - gov decided that afrikaans was going to be the only language taught and accepted in schools. In response to this, 20k students walk out of their classrooms to participate in protests and 700 people killed by police brutality. The outside world is not going to respond very well to the massacre of children. COmpanies leave south africa, economic sanction, disinvited from olympics, and MK resume guerilla attacks. Apartheid not working at all and prime minister at the time tries reforms and doubles down on apartheid which does not' work. Eventually you have the end of apartheid.

COlonial Rule

Types of Rule Economic Companies: British east india company. They send in a private company and give them a huge amount of territory to exploit and administrate and do whatever. Cecil rhodes. These people or companies set up taxation systems, labor recruitments, and etc all of their form. THey send these charters because they get the benefit of saying they have this large territory without administering it themselves. Unsuccessful because you can't make significant profit. Direct Rule: Take out head and stuff. Centralized administrations in urban centers. No interaction with indigenous african rulers and subjugated them. Divide and rule and trying to make sure that you are weakening indigenous power networks as much as possible. Assimilation like europe. France, germans, portuguese, belgiums. Indirect Rule: Manipulate indigenous african rulers within the colonial regime. Cooperative ish and there is an assumption that all african tribes function in that way, but that is not how every african society works. What they end up doing is they pick a person to be a big man and the person is someone who would never have had power ordinarily. CHange in social organization and identity. Settler Rule: Random settlers come in and impose their own direct rule on the country. We usually talk about the Boers. Happens in Kenya and Algeria. Economic and Political Development Role of Europeans: Goal is maintain order, make a profit. Europeans will go in and settle in areas where farming is profitable and not outside of that area. THe benefits of everything are going to go to them of course, and they are going to benefit from different laws. Role of Africans: Workers on mines and plantations and have to pay taxes to europeans in european currency and in order to fulfill that need, they will turn from farming what they've traditionally farmed to farming cash crops - cotton, coffee, chocolate, peanuts. Inhibits ability to eat cuz no food there, and the cash crops are very water hungry and intensive and farming them on marginal lands are going to be prone to desertification. Large scale farms are not practical in most areas, and so the greatest source of wealth is mineral wealth for europeans- copper gold manganese tin diamonds - extraction economy. Mines and Work Act 191: Black africans competing for european jobs weren't allowed to have that. Native Land Act 1913: Only certain areas of this colony could be owned by natives - 7 percent Economic Development: Europeans brought in other people to do skilled work because they didn't want africans to have these jobs. The demand for european goods was limited in these areas because they didn't have the money or it wasn't practical.

North Africa

We are mostly looking at French colonies Immediately after ww2 remember in many cases the Europeans are like this isn't right and it is hypocritical seeing hitler and keeping colonies and stuff. The French do not and hey don't wanna do this the French believe they need these colonies and hold on tightly. In places they got kicked out they push themselves back in like vietnam the French indochina war is caused by this. The French rather than get rid of their colonies they embrace French nationalism in across and support them speaking French wear that and build French houses. In return Africans who did this and embraced French culture they got semi equal status to citizen sin France. In 1947 some African colonies get representation in French parliament. Some advantages and assimilation worked in favor rather than oppression. Nationalism doesn't go away and the culture of Nigeria and Africans doesn't fit with French culture because you have things like Islam vs Christianity and they have a huge settler population and they expand population and territory and economic power so nationalists have fuel for being angry. You have clashes of whites and Africans before independence as well.

End of Colonialism - African Nationalism

When you think about nationalism, you don't have normal identification here. Pan african congress: Pan african identity - all african identity. 1945 - 5th pan african congress meets and talks about the prospect of independence. A number of leaders that lead nations to independence and they believe in...Pan africanism: The idea that unity should go beyond boundaries and be the continent and so you have this broader community that works together. The vision of kwame nkrumah - leads independence movement in ghana and becomes leader. Manifests itself with the organization of african unity. Charter that say in may, 1963: They are discussing what they are gonna create that will represent the interests of all the new independent countries. Key objectives, pull together politically and working together, trying to encourage cooperation, economic power for themselves, neocolonialism (another country is so wrapped up in your economy that they are able to influence your resources their economic power gives them colonial power over you) worry about that power, Negritude: Blackness - idea that there is a distinctive african personality and that this personality is beautiful and unique and should be respected and desired. It comes from a backlash to the social darwinist concept that they are racially inferior. Also in the post WWI we enter the age of anxiety where europeans question everything where the things that they believe in are bringing them into WWI (diplomacy technology and alliance system of the industrial revolution and tanks) european nationalist are like self destruction. So you have an opening to unique african identity - west is about rational thought and material gain - and on the other hand african culture with emotional expression and humanity and common sense of that and they are good traits that should be embraces so embrace the baldness. This whole idea doing a lot more purchase in french colonials . French had more than anyone with assimilation - dress, building, law, speech - so they push back really hard against that and so they keep this unique identity. We see in british colonies this negritude taking hold. Europe - harlem renaissance - jamaica sees a big push in this. Aime cesaire - first big thinkers on this negritude.

Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885

You have in the mid 1800s lots of people going in and exploring africa, slave trade ended, looking for a new way to exploit africa. Various europeans powers are trying to jockey for possession. Germany trying to improve prestige - they are a baby unified in 1871 - otto von bismarck has his whole alliance system and is watching these conversations happening and sees these movements taking over africa and realizes germany may be left out and decides to do this in a civilized manner so everyone comes to berlin and have a map and so in 1884 He invited veerone - germany, great britain, france, belgium, portugal, spain, and italy are here and coming in to decide how to divide up this big map. AFRICANS are notably absent - continent full of people who aren't there and few imperial powers discussing and not asking anyone else's opinion. We see very little colonization into the interior of africa - changes with the berlin conference....this is just after that in 1885 and we see where colonization has all started Then, by the time we get around to 1914, all of it is pretty much colonized - ethiopia not colonized because of them being christian empire according to the europeans and liberia is the other one because they were with the US kinda and south africa is by itself As you can see, nobody gets all of the things that they wanted: Britain: North south railroad; France: East west; Everyone wants resources, fertile lands, ports, minerals. Nobody gets everything though because france and gb didn't get their transcontinental railroads, europe in the 1800s is concerned with the concept of balance of powers. You can have little bits of power. After WW2 you see the tiniest bits of independence happening...Ethiopia freed from italy's control. Gradually happens and in 1960 speeds up by the time we get to 1980... The period of intense colonization was less than a hundred years but hugely impactful.

• Nationalism, Decolonization and Independence *THIS SECTION WILL BE UPDATED*

o African nationalism- When did independent states emerge in Africa? Why? Key leaders? o What benefits came from the long period of colonialism? o Independence- why? Differences for different nations- explain (violent v. non-violent; negotiated independence v. incomplete decolonization; settler v. non-settler). Timeline of independence. Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya (Mau Mau Rebellion), Belgian Congo, Algeria, Angola o Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, Patrice Lumumba, Mobutu Sese Seko, Nelson Mandela o Pan-Africanism, Pan African Congress, Negritude, OAU, Neo-colonialism o What varying models (political and economic) were attempted by Africans in the wake of independence? o What problems (internal and external) have plagued African states after independence?

• Slavery

o African slavery before Europeans: philosophy behind slavery; major differences; major similarities o European exploration - how did we get to trade and slavery? Ceuta; Prince Henry the Navigator; Vasco da Gama; Bartolomeu Dias; Gold Coast, Slave Coast; Dutch involvement; Impact of exploration in America o European slavery: Causes, locations, participants, systems, results, Advantages/disadvantages; Sugar cane; Triangular trade; factory forts, shore method; Middle Passage; African Diaspora; Affonso I; John Barbot; Olaudah Equiano

• Colonialism

o Missionaries and explorers- reasons for exploration, the "dark continent," Mungo Park, Livingstone, John Speke, Stanley, search for the source of the Nile, etc. o Why did colonialism/imperialism sweep into Africa in the late 19th Century? o European Motives for Colonization o "The Scramble for Africa"- why did it occur? Which nations had which territories? o What methods were used to occupy and rule Africa? o Differences in colonial rule- British vs. French models (indirect v. direct rule) o Berlin Conference- short and long term impact o Which nations were not colonized? Why? o Effects of colonialism on Africa and Europe- positive and negative o King Leopold and the Congo Free State o South Africa Afrikaners Boers Xhosa, Zulu Shaka Zulu Afrikaans "Cape Colony" Great Trek (1836) Cecil Rhodes Second Boer War (1899-1902) Lord Kitchener Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal Mines and Work Act (1911) Native Land Act (1913) o "White Man's Burden" and Social Darwinism

• South Africa

o The case of South Africa- historical development, concepts and key events, leadership, ANC, Freedom Charter o Who were the first Europeans to settle in what is now South Africa? Why did they come and what type of society did they establish? o What problems arose for the Boer settlers of the Cape Colony by the late 1700s? What did they do to solve their problems? o What were the origins and nature of Anglo-Boer rivalry in South Africa? What was the result? o How and why did the system of apartheid develop? o What type of restrictions were placed upon black South Africans in the apartheid system? o When and why did blacks begin to resist apartheid? Why was it effective? African National Congress (ANC) Afrikaner National Party (1948) Nelson Mandela Sharpeville Massacre (1960) Soweto (1976) Frederick deKlerk Growth, Employment, and Redistribution