gonna crash
Chp 12 - select committees
(usually) temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees
There are _______ federal government departments and each led by a ______ who is member of the president's cabinet
15; secretary
In all of American history, the Supreme Court has concluded that fewer than ________ acts of Congress have directly violated the Constitution.
160
The Bill of Rights was ratified by the states in ____
1791
When was the U.S. Public Health Service founded?
1798
How many times in American history has the presidential candidate who won the most popular votes not been selected by the electoral college?
3
Under normal rules of oral argument, each lawyer has ________ to present his or her case before the Supreme Court.
30 minutes
In 1965, in the seven states of the Old Confederacy covered by the Voting Rights Act (VRA), approximately ________ percent of the eligible black residents were registered to vote, in contrast to the approximately ________ percent of the white residents.
30; 75
Compared to other developed democracies, the United States is ranked ________ in terms of voter turnout.
32nd
Approximately ________ percent of Americans lack high-speed internet access in their homes.
35
Between 1959 and 2004, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty has gone from ______ to ______.
35 percent, 10 percent
Between 1959 and 2015, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty went from about ________ percent to about ________ percent.
35; 9
Each Supreme Court justice is assigned ________ law clerks.
4
AARP has a membership of approximately ______ members.
40 million
Congress has exercised its power to declare war ________ times in American history.
5
On the United Nations Security Council, ________ countries have permanent seats.
5
By 2012 there were approximately ______ PACs in the United States.
5,500
Most unemployed workers receive approximately ________ percent of their previous wages through unemployment insurance.
50
A majority system, which is used on a limited basis in the United States, requires that a candidate must win ______ to win an election.
50 percent plus one of all votes cast
are independent, nonprofit groups that receive and distribute funds to influence the nomination, election, and/or defeat of a candidate.
527 committees
When Hillary Clinton won the plurality of votes in California during the 2016 election, and California had 53 representatives in the House of Representatives, how many electoral votes from California did she win?
55
Approximately what percentage of the current federal budget is spent on entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare?
55 percent
The UN Security Council has ________ permanent members and ________ elected members.
5; 10
A U.S. senator has a ________-year term.
6
How many amendment are ratified?
6 ratified amendments
In 2019, each individual's required contribution to Social Security was _____ percent of his or her first $132,900 of income.
6.2
Approximately what percentage of the current federal budget is spent on entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare?
60 percent
Approximately what percentage of the federal budget is made up of uncontrollables?
60 percent
In 2010, approximately what percentage of American workers were offered health insurance through their jobs?
60 percent
In 2016, about ________ percent of Latino Americans voted for Hillary Clinton.
65
Congress has authorized the appointment of ________ federal district court judges in the United States.
678
There are approximately ________ federal district court judges in the United States.
678
Approximately ________ percent of the ________ bills introduced in a typical congressional session die in committee.
85; 10,000
How many justices currently serve on the Supreme Court?
9
Allies of the United States paid for ________ percent of the cost of the Persian Gulf War.
90
Approximately _____ percent of members of congress have university degrees
90
During the nineteenth century, about ________ percent of eligible voters usually cast a ballot on Election Day.
90
During the Persian Gulf War, allies of the United States paid for what percentage of the war's costs?
90 percent
There are _____ U.S. district courts.
94
There are ________ U.S. district courts.
94
More than ________ percent of all cases in the United States are heard in state courts.
97
More than ____________ percent of all court cases in the United States are heard in state courts.
97
When an American voter supports only one parties candidates he or she is said to be voted a____ ticket
Straight
6th Amendment
The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
________ is considered "the oldest institution known to the Constitution."
The right to a grand jury
Commander in chief
The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and of the state National Guard units when they are called into federal service
____ is a law that declares a person guilty of a crime without a trial
A bill of attainder
conference committee
A joint committee created to work out a compromise for House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
Between 1959 and 2015, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty went from about ________ percent to about ________ percent. A. 50; 33 B. 35; 9 C. 67; 24 D. 45; 33
B. 35; 9
Which of the following statements best describes the formal requirements of serving as a federal court judge?
There are no formal requirements to serve as a federal court judge.
Which of the following statements best describes current controversies about immigration among conservatives?
There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States.
writ of habeas corpus
a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention; habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion
court of appeals
a court that hears appeals of trial court decisions
mootness
a criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution
The power to expand and contract the amount of credit available in the United States
What is a key power of the Fed?
writ of certiorari
a decision of at least four of the nine Supreme Court justices to review a decision of a lower court; certiorari is Latin, meaning "to make more certain"
Dissenting opinion
a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case
inflation
a consistent increase in the general level of prices
During the 1960s, Ralph Nader was influential as
a consumer advocate
During the 1960s, Ralph Nader was influential as:
a consumer advocate.
Social Security is a good example of
a contributory program
Social Security is a good example of
a contributory program.
Chp 4 - habeas corpus
a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention
Hebeas Corpus
a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention
Habeas corpus refers to
a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention.
dissenting opinion
a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case
A senator or representative running for re-election is called the
B. Incumbent
Why is the president's State of the Union address important?
B. It is an opportunity for the president to set the legislative agenda by initiating proposals and directing public attention to the executive's goals
Which president was most concerned with managing and reorganizing the executive bureaucracy?
B. JimmyCarter
16. The president's expressed powers include all of the following except
B. Partisan
A "certiorari pool" describes the
B. Practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition
Congressional organization is influenced by all of the following except
B. Presidential directives
The determination of the time and structure of floor debate on a bill, in the House of Representatives, is up to the
B. Rules Committee
Which idea of representation says that a legislator should be viewed as someone whom voters hire to represent their interests?
B. Sociological representation
Which of the following is a government corporation?
B. The U. S. Postal Service
Original jurisdiction refers to
B. The court with the authority to hear a case first
The need to divide the labor of legislation is best exemplified in what formal structure of Congress?
B. The establishment of standing committees
Which of the following has caused an increase in the president's delegated powers?
B. The increasing scope and complexity of legislation
Cloture is
B. The process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster
What is the primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation?
B. To cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate
According to the text, why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children?
Children cannot vote.
American diplomacy with North Korea has often been difficult because North Korea's major backer and trading partner, ________, will not cooperate with any effort by the United States to undermine the North Korean regime.
China
The containment doctrine did not prevent the communists from winning a stunning victory in ________ in 1949.
China
In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding ________ immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens.
Chinese
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
Which of the following statements about public opinion is America is true?
Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevance to their beliefs.
____ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering.
Civil liberties
________ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering.
Civil liberties
________ usually refers to a fine or some other form of material restitution, while ________ usually refers to imprisonment.
Civil penalty; criminal penalty
Which Supreme Court nominee was accused of sexual harassment during his confirmation hearing?
Clarence Thomas
Classic laissez-faire theory argues all of the following except that
CorrectA. a truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services. B. people's selfishness can promote the public good. C. government should stay out of the private sector except when providing a select number of public goods. D. government monopolies depress economic growth. E. economic competition unleashes growth and innovation.
What was the main reason that Alexander Hamilton did not want a bill of rights?
He believed it was unnecessary for a national government that possessed only specifically delegated powers
What was the main reason why Alexander Hamilton opposed a bill of rights?
He believed it was unnecessary for a national government to possess only explicitly delegated powers.
What was the result of the efforts to reform health care in the United States in 1994?
Health care reform met resistance and no bill was voted on by congress
The periodic adjustment of benefits or wages that takes into account the increased cost of living is called..
Indexing
Chp 8 - gender gap
a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
Chp 9 - gender gap
a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
gender gap
a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
Chp 3 - regulated federalism
a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards
regulated federalism
a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards
Chp 1 - autocracy
a form of government in which a single individual -- a king, queen, or dictator -- rules
Chp 1 - oligarchy
a form of government in which a small group -- landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants -- controls most of the governing decisions
Chp 2 - Virginia Plan
a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state
Virginia Plan
a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state
Chp 2 - New Jersey Plan
a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population
New Jersey plan
a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population
Chp 12 - conference
a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders; Democrats call their gathering the "caucus"
Conference
a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders; Democrats call their gathering the caucus
The depression of the 1930s
Increased Americans desire for government intervention in the economy
The essential dilemma of a limited government raised by the ratification debate is that
a government is too weak to do harm also cannot do good.
Shae's Rebellion
a group of debt ridden farmers in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shae marched on a courthouse so their farms wouldn't be foreclosed on. Important because it showed the weakness of the articles of confederation which was the national government.
The structure of Americaʹs defenses has been based on
a large standing military force and a triad of strategic nuclear weapons.
Unfunded mandates
a law or regulation requiring a state or local government to perform certain actions without providing funding for fulfilling the requirement
Tort case
a law suit by one individual (the plaintiff) demanding compensation for harm allegedly caused by the actions of another (the defendant)
tort case
a law suit by one individual (the plaintiff) demanding compensation for harm allegedly caused by the actions of another (the defendant)
Chp 4 - bill of attainder
a law that declares a person guilty of a crime without a trial
ex post facto law
a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed
public policy
a law, rule, statute, or edict that expresses the government's goals and provides for rewards and punishments to promote those goals' attainment
class action suit
a legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest
class-action suit
a legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest
An iron triangle is made up of an alliance between
a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency
logrolling
a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; a vote trading
logrolling
a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading
Texas Constitution
a long, complex, and detailed document 1875
A runoff election is MOST likely to occur in which kind of electoral system?
a majority system
simple random sample (or probability sample)
a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent
Chp 9 - dealignment
a movement away from the major political parties; a decline in partison attachment
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of ________.
a multilateral treaty
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of
a multilateral treaty.
Chp 10 - proportional representation
a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote
plea bargain
a negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing
plea bargin
a negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) was significant because the justices ruled that
a newspaper had to print false and malicious material deliberately in order to be guilty of libel.
caucus (political)
a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters
Chp 12 - caucus (political)
a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, ;an strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters
Chp 9 - caucus (political)
a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters
Chp 10 - party platform
a party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and policy positions
Chp 9 - platform
a party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and positions on issues
Chp 12 - whip
a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes
whip
a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes
Chp 12 - standing committee
a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture
standing committee
a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture
Public policy can be embodied in all of the following forms except
a petition
Public policy an be embodied in all of the following forms except:
a petition.
Public policy can be embodied in all of the following forms except
a petition.
________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed.
a plea bargain
deregulation
a policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints on the conduct of individuals or private institutions
Chp 3 - devolution
a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments
Devolution
a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments
redistribution
a policy whose objective is to tax or spend in such a way as to reduce the disparities of wealth between the lowest and the highest income brackets
Chp 9 - two-party system
a political system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control
random digit dialing
a polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of 10-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample
Chp 6 - push poll
a polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion
National Security Council (NSC)
a presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president, the vice president, the secretary of state, the secretary of defense, and other officials invited by the president
Pocket veto
a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session
pocket veto
a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session
A pocket veto is a
a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session.
Chp 10 - open primary
a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election
Chp 10 - closed primary
a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates but only of the part in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day
Chp 1 - limited government
a principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution
Chp 2 - limited government
a principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution
Chp 1 - popular sovereignty
a principle of democracy in which political authority rests ultimately in the hands of the people
Chp 10 - political action committee (PAC)
a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns
Chp 10 - recall
a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote
Chp 12 - private bill
a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas
Private bill
a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas
Warrants issued when the police know that incriminating material is not yet present but have reason to believe that it will eventually arrive at a particular premise are called ________ warrants.
anticipatory
executive order
a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation
During the early years of his administration,Reaganʹs foreign and defense policies emphasize
anticommunism.
During the founding era, ____ were the strongest supporters of adding Bill of Rights to the Constitution
antifederalists
Chp 2 - Federalist Papers
a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay supporting ratification of the Constitution
Federalist papers
a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay supporting ratification of the constitution
Chp 6 - bandwagon effect
a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner
De´tente refers to
a shift toward cooperation among world powers.
______ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful ______.
antitrust, monopolies
The United States donates more total aid than
any other country.
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) is important because the Court declared that
anyone born in the United States was entitled to be a citizen.
monopoly
a single firm in a market that controls all the goods and services of that market; absence of competition
sample
a small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of an entire population
Chp 6 - attitude (or opinion)
a specific preference on a particular issue
Partisan loyalty is likely to be highest in the election of
a state legislature.
Liberals argue that the most crucial aspect of national defense is
a strong economy.
The North American Free Trade Agreement is
a trade treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico designed to lower and eliminate tariffs
Classic laissez-faire theory argues all of the following except that
a truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services
All important issues must receive ________ in order to pass through the UN General Assembly.
a two-thirds-majority vote
Chp 10 - majority system
a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district
Chp 10 - plurality system
a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of the votes cast
Chp 3 - cooperative federalism
a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as intergovernmental cooperation
Cooperative federalism
a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as intergovernmental cooperation
Chp 12 - agency representation
a type of representation in which a representative is held accountable to a constituency if he or she fails to represent that constituency properly; this is incentive for the representative to provide good representation when his or her personal backgrounds, views, and interests differ from those of his or her constituency
Chp 12 - sociological representation
a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents; it is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one can correctly represent the other's views
socialogical representation
a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents; it is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one can correctly represent the other's views
Roll-call vote
a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically
roll-call vote
a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically
Chp 1 - equality of opportunity
a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
Chp 6 - equality of opportunity
a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
Most cases reach the Supreme Court through
a writ of certiorari.
Chp 4 - libel
a written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
libel
a written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
The Antifederalists argued that the powers of the national government should be limited by
adding a bill of rights to the Constitution
Reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or even hostile posture toward the government and public officials is referred to as
adversarial journalism
Privately owned media companies in the United States earn most of their revenue from
advertising.
The first efforts by the United States to create a professional Foreign Service staff started
after World War I
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established
after the stock market crash of 1929.
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established:
after the stock market crash of 1929.
Before the 1930s, relations between labor and management in the United States were
among the most violent in the world
Before the 1930s, relations between labor and management in the United States were:
among the most violent in the world.
budget deficit
amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year
executive agreement
an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent"
executive agreement
an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty buy does not require the Senate's "advice and consent"
Chp 1 - laissez-faire capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference
laissez-faire capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference
Pork barrel (or pork)
appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts
White House staff
analysts and advisers to the president, each of whom is often given the title "special assistant"
Signing statements
announcements made by the president when signing bills into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law
signing statements
announcements made by the president when signing bills into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law
The Supreme Court struck down parts of the Military Commissions Act and declared habeas corpus to be a fundamental right in the case
boumediene v bush
When interest groups use a "pattern of cases" strategy, they
bring the same type of suit in more than one circuit in the hopes that inconsistent treatment by two different courts will improve the chance of a Supreme Court review.
During the 1950s, John Foster Dulles, the Secretary of State under Eisenhower, proclaimed a policy of ________ in Americaʹs dealings with the Soviet Union.
brinkmanship
Early presidential primaries and caucuses are more important because they
can help a candidate secure media attention and financial support.
If the government stopped the New York Times from releasing the transcripts of cell phone conversations between world leaders, it would be called You Answered
prior restraint.
The idea of ______ was at the heart of George W. Bush's 2005 plan for Social Security reform.
private accounts
The idea of ________ was at the heart of George W. Bush's 2005 plan for Social Security reform.
private accounts
Who was in charge of caring for the poor during the nineteenth century?
private corporations
When a coalition of credit card companies forms an interest group called the Partnership to Protect Consumer Credit, this suggests that
private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests
What are the three "streams" in political scientist John Kingdon's model of the policy-making process?
problems, policies, and politics
George W. Bush called himself a "compassionate conservative" in order to show that he favored
programs that assist the poor and needy.
Chp 3 - grants-in-aid
programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government
Grants-in-aid
programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government
The national income tax is considered to be a(n) __________ tax.
progressive
Which of the following was not a major form of economic promotion by the federal government in the nineteenth century?
public works projects
The goal of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was to:
put unemployed persons to work on public projects.
Supply-side economics is the idea that
reducing the marginal rate of taxation will create a productive economy by promoting levels of work and investment that would otherwise be discouraged by higher taxes.
Which of the following is the best example of direct democracy in the United States?
referendum
The goals of social policy
reflect changing views about which risks should be borne by the individual or shared by society
The goals of social policy
reflect changing views about which risks should be borne by the individual or shared by society.
Primary elections were introduced by
reformers at the start of the 1900s, who hoped to weaken the power of party leaders.
What was the reason behind Progressive-era welfare for single mothers?
reformers wanted women to stay home with their children rather than going to work
The European Union is an example of a ________ organization.
regional
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of a
regional organization for military purposes.
A $0.25 per gallon tax on gasoline is an example of a ________ tax.
regressive
When people in the lower income brackets pay a larger percentage of their income toward a tax, it is called ______ taxation.
regressive
Sales taxes are ______, and most income taxes are ______.
regressive, progressive
Sales taxes are _____, and most income taxes are _____.
regressive; progressive
The interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act are examples of the federal government's attempt to
regulate large businesses that establish monopolies
The Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act are examples of the federal government's attempt to
regulate large businesses that establish monopolies.
Which of the following is not a way in which the government promotes business development?
regulations
Chp 3 - unfunded mandates
regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government
The Central Intelligence Agency is required by law to report its activities to
relevant Congressional committees.
Member countries of the United Nations agree to
renounce war and respect certain human and economic freedoms.
On the subject of representation, Antifederalists wanted
representative bodies that resembled those represented to the highest degree
What caused a public uproar involving the National Security Agency in 2005?
revelations that the NSA was monitoring the communications of American citizens without obtaining warrants
The most important task of the Senate in foreign policy is
reviewing and approving treaties
The MOST important task of the Senate in foreign policy is
reviewing and approving treaties.
The most important task of the Senate in foreign policy is
reviewing and approving treaties.
What is the most frequent and best-known action of Supreme Court justices in their role as circuit justices?
reviewing requests for stays of execution
Over the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ______, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ______.
risen, fallen
During the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ________, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ________.
risen; fallen
Over the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ______, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ______.
risen; fallen
A ______ nation is one with unstable leadership, whose polices are driven by ideology rather than by economic or human costs and benefits.
rogue
A ________ nation is one with unstable leadership, whose policies are driven by ideology rather than by economic or human costs and benefits.
rogue
The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called the _____.
sample
The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called a
sample.
public-opinion polls
scientific instruments for measuring public opinion
Which official is NOT a major actor in American foreign policy?
secretary of Veterans Affairs
The two primary goals of American foreign policy are
security and prosperity.
he two primary goals of American foreign policy are
security and prosperity.
The three main goals of American foreign policy are
security, prosperity and the creation of a better world
The three main goals of American foreign policy are ________.
security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world
The three main goals of American foreign policy are
security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world.
Political parties hold primary elections or caucuses in order to
select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.
In order for a survey to accurately generalize the entire population, the survey must
select respondents randomly, and everyone in the target population must have an equal chance of being selected.
Chp 10 - straight-ticket voting
selecting candidates from the same political party for all offices on the ballot
In 1936, pollsters at the Literary Digest were guilty of _____ when they mistakenly predicted a presidential victory for Alf Landon over Franklin Roosevelt.
selection bias
The idea behind micro-targeting is to
send different campaign messages to different demographic groups of voters
Why did it prove difficult for congress to close America military bases at the end of the Cold War with the former Soviet Union?
sense every military base was in some congressional members district, it proved impossible for congress to decide to close any of them
Strict scrutiny places the burden of proof on the government to show that a law's classification scheme
serves a "compelling interest," is "narrowly tailored to achieve that goal," and that the government has used the "least restrictive means" for achieving its compelling interest.
The Kyoto Protocol was designed to
set binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions to be met by each country
The Kyoto Protocol was designed to
set binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions to be met by each country.
The Kyoto Protocol was designed to:
set binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions to be met by each country.
The World Bank's chief mission is to
set the exchange rate for transferring money from one country to another.
Which of the following groups is more than twice as likely as other Americans to be below the poverty line?
single mothers
What is the shadow welfare state?
social benefits that are distributed by private employers who are being subsidized by the government
The fact that survey respondents overreport voting in elections and the frequency of their church attendance is an example of the ________ effect.
social desirability
agents of socialization
social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values
Which of the following is not a component of American foreign policy?
social security
Which of the following social policies is the most costly to the government?
social security
If a legislative body was composed of 15 percent Latinos and 70 percent males in a state whose residents were 35 percent Latino and 50 percent male, the legislative body could be said to lack ________ representation.
sociological
Which sort of representation is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one could correctly represent the other's views?
sociological
libertarian
someone who emphasizes freedom and believes in voluntary association with small government
socialist
someone who generally believes in social ownership, strong government, free markets, and reducing economic inequality
Many recent presidents have bypassed the Secretary of State for foreign policy advice and come to rely more on the
special assistant for National Security Affairs.
Chp 2 - expressed powers
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
Chp 3 - expressed powers
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
Expressed Powers
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
Expressed powers
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
expressed powers
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
The North American Free Trade Agreement is designed to eventually eliminate most ________ among Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
tariffs
A tariff is a
tax added to the price of imported goods.
Which of the following is the best example of the shadow welfare state?
tax breaks
______ were the centerpiece of George W. Bush's economic policy.
tax cuts
______ are programs where the government provides a tax deduction for spending on health insurance and other benefits by both employers and employees.
tax expenditures
regressive taxation
taxation that hits lower-income brackets more heavily
progressive taxation
taxation that hits upper-income brackets more heavily
select committee
temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees
Conference committees are
temporary, involve members from both houses of Congress, and are charged with reaching a compromise on legislation once it has been passed by both the House and the Senate.
The use of violence to demoralize and frighten a countryʹs population or government is referred to as
terrorism.
A policy of deterrence is likely to fail against terrorist groups because
terrorist groups are nonstate actors who may believe that their lack of a fixed geographic location prevents their targets from retaliating militarily
A policy of deterrence is likely to fail against terrorist groups because
terrorist groups are nonstate actors who may believe that their lack of a fixed geographic location prevents their targets from retaliating militarily.
The phrase "starving the beast" is used to describe
the Republican Party's strategy of reducing taxes and increasing deficits in order to win support for federal spending cuts.
The first time that Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty had to be invoked was in response to
the September 11, 2001, attack on the United States.
What event brought federal attention to elementary school education?
the Soviet Union launching the world's first satellite
A product of de´tente was the start of
the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.
What did the framers call the "least dangerous branch" of American government?
the Supreme Court
What did the framers call the "least dangerous branch"?
the Supreme Court
The majority decision in Griswold v. Connecticut argued that a constitutional right to privacy can be found in the "zone of privacy" created by
the Third, Fourth, and Fifth amendments.
Which of the following statements about primary elections is MOST accurate ?
the United States is one of the few nations in the world to hold primary elections.
Which of the following is NOT descriptive of the United Nations?
the United States never contributes to the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts
For the first 150 years of American history, Congress's role in foreign policy was limited because
the United States role in world affairs was very limited
For the first 150 years of American history, Congress's role in foreign policy was limited because
the United States' role in world affairs was very limited.
Which war was officially declared by Congress?
the War of 1812
After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America?
the White House
Chp 4 - exclusionary rule
the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment
Exclusionary rule
the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment
Chp 1 - political efficacy
the ability to influence government and politics
speaker of the house
the chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Speaker is the most important party and House leader, and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual pieces of legislation, and members' positions within the House
Chp 12 - Speaker of the House
the chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives; the Speaker is the most important party and House leader and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual pieces of legislation, and members' positions within the House
executive privilege
the claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president
Which of the following is not a possible cause of the increase in economic inequality over the past several decades?
the collapse of the domestic high-tech industry
The Civil Rights Act of 1964's ban on racial discrimination in privately owned businesses was justified on the basis of which constitutional provision?
the commerce clause
Chp 9 - divided government
the condition in American government wherein the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress
When the government sets conditions on companies seeking to sell goods or services to government agencies it is called
the contracting power
Judicial review is the power of
the courts to decide on the constitutionality of actions taken by the other branches of the government.
Chp 4 - selective incorporation
the process by which different protections in the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state as well as national governments
oversight
the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies
Chp 12 - majority leader
the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate; in the House, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker of the House
Majority leader
the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate; in the House, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker of the House
Chp 12 - minority leader
the elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate
Minority leader
the elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate
The so-called wall of separation between church and state is best found in which clause of the Constitution?
the establishment clause
What was the most significant education policy developed by the federal government in the nineteenth century?
the establishment of land-grant colleges
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a cooperative international organization intended to stabilize
the exchange of currencies
Which of the following statements about noncontributory programs is false?
the existence of these programs dates from the Civil War
What is the "social desirability effect"?
the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe
What event brought federal attention to elementary school education?
the fear that the soviets were winning the cold war through better technology
Why has partisan conflict surrounded federal judicial appointments in recent years?
the federal courts play an important role in shaping American law and politics
What is the principal difference between an autocracy an an oligarchy?
the number of people in charge
defendant
the one against whom a complaint is brought in a criminal or civil case
Members of Congress have frequently proposed a constitutional amendment to make flag burning a crime because
the only way to overturn the Supreme Court's ruling that flag burning is protected speech is through a constitutional amendment.
Which of the following is the most important actor in the foreign policy establishment?
the president
President Clinton's appointment of former senator George Mitchell to chair the Northern Ireland peace talks in 1998 is a good example of
the president's avoidance of conventional diplomatic staff
Veto
the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress. A presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress
veto
the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress; a presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress
legislative initiative
the president's inherent power to bring a legislatie agenda before Congress
Legislative initiative
the president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before Congress
Chp 10 - electoral college
the presidential electors from each state who meet after the general election to cast ballots for president and vice president
Chp 3 - preemption
the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack
Preemption
the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack
Chp 3 - states' rights
the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War
States' rights
the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War
The "individual mandate" of the Affordable Care Act refers to
the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance.
The "individual mandate" of the Affordable Care Act refers to the requirement that Medicare
the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance.
The "individual mandate" refers to
the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance.
Cabinet
the secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government; Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate
Committee markup
the session in which a congressional committee rewrites legislation to incorporate changes discussed during hearings on a bill
committee markup
the session in which a congressional committee rewrites legislation to incorporate changes discussed during hearings on a bill
After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United Nations authorized an embargo on __________ then authorized ________________
the shipment of goods into and out of Iraq; the use of force againstI
which of the following best describes the role of the solicitor general
the solicitor general is the layer who represents the US before the Supreme Court in cases where the federal government is a party
What is the most critical resource the media has to influence foreign policy?
the speed and the scale with which the media can spread political communication
Jurisdiction
the sphere of a court's power and authority
jurisdiction
the sphere of a court's power and authority
The "Americanization of politics" refers to
the spread of American campaign techniques and political consultants to elections conducted around the rest of the world.
oral argument
the stage in the Supreme Court procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the Court to present their positions and answer questions posed by justices
oral argument
the stage in the Supreme Court procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the court to present their positions and answer questions posed by justices
gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced within a country
Upton Sinclair's 1906 expose The Jungle revealed:
the unsanitary practices at meatpacking plants.
Interest groups most effectively serve
the upper classes.
The cold war led to all of the following EXCEPT
the use of atomic weapons.
Why have Americans typically been apprehensive about government efforts to reform health care?
they fear reform will be too costly and will jeopardize current health care arrangements
What was the primary problem with private charities before the development of the welfare state?
they would make subjective decisions on who was deserving or undeserving of aid
A grassroots lobbying campaign occurs
when an interest group mobilizes its members and their families throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group's position.
Historically, electoral realignments occur
when new issues combine with economic or political crises to mobilize new voters and persuade large numbers of voters to reexamine their traditional partisan loyalties.
The United States withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol because it
would be too harmful to America's national economic interests
The United States withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol because it
would be too harmful to American national economic interests.
Before the development of the welfare state, the primary problem with private charities was that they
would make subjective decisions on who was deserving of aid.
Most cases reach the Supreme Court through
writ of certiorari
Briefs
written documents in which attorneys explain, using case precedents, why the court should find in favor of their client
briefs
written documents in which attorneys explain, using case precedents, why the court should find in favor of their client
The main difference between libel and slander is that libel refers to
written statements, while slander refers to oral statements.
Social Security redistributes wealth from..
young workers to elderly retirees
In eminent domain cases decided in 1945 and 2005, the Supreme Court has ruled that cities
can seize land from private owners and transfer it to another private owner as part of a redevelopment program.
Since 2017, the Senate filibuster
cannot be used against any presidential appointments.
Setting emissions standards for each industry, while allowing companies to trade "carbon credits" is an approach to environmental policy known as
cap and trade
Setting emissions standards for each industry, while allowing companies to trade "carbon credits" is an approach to environmental policy known as:
cap and trade.
Foreign aid is an economic ______. Sanctions are an economic ______.
carrot, stick
Foreign aid is an economic ________; sanctions are an economic ________.
carrot; stick
The primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation, is to
cast tiebreaker votes in the Senate
A federal government program that gives money to state and local governments to spend on educational and nutritional assistance for low-income families would be an example of a(n)
categorical grant.
Deterrence assumes the ______ of the U.S. response and the ______ of an adversary.
certainty, rationality
Deterrence assumes the ______ of the U.S. response and the ______ of an adversary.
certainty; rationality
Deterrence assumes the ________ of the U.S. response and the ________ of an adversary.
certainty; rationality
The National Security Council includes all of the following actors EXCEPT the
chairperson of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
What inspired the national government to first take a large role in elementary education in the United States?
competition with the Soviet Union
Chp 1 - politics
conflict over the leadership, structure, and policies of government
During the late 1840s and early 1850s, both the Democratic and Whig parties were divided by
conflicts over slavery.
Chp 10 - midterm elections
congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections
Chp 3 - categorical grants
congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law
categorical grants
congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law
categorical grants
congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the law
27th Amendment
congressional pay raises are not begun until the next election
A government that is formally limited by laws and rules is called _____.
constitutional
delegated powers
constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first
Americaʹs principal foreign policy strategy toward the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War, proposed by the foreign policy strategist George Kennan in 1947, was
containment
Social security is a ____________ program.
contributory
Medicare is a ______ program; Medicaid is a ______ program.
contributory, noncontributory
Unemployment insurance is a ________ program that is funded by the ________.
contributory; federal and state governments
Medicare is a ________ program; Medicaid is a ________ program.
contributory; noncontributory
Which of the following is not an example of mandatory spending?
defense spending
"Pupil placement" laws
delayed desegregation efforts by authorizing school districts to place each pupil in a school according to a variety of academic, personal, and psychological considerations.
The increase of administrative agencies since the New Deal has resulted in a(n)
delegation of power by Congress to administrative agencies.
Though traditional party conventions were ________, contemporary party conventions are
deliberative assemblies to determine nominations; simple ratifications of nominations that have already been determined
seperation of powers
dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
Interest groups are permitted to spend as much money as they want on issue advocacy during a campaign season, as long as they
do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate's own campaign organization
All executive agreements differ from formal treaties in that they
do not have to be approved by the Senate.
Appeals courts
do not hear witnesses or examine additional evidence before reaching their decisions
The idea that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to achieve their goals is called
equality of opportunity
The welfare state supplies a measure of economic security as well as..
equality of opportunity
Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 was important because it
established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce.
What did Congress see as the principle cause of the economic recession that began in 2007?
excessive risk taking by investors
What was the principal cause of the economic recession of 2008?
excessive risk-taking by investors
An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called a(n) ________.
executive agreement
An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called an ________.
executive agreement
An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called a(n)
executive agreement.
Richard Nixon claimed ______ when he refused to turn over secret White House tapes to congressional investigators.
executive privilege
The Affordable Care Act originally required that state governments
expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all of the Medicaid funds they receive from the federal government.
The G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944 and the National Defense Education Act were examples of the
federal government's approach to education policy during the 1940s and 1950s.
Chp 3 - block grants
federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent
discretionary spending
federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process
mandatory spending
federal spending that is made up of "uncontrollables," budget items that cannot be controlled through the regular budget process
public goods
goods or services that are provided by the government because they either are not supplied by the market or are not supplied in sufficient quantities
In McCutcheon et al. v. FEC (2014), the Supreme Court ruled that the
government cannot place limits on the number of candidates or PACs to which an individual can give money in a two-year election cycle.
subsidies
government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, to an individual or an organization; used to promote activities desired by the government, reward political support, or buy off political opposition
antitrust policy
government regulation of large businesses that have established monopolies
Under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, every child in ________ had to be tested yearly for proficiency in ________.
grades 3 through 8; math and reading
The role that the U.S. House of Representatives plays in impeachments can best be compared with that of a
grand jury.
Chp 3 - project grants
grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis
Chp 3 - formula grants
grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive
In recent years, the religious right has had a great effect on American politics through
grassroots mobilization.
By the mid-1950s, defense expenditures
grew to be the largest component of the federal budget.
The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the
gross domestic product
The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the:
gross domestic product (GDP)
The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the
gross domestic product.
Which of the following is the strongest factor in predicting which groups in society receive the most benefits from government's social policies?
groups that are the most politically powerful
The Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) was significant because it
guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry in all states and required states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.
Federal budget spending on mandatory programs
has grown dramatically since 1970.
The number of cases filed in the supreme court
has increased dramatically since 1940.
The Supreme Court
has ruled that campaign spending is a form of free speech.
Americans have historically asserted that our foreign policies should
have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interest and use force only as a last
The foreign policy ideals that Americans have historically espoused assert that our foreign policies should
have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interests and use force only as a last resort
Americans have historically asserted that our foreign policies should
have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interests and use force only as a last resort.
Chp 12 - bicameral
having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers of houses, distinguished from unicameral
Bicameral
having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral
Chp 2 - bicameral
having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral
Which of the following goals has traditionally been of lowest priority in U.S. foreign policy?
human rights
The Monroe Doctrine refers to the
idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere.
The Monroe doctrine refers to the
idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere.
Chp 9 - partisanship
identification with or support of a particular party or cause
The main change in welfare policies since 1996 is
increased use of non-cash assistance
The main change in welfare policies since 1996 is
increased use of noncash assistance.
According to the text, which of the following does not describe the United Nations?
is generally adversarial to the interest of the United States
When a nation is granted "most favored nation" status with the United States, it means the nation
is to be offerred the lowest tariff rates
The nineteenth-century policy of ______ was based on the geographic distance of the United States from other countries.
isolationism
The nineteenth-century policy of ________ was based on the geographic distance of the United States from other countries.
isolationism
Throughout most of its history up to the early twentieth century, the United States followed a foreign policy course of ________, particularly with regard to Europe.
isolationism
Throughout most of American history, American foreign policy has centered on the concept of
isolationism.
Which of the following statements about the No Child Left Behind Act is false?
it creates a standard national test for all students
What of the following is true about the bill of rights?
it includes the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
The Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty is a significant event in arms control because
it is the first treaty to reduce current levels of nuclear weapons.
Whatever their ideology, members of Congress tend to support military spending most consistently when
it means jobs for their constituents.
All of the following are elements of a nation-state EXCEPT that
it must be a member of the United Nations
All of the following are elements of a nation-state except that
it must be a member of the united nations
What was the main fear concerning the consequences of outdoor relief?
it perpetuated poverty
Alexander Hamilton opposed a bill of rights mainly because he believed that
it was unnecessary given that the federal government was given only a small set of explicitly delegated powers.
A criticism of interest group pluralism is
its class bias in favor of those with greater financial resources.
A criticism of interest-group pluralism is
its class bias in favor of those with greater financial resources.
During the 1990s, the importance of the International Monetary Fund increased due to
its efforts to reform Communist countries and bring them more fully into the global capitalist economy.
Chp 12 - conference committees
joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
Roe v. Wade is a good example of
judicial activism because it was based on a constitutional right to privacy that is not found in the actual words of the Constitution
Roe v Wade is a good example of
judicial activism, because it was based on a constitutional right to privacy that is not found in the actual words of the Constitution
Roe v. Wade is a good example of
judicial activism, because it was based on a constitutional right to privacy that is not found in the actual words of the Constitution.
judicial activism
judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions
Judicial restraint
judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the document's meaning
judicial restraint
judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the document's meaning
Through the exercise of ________, the Supreme Court has held actions or laws of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional.
judicial review
Chp 4 - grand jury
jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocence
Grand jury
jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocence
Chief Justice
justice on the Supreme Court who presides one the court's public sessions and whose official title is "Chief Justice of the United States"
chief justice
justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court's public sessions and whose official title is "chief justice of the United States"
Civil cases involving the citizens of more than one state and in which more than $75,000 is at stake
may be heard in either the federal or the state courts, usually depending on the preference of the plaintiff.
Chp 9 - soft money
money contributed directly to political parties and other organizations for political activities, such as voter mobilization drives, that is not regulated by federal campaign spending laws
In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is not a constitutional power possessed by Congress?
negotiating treaties on behalf of the United States
The U.S Supreme Court has been composed of
nine justices since 1869
The U.S. Supreme Court has been composed of
nine justices since 1869.
The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, mandated that
no state could prevent the right to vote on account of race.
Economic sanctions are
non-military sanctions imposed on a foreign government in an attempt to modify its behavior
Chp 10 - 527 committees
nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates as long as their activities are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns; named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, which defines and grants tax-exempt status to nonprofit advocacy groups
In 1998, the foreign trade term most favored nation was changed to what?
normal trade relations
The Reconstruction era came to an end because
northern Republicans agreed to end federal occupation of the South if southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.
Since the mid-1990s, by how much has the number of welfare recipients declined in the United States?
over 50 percent
Since the mid-1990s, by how much has the number of welfare recipients declined in the United States?
over 50%
The National Labor Relations Act was designed to
oversee union elections and collective bargaining between labor and industry.
The 2014 Select Committee on Benghazi is an example of Congress's ______ powers.
oversight
In 1979, the United States and Iran became adversaries because Iranians
overthrew an unpopular U.S.-backed leader.
The National Park Service is
part of the department of the interior
Chp 8 - protest
participation that involves assembling crowds to confront a government or other official organization
Chp 9 - third parties
parties that organize to compete against the tow major American political parties
Chp 9 - party activists
partisans who contribute time, energy, and effort to support their party and its candidates
The ________ is/are responsible for communicating the leader's wishes to members in Congress.
party whips
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
passed Congress despite receiving no Republican votes in the House and only three Republican votes in the Senate.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws
passed in the 1790s that made it a crime to say or publish anything that would defame the government of the United States.
Which of the following is the best description of the changing expectations of government's role in the economy since the 1930s?
people hold the government responsible for a healthy economy
antifederalist
people who opposed the Constitution
Joint committees are ________ have the power to present legislation.
permanent but do not
In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that government support of religion is
permissible only if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits religion, and does not lead to excessive entanglement with religion.
The main fear concerning the consequences of outdoor relief was that it
perpetuated poverty.
Social case work, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was largely concerned with
personal counseling and "mental hygiene"
Generally speaking, a recall effort begins with a
petition campaign.
Another name for lobbying is
petitioning.
If a defendant is charged with burglary but admits to a lesser charge of trespassing in exchange for the prosecution dismissing the burglary charge and forgoing the criminal trial, it is an example of a(n)
plea bargain.
The most pervasive characteristic of American international economic policy is
pluralism.
For the presidential primaries, most but not all state parties use what type of election?
plurality
A _____ veto occurs when Congress adjourns during a 10-day period after presenting the president with a bill and he or she takes no action.
Interest groups are concerned with the ______ of government while political parties are concerned with the ______ of government.
policies; personnel
An individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda is referred to as a(n)
policy entrepreneur.
Why did the United States fight wars in Korea and Vietnam?
policy makers believed if we didn't fight, it would embolden the communists
When the American people hold strong opinions regarding international relations, they find __________ responsive to them.
policymakers
Chp 10 - grassroots political
political campaigns that operate at the local level, often using face-to-face communication to generate interest and momentum by citizens
Liberalism and conservatism are examples of
political ideologies.
The process by which underlying political values are formed is known as
political socialization.
Which of the following forms of speech receives the greatest level of First Amendment protection?
political speech that stops short of inciting violence
Chp 10 - 501(c)(4)
politically active nonprofits; under federal law, these nonprofits can spend unlimited amounts on political campaigns and not disclose their donors as long as their activities are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns and political activities are not their primary purpose
Chp 6 - sampling error (or margin of error)
polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample
Chp 6 - selection bias (surveys)
polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions
The Federalists believed that the most apparent source of tyranny was the _____.
popular majority
precedent
prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case
12th Amendment
Election of President and Vice President
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy RR v. Chicago (1897)
Eminent domain (V) The city of Chicago was required to compensate a railroad company for seizing its property of widening a city road.
Which government institution would MOST likely handle a complaint about a case of workplace discrimination?
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Cases between two or more states are originally heard by
D. The Supreme Court
In the Hobby Lobby case, the Supreme Court ruled that
"closely held" corporations were exempt from provisions of federal law that violated their owners' religious beliefs.
Divisions over issues such as abortion, birth control, and same-sex relationships are often referred to as the
"culture war."
In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that
"issue advertising" was protected speech and could not be prohibited as long as it focused mainly on issues.
In any given year, the United States provides approximately ________ in economic assistance to other countries.
$30 billion
If a defendant is charged with burglary, but admits to a lesser charge of trespassing in exchange for the prosecution dismissing the burglary charge and forgoing the criminal trial, it is an example of
- a plea bargain. a pro bono settlement - an amicus curiae.
Since 2017, the Senate filibuster
- can only be used against federal district court appointments. - can only be used against executive branch appointments - cannot be used against any presidential appointments.
The process of confirming federal court appointments has recently become very contentious. Describe the steps to becoming a federal judge and the considerations involved in who is nominated. Why has this process become so controversial in recent years? Provide some examples of this conflict in the confirmation process.
- nominated by president - confirmed by Senate Judiciary Committee - to be nominated, recommendations from Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, members of Congress, and American Bar Association...
Judicial Branch
-Decides constitutionality of laws -Reviews lower court decisions -decides cases involving disputes between states
Executive Branch
-Enforces laws -Commander in chief of armed forces -Makes foreign treaties -Proposes laws -Appoints Supreme Courts justices and federal court judges -Pardons those convicted in federal court
Legislative Branch
-Passes federal laws -Controls federal appropriations -approves treaties and presidential appointments -Regulates interstate commerce -Establishes lower court system
In most states, unemployment benefits last for a maximum of ________ weeks.
26
The number of cases filed in the Supreme Court
. has increased dramatically since 1940
The socioeconomic status model explains one's political participation by examining an individual's
. level of education, income, and occupational status
2 ways to ratify an amendment
1. Vote by state legislatures in 3/4 of states 2. Votes by conventions in 3/4 of states (NOT a 3/4 vote, majority in 3/4 of states)
7 powers of the articles of confederation
1. the power to make war 2. the power to make peace 3. the power to conduct foreign policy 4. the power to requisition that states 5. the power to run a post office 6. the power to borrow money 7. the power to print money
The United States has ______ percent of the world's population, and is responsible for ______ percent of its greenhouse gas emissions.
10, 25
The United States has ____ percent of the world's population, and is responsible for _____ percent of its greenhouse gas emissions.
10; 25
Fake political ads and posts published on Facebook from accounts controlled by Russian operatives are estimated to have reached ________ Americans.
126 million
There are ________ circuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals.
13
The Constitution basis for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights is the ____.
14th Amendment
The United Nations Security Council has ________ members.
15
The United Nations General Assembly is made up of about ________ members.
185
In which of the following years was there an electoral realignment?
1896
The first woman was elected to Congress in
1917.
Currently, the United Nations has ________ member states.
192
Currently, the United Nations has approximately ______ member states.
192
In what year was freedom of speech extended to protect against the acts of state governments?
1925
What year marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
1929
Currently, the United Nations has ________ member states.
193
The American welfare state began in the
1930s.
The Supreme Court began to change its position on racial discrimination in the
1930s.
When was Social Security established?
1935
The United Nations was created in
1945
The Department of Defense was created in
1947
The Department of Defense was created in
1947.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in ________.
1948
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in
1949
When was NATO formed?
1949
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in
1949.
In ________ , Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
1963
When was Medicare established?
1965
Medicare was established in
1965.
Most of the groundbreaking environmental laws were written in the
1970s
Most of the groundbreaking environmental laws were written in the:
1970s
The final collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in
1991
Labor groups represent ________ percent of the total number of interest groups registered to lobby in Washington.
2
About ________ percent of America's children live in poverty.
20
About ________ percent of all lower court cases are reviewed by federal appeals courts.
20
Approximately _____ percent of Americans lack high-speed Internet access in their homes.
20
about ______ percent of all lower court cases are reviewed by federal appeals courts
20
The Department of Homeland Security was established in
2002
The Department of Homeland Security was established in
2002.
During the colonial and early national periods of American history, suffrage was generally restricted to white males over the age of
21.
In most states, unemployment benefits last for a maximum of _____ weeks.
26
In most states, unemployment benefits last for a maximum of ________ weeks
26
All of the following are instruments of foreign policy EXCEPT A) taxation. B) military. C) economic. D) diplomacy
A
All of the following countries are seeking to acquire nuclear weapons EXCEPT A) Algeria. B) Iran. C) Iraq. D) North Korea
A
The National Security Council is officially composed of the president and all of the following EXCEPT the A) director of the Central Intelligence Agency. B) Secretary of Defense. C) Secretary of State. D) vice president. E) Secretary of Homeland Security
A
Which of the following is NOT part of Americaʹs triad of nuclear weapons delivery systems? A) Strategic Defense Initiative B) intercontinental ballistic missiles C) strategic bombers D) submarine-launched ballistic missiles
A
Which of the following statements about defense spending is FALSE? A) Evidence indicates that as defense spending increases, domestic spending decreases. B) Pressures to cut defense spending and allocate funds to decrease the budget deficit are strong. C) Conservatives fight deep cuts in defense spending in order to maintain readiness at a high level. D) Liberals maintain that the Pentagon wastes money and that the United States buys too many guns and too little butter. E) Defense spending now comprises half of the federal budget.
A
Which of the following statements about the balance of trade is FALSE? A) When a country exports more than it imports, it has a balance of trade deficit. B) The excess of imports over exports decreases the dollarʹs buying power against foreign currencies. C) Since the late 1980s, the United States has experienced an export boom that has given us a balance of trade surplus with Western Europe. D) A poor balance of trade exacerbates unemployment. E) A decline in the dollar makes American products cheaper abroad and increases exports.
A
Amendment
A change in, or addition to, a constitution or law
total war
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
Mootness
A criterion used by courts to avoid hearing cases that no longer require resolution
What does Roesler argue about ideological consistency and the role of the government?
A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds
________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed
A plea bargain
________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed.
A plea bargain
How can Congress override a president's veto?
A president's veto can be overridden with a two-thirds vote in both chambers.
Limited Government
A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.
Federalism
A system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional government
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Filibuster
A tactic used by senators to block a bill by continuing to hold the floor and speak—under the Senate rule of unlimited debate—until the bill's supporters back down.
Classic laissez-faire theory argues all of the following except that:
A truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services.
What year had a budget surplus? A. 1999 B. 2002 C. 2005 D. 2014 E. 2018
A. 1999
A single lawsuit involving thousands of smokers suing a tobacco company would be a good example of
A. A class-action suit
An executive order is
A. A rule or regulation issued unilaterally by the president, with the status of a law
A signing statement is a(n)
A. Announcement the president makes about his interpretation of a congressional enactment he is signing into law
Which of the following statements about the merit system is not true?
A. Every member and official of a government agency has been appointed as part of the merit system
Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes? A. Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs. B. Government regulations during economic depressions must be lifted because they destroy the already slim profit margin. C. The economy of size shows that monopolies are the most efficient way to distribute goods throughout a national marketplace. D. Government can rectify a falling economy by regulating the money supply.
A. Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs.
If someone is an advocate of judicial restraint, he or she believes
A. In looking only at the words of the Constitution in order to understand its meaning
Which of the following statements about the No Child Left Behind Act is false?
A. It increased the role of the federal government in education policy. B. It was the signature education act of George W. Bush. C. It requires that students be tested every year for proficiency in math and reading. D. Many states considered it an unfunded mandate. CorrectE. It creates a standard national test for all students.
In 2009, President Obama and Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. This "stimulus package" is based on what type of economic theory? A. Keynesian B. pure-capitalism C. supply-side D. monetarism
A. Keynesian
Which of the following is not a reason why the No Child Left Behind Act has been controversial?
A. Many states branded it an unfunded mandate. B. Teachers argued that "teaching to the test" undermined critical thinking skills. C. The states were made responsible for setting standards and devising appropriate tests. CorrectD. The standards were too lenient and almost every school met them easily. E. It vastly increased the role of the federal government in the public school system.
Which of the following is not an example of mandatory spending?
A. Medicare B. farm price supports C. Social Security payments D. interest payments on the national debt CorrectE. defense spending
According to the text, what are the three most common ways for a president to expand his base of power?
A. Party support, popular mobilization, and administrative control
When the White House directs administrative agencies to promulgate specific rule and regulations, this is called
A. Regulatory review
The House Ways and Means Committee has jurisdiction over which of the following areas?
A. Taxes, trade, and entitlement programs
Who has authority to set interest rates and lending activities for the nation's banks?
A. The Federal Reserve System
A writ of habeas corpus declared that
A. The government must show a legal cause for holding someone in detention
Which of the following is the best description of an iron triangle?
A. The stable relationship between a bureaucratic agency, a clientele group, and a legislative committee
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act signed by President Clinton in 1996 A. allowed states much more discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and prohibited undocumented (illegal) immigrants from receiving benefits. B. allowed states much less discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and allowed most legal and undocumented immigrants to receive benefits. C. allowed states much more discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and allowed most legal immigrants to receive benefits. D. allowed states much less discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and restricted most legal immigrants from receiving benefits.
A. allowed states much more discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and prohibited undocumented (illegal) immigrants from receiving benefits.
The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of A. fiscal policy B. monetary policy C. the contracting power D. budgetary policy.
A. fiscal policy
Keynesian economics recommends which of the following? A. increasing spending and reducing taxes to stimulate the economy under certain conditions B. raising taxes and decreasing spending to lower inflation C. raising taxes and increasing spending, because increased taxes would pay for increased spending D. government implementation of laissez-faire policies
A. increasing spending and reducing taxes to stimulate the economy under certain conditions
Which of the following was not one of the goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009?
A. make longer-term investments to encourage job creation CorrectB. provide for a national health care system C. encourage economic growth D. save existing jobs that might be lost due to the economic recession E. develop weatherization projects and clean technology construction
Part of the reason why welfare programs became so unpopular between the 1960s and the 1990s was that A. many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work. B. the programs were completely taken over by the federal government rather than having input from state and local governments. C. the programs were completely taken over by state and local governments rather than having input from the federal government. D. federal judges frequently ruled them to be unconstitutional.
A. many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.
The enumerated powers of Congress are listed in _____ of the U.S. Constitution.
Article I, Section 8
The income tax is considered to be a(n) __________ tax. A. progressive B. regressive C. flat D. proportional E. aggressive
A. progressive
The Affordable Care Act A. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions. B. requires everyone to pay for private health insurance through the exchanges, even if they are covered under a company or government insurance program. C. has not increased the number of people with health insurance. D. does not provide any specific provisions for preventative health care, like diabetes screening and mammograms.
A. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.
All of the following are strategies to combat inflation except
A. raising Social Security taxes. B. cutting taxes. C. pushing up interest rates in order to restrain the amount of credit in the economy. D. instituting wage and price controls. CorrectE. increasing the amount of government spending on public works projects.
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 A. substantially increased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education. B. substantially decreased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education. C. maintained the same role for the federal government in elementary and secondary education that existed between 1791 and 2001. D. created a new source of governmental power, the Department of Education, which is a combination of federal, state, and local authorities.
A. substantially increased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education.
Social Security provides a vital role for younger people by providing A. survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled. B. unemployment compensation for those who lose their jobs. C. health care benefits to those whose jobs do not provide it. D. food stamps for those who fall under the poverty line.
A. survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled.
The Affordable Care Act originally required A. that state governments expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government. B. that state governments eliminate their Medicaid programs or lose all the categorical grants they receive from the federal government. C. that state governments expand their Medicare programs to cover citizens over the age of 50 or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government. D. that state governments expand their Medicare programs to cover citizens over the age of 40 or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government.
A. that state governments expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government.
40 million
AARP has a membership of approximately______ members
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolishes and prohibits slavery
24th Amendment
Abolishes poll taxes
22
About _______ percent of America's children live in poverty
What important noncontributory program was abolished by Congress in 1996?
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Which of the Founders was most responsible for the establishment of the Bank of the United States?
Alexander Hamilton
Who among the following advocated for laissez-faire capitalism?
Adam Smith
The government uses Monetary policy to adjust the economy through
Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply
Which of the following best reflects the Supreme Court's position on commercial speech?
Advertisements do not have full First Amendment protection.
The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees
African American men the right to vote.
The 2008 presidential election was significant because
African American turnout was nearly equal to white turnout for the first time in modern electoral history.
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established
After the stockmarket crash of 1929
Which of the following statements about parties in Congress is true?
All members are allowed to take part in the election of the Speaker of the House.
In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is a constitutional power possessed by Congress?
All of these are correct.
Which of the following statements about federal courts is MOST accurate?
Although the federal courts hear only a small fraction of all of the civil and criminal cases decided each year in the United States, their decisions are extremely important because they interpret the Constitution and the federal laws that govern all Americans.
Aricles of Confederation
America's first written constitution: served as the basis for America's national government until 1789
Chp 2 - Articles of confederation
America's first written constitution; served as the basis for America's national government until 1789
In general, American conservatives argue that the breakup of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the demise of the Soviet Union were principally due to
Americaʹs defense build-up during the 1980s which the Soviet Union could not match and eventually toppled it.
_____ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations, but does not reimburse those costs.
An unfunded mandate
During the Founding era, ________ were the strongest supporters of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution.
Antifederalists
The Bill of Rights was adopted because the
Antifederalists demanded it as the price of ratification of the Constitution.
_____ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful _____.
Antitrust; monopolies
______ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful ______.
Antitrust; monopolies
Which economist is best known for arguing that there is an optimal rate of taxation, and if taxes go above this rate, tax revenues will shrink because economic activity will decline?
Arthur B. Laffer
Chp 3 - commerce clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes"; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy
Commerce clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes"; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy
Chp 3 - necessary and proper clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers
Necessary and Proper Clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers
Chp 2 - supremacy clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision
Supremacy clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision
supremacy clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision
Which of the following is NOT one of the three ultimate tools of foreign policy? A) military B) judicial C) economic D) diplomatic
B
When a case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trail is completed, it is called
B. A plea bargain
Which statement is the definition of privatization?
B. A way to reduce government costs by relocating government programs to private groups or corporations
When the House and the Senate coordinate two versions of the same bill, they will often use a ______ to obtain a single unified bill.
B. Conference committee
In a case addressing the constitutionality of the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, the Supreme Court ruled that A. Congress does have the power to take existing Medicaid funds away from states if they do not comply with the expansion requirements. B. Congress does not have the power to take existing Medicaid funds away from states if they do not comply with the expansion requirements. C. Congress can only take existing Medicaid funds away from a state if the state provides universal health care to its citizens. D. Congress can only take existing Medicaid funds away from a state if the state is found to have high infant mortality rates.
B. Congress does not have the power to take existing Medicaid funds away from states if they do not comply with the expansion requirements.
When the federal government passes authority to administer a program down to state or local governments, it is called
B. Devolution
The four joint committees in Congress are
B. Economic, taxation, library, and printing
The first lady is an important resource for the president in his capacity as
B. Head of state
Which of the following statements about Social Security is false?
Contributors receive benefits in strict proportion to their contribution
Which of the following groups receives the FEWEST benefits from government's social policies? A. the middle class B. children and the working poor C. the elderly D. the wealthy
B. children and the working poor
The goal of Social Security is to A. provide health insurance for the elderly and the disabled. B. ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire. C. guarantee affordable housing for the elderly and the disabled. D. cover the basic living expenses of Americans who are permanently or temporarily unemployed.
B. ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.
The best way for Federal Reserve Board officials to help boost a stagnant economy is to A. raise interest rates so that banks can earn more money on the loans they provide to individuals and businesses. B. lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses. C. take money out of circulation so that the dollar becomes more valuable. D. raise the reserve requirement, restricting the amount of cash and negotiable securities banks must have on hand.
B. lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses.
The Affordable Care Act A. does not provide any specific provisions for preventative health care, like diabetes screening and mammograms. B. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions. C. requires everyone to pay for private health insurance through the exchanges, even if they are covered under a company or government insurance program. D. has not increased the number of people with health insurance.
B. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.
There are considerable disparities in benefits from state to state in noncontributory programs because A. many state constitutions prohibit state governments from accepting money for noncontributory programs from the federal government. B. state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one uniform national program. C. the federal government specifies different levels of assistance to each state based on means testing and indexing. D. some states choose to only employ contributory programs.
B. state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one uniform national program.
If government land is leased or sold for oil and coal exploration at lower-than-market rates, it is an example of a(n) A. earmark. B. subsidy. C. tax expenditure. D. earned income tax credit.
B. subsidy.
Which of the following statements about relationship between government and capitalism is false?
Before the Progressive era, the marketplace was untouched by government interference.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between government and capitalism is false?
Before the Progressive era, the marketplace was untouched by government interference.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between government and capitalism is false?
Before the progressive era, the market place was untouched by government interference
One of the few spots where violence and brutal government force crushed a pro-democracy reform movement in 1989 and allowed the communist government to endure was in Tiananmen Square in
Beijing
_____ is the current chair of the Federal Reserve Board, appointed by George W. Bush in 2005.
Ben Bernanke
______ is the current chair of the Federal Reserve Board, appointed by George W. Bush in 2005.
Ben Bernanke
President ________ vowed "to end welfare as we know it."
Bill Clinton
referred to himself as a "New Democrat" in the 1990s
Bill Clinton
Which of the following cities had a major racial confrontation concerning school busing in the 1970s?
Boston
Which of the following would have been a violation of the Monroe Doctrine in the nineteenth century?
Britain sending military forces to Canada and Cuba in an attempt to overthrow those countries' existing regimes
All of the following countries have agreed to give up their nuclear weapons EXCEPT A) Argentina. B) Sweden. C) North Korea. D) Brazil. E) Norway.
C
As chief diplomat, the president does all of the following EXCEPT A) negotiates treaties. B) deploys troops abroad. C) entertains foreign heads of state. D) appoints United States ambassadors.
C
Which of the following is NOT a power of Congress in foreign and defense policy? A) to declare war B) to ratify treaties C) to appoint ambassadors D) to confirm presidential nominees to head the State Department and Department of Defense E) to provide oversight of the CIA
C
Which of the following statements about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is FALSE? A) The CIA was created after World War II to coordinate American information and intelligence activities abroad. B) The bulk of the material gathered and analyzed by the CIA comes from readily available sources. C) The CIA has never been involved in domestic affairs. D) Congress requires the CIA to inform relevant Congressional committees of current and anticipated covert operations. E) It was involved in the overthrow of the Iranian government.
C
What does Roesler argue about ideological consistency and the role of the government? A. "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" B. People who are inconsistent with their beliefs about the role of government are not to be trusted. C. A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds D. Conservatives are more ideologically consistent than liberals E. Liberals are more ideologically consistent than conservatives
C. A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds
If Senator Iggy Azalea believed that the best way for the government to respond to the recession is to pump up the economy with tax cuts AND increased spending, she would be: A. Be a follower of Adam Smith B. Adopting Fiscal policies C. Adopting Socialist policies D. Following Monetary policies
C. Adopting Socialist policies
A person, agency, or interest group not directly a party to a case but with an interest in its outcome may file a(n) ______ brief.
C. Amicus curiae
The president has the power to appoint which of the following positions?
C. Cabinet secretaries
What is the significance of dissenting opinions?
C. Dissents are signs that the Court is in disagreement on an issue and could change its ruling
Executive agreements differ from formal treaties in that they
C. Do not have to be approved by the Senate
The right of due process is best describe as the right of
C. Every person not to be treated arbitrarily by a government official or agency
Why is the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison important?
C. In this case, the Court authorized itself to exercise judicial review over laws passed by Congress
Three factors related to the American electoral system affect who is elected to office in this country and what they do once they get there. Those factors are
C. Incumbency, franking, and party affiliation
How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare? A. It showed that the government could efficiently distribute public assistance. B. It demonstrated that the government could choose between the deserving and undeserving poor in a more objective manner than private charities. C. It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility. D. It showed that government was not as capable of taking care of the poor as private charities.
C. It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.
The goal of the War Powers Resolution was to
C. Limit the power of the president to commit American troops to military action without authorization from Congress
When two members of Congress who share no common interests agree to support each other's bills, the practice is called
C. Logrolling
Because there is no provision for long-term care in the United States, ________ has become the de facto program financing nursing home residents when they have exhausted their savings. A. Social Security B. Medicare C. Medicaid D. the Affordable Care Act
C. Medicaid
Which of the following is not a service often provided by representative to their constituent?
C. Offering constituents legal advice regarding new administrative laws
The party that brings a complaint in court is called the ______, and the one against whom the complaint is brought is called the ______.
C. Plaintiff; defendant
Which of the following is not a federal department entrusted with providing national security?
C. Police
Executive privilege refers to
C. The claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president
Who is the Speaker of the House?
C. The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker
The depression of the 1930s: A. was not as bad as the depression of the 1980s. B. increased public support for laissez-faire economics. C. increased Americans desire for government intervention in the economy. D. gave people more reasons to trusts banks and businesses.
C. increased Americans desire for government intervention in the economy.
A(n) ________ benefit is one where potential recipients must document their genuine need. A. indexed B. contributory C. means-tested D. in-kind
C. means-tested
What is Billionaire Warren Buffett's main complaint with the US tax code? he should not be forced to pay taxes on A. royalties from "Margarittaville" since he wrote it while overseas B. the he is a "maker" who should not be taxed at a high rate C. that his secretary pays a higher tax rate than he does D. that the poor are moochers
C. that his secretary pays a higher tax rate than he does
The three MOST important federal programs to assist the working poor are A. Social Security, Medicare, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. B. the home mortgage deduction, the state and local tax deduction, and the deduction for charitable contributions. C. the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. D. Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and the Troubled Assets Relief Program.
C. the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
The "individual mandate" of the Affordable Care Act refers to A. the requirement that Medicare cover all individuals living in the United States by 2014. B. the requirement that health insurance companies accept all applicants, regardless of preexisting conditions. C. the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance. D. a tax credit that is given to all people who are unemployed and do not have health insurance coverage.
C. the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance.
The ________ was established after World War II in order to coordinate American information and data-gathering operations abroad and to collect, analyze, and evaluate its own data.
CIA
Multinational corporations have been known to link forces with the _______ to __________
CIA overturn governments they disliked.
_____ are given to states and local governments on condition that all expenditures are limited to the problem or group specified by law.
Categorical grants
______ are given to states and local governments on the condition that all expenditures are limited to the problem or group specified by law.
Categorical grants
The ________ helped to overthrow the governments of Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954, and has a long history of involvement in the internal affairs of other nations.
Central Intelligence Agency
The size of the U.S. Supreme Court is set by
Congress
The size of the U.S. Supreme Court is set by _____.
Congress
20th Amendment
Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th "Lame-duck" Amendment
Slave Trade Compromise
Congress could not regulate or outlaw slavery or slave trade until 1808
Why has Congress become a major foreign policy maker since World War II?
Congress is regularly called upon to approve financing of foreign policies
Why has Congress become a major foreign policy maker since World War II?
Congress is regularly called upon to approve financing of foreign policies.
The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States?
Congress needs constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.
In Federalist 69, Alexander Hamilton argues that the ultimate check on the president's power as commander in chief is
Congress's power of the purse.
The size of the U.S. Supreme Court is set by
Congress.
In order to have reliable information about the costs and impact of economic policies, Congress created the _____.
Congressional Budget Office
In order to have reliable information about the costs and impact of economic policies, Congress created the ______.
Congressional Budget Office
delegated powers
Constitutional powers assigned to one government agency but exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first
_______ and _______ are the two MOST common types of civil law cases.
Contracts; torts
________ and ________ are the two MOST common types of civil law cases.
Contracts; torts
Which of the following is not a power of the Federal Reserve Board?
CorrectA. the power to enforce the federal government's antitrust policies B. the power to increase or decrease the interest rate it charges on the loans it extends to member banks C. the power to manipulate the interest rate charge by one bank to another on loans in the federal funds market D. the power to buy and sell government securities in order to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy E. the power to control the reserve requirement
In what type of law is the government always the plaintiff?
Criminal
5th Amendment
Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination
193
Currently, the United Nations has ______ member states
$1,335
Currently, the average monthly Social Security payment is ______ per month
________ was the leader of the United Farm Workers union in the 1960s.
César Chávez
ʺThe Pentagonʺ refers to the
Department of Defense.
Arms reduction talks were pushed onto the agenda of discussions between the two superpowers in the late 1980s due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) the rapid drive toward democracy in Eastern Europe. B) Moscowʹs economic torpor. C) the Pentagonʹs budgetary squeeze. D) President Reaganʹs consistent policy of de´tente. E) the thaw of the Cold War.
D
New actors on the world stage include all of the following EXCEPT A) international organizations. B) non-governmental organizations. C) multinational corporations. D) diplomats. E) tourists.
D
What errors did the United States make in planning post-warIraq? A) The U.S. believed that the American soldiers would be welcomed as liberators. B) The U.S. believed thatIraqi oilrevenues would pay for mostreconstruction costs. C) The U.S. believed Iraqis had the skill and infrastructure to do most of the rebuilding. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D
Which of the following is NOT true about the Central Intelligence Agency? A) Its precise budget and most of its staff are kept secret. B) Much of its business is collecting basic information from newspapers and government reports in foreign cities. C) It has helped overthrow foreign governments through successful espionage. D) Due to its need for secrecy, it does not have to report to any congressional committee. E) The head of the CIA is a member of the presidentʹs National Security Council.
D
Which of the following statements about events in the late 1980s and early 1990s marking the end of the Cold War is FALSE? A) The Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany, was torn down. B) Eastern European nations overthrew their communist regimes and established free, democratic governments. C) The former Soviet Union split into 15 separate nations. D) Mass protests in Tiananmen Square led to sweeping democratic reforms in China
D
The government uses Monetary policy to adjust the economy through A. Increasing government spending B. Balancing the budget C. Raising and lowering taxes D. Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply
D. Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply
Which of the following is true about US and Canadian health care? A. The average Canadian lives more than two years longer than the average American B. The US spends about 15 percent of its GDP on healthcare, while Canada spends about 10 percent. C. On average, Americans spend about twice as much per person on health care annually than Canadians. D. All of these are accurate
D. All of these are accurate
The process of allocating congressional seats among the fifty states is called
D. Apportionment
All of the following are part of the official jurisdiction of the federal courts except
D. Cases involving citizens from the same state
The attempt of bureaucracies to translate laws into specific rules and actions is called
D. Implementation
Which of the following is the best definition of a constituent?
D. It is a person who lives in the district represented by a member of the legislature
Public bureaucracies are powerful because
D. Legislatures, chief executives, and the people delegate vast power to them to make sure a particular job is done
The power of the Supreme Court to review state actions and legislation comes from
D. Marbury v. Madison
Which of the following is not a key strategy used to promote bureaucratic reform?
D. Regulation
The Office of Management and Budget and the Council of Economic Advisers are both parts of
D. The Executive Office of the President
A significant initiative set forth by Lyndon Johnson was
D. The Great Society
As a means of managing the gigantic executive branch, presidents have increasingly come to rely upon the
D. White House staff
The fact that taxpayers can deduct the amount they paid in interest on a home mortgage from the income they report on their tax returns is an example of A. an entitlement program. B. a contributory program. C. an earned income tax credit. D. a tax expenditure.
D. a tax expenditure.
In an attempt to boost the economy during the "Great Recession," between September 2007 and December 2008, the Federal Reserve A. did not change interest rates at all. B. raised interest rates from nearly 0 percent to 4.75 percent. C. raised interest rates from 4.75 percent to 9.5 percent. D. cut interest rates from 4.75 percent to nearly 0 percent.
D. cut interest rates from 4.75 percent to nearly 0 percent.
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
On average, women tend to vote for _____ candidates and men tend to vote for _____ candidates.
Democratic; Republican
In the 50 years that followed the Great Depression
Democrats generally expressed more concern about unemployment, while Republicans focused more on reducing budget deficits.
The Supreme Court held that there is no substantial public interest in permitting lewd, obscene, profane, libelous, or insulting utterances in
Dennis v. United States.
In addition to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the two federal agencies that play the MOST active role in protecting the public from unsafe products are the
Department of Transportation and the Food and Drug Administration
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators
Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly?
Disney
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the consequences of declining trust in government?
Distrust makes people less willing to pay the taxes necessary for public activities.
occurs when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress.
Divided government
The U.S. was involved in humanitarian intervention in which of the following countries? A) Somalia B) Haiti C) Bosnia D) Kosovo E) all of the above
E
Which of the following is TRUE about Americaʹs foreign aid programs? A) Nearly all of the money spent goes to help modernize agriculture and industry in poorer nations, or directly provides food to the hungry. B) The United States spends a greater percentage of its gross national product on foreign aid than any other developed nation. C) Among the developed countries of the world, the United States donates the smallest actual amount of foreign aid. D) Foreign aid has always been a highly popular expenditure with Americans. E) A substantial percentage of foreign aid is military assistance.
E
Which of the following statements about foreign aid is FALSE? A) Presidents of each party have pressed for aid to nations in the developing world. B) A major goal of foreign aid is to stabilize nations friendly to the United States. C) A substantial percentage of foreign aid is in the form of military assistance. D) Foreign food aid often ends up in the pockets of American farmers. E) Congress usually increases the presidentʹs foreign aid requests.
E
Which of the following is not a major role of bureaucracies?
E. Passing laws
Which of the following programs provide the MOST benefits the working poor?
Earned Income Tax Credit
The two largest recipients of military assistance from the United States are Israel and
Egypt
The two largest recipients of military assistance from the United States are Israel and
Egypt.
The original gerrymander is attributed to
Elbridge Gerry
The ________ is a regional economic organization of major nations.
European Union
How are election days in the United States different from those in Europe?
European elections are usually held on Sundays instead of working days.
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Free exercise of religion (I) State government Amy not prohibit the dissemination or expression of religious views
True or False: Billionaire Warren Buffett's main complaint with the US tax code is that "moochers" don't pay their fair share.
False
True or False: If the Federal Reserve System allows the money supply to expand rapidly and the economy to overheat, the result would be lower prices.
False
True or False: President Obama is a socialist who promoted the Affordable Care Act (ACA or Obamacare) in an attempt to destroy capitalism.
False
True or False: Since 1789, when the states ratified the U.S. Constitution, the national government's scope of responsibility for domestic matters has stayed about the same.
False
True or False: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) reflects US Political Culture since Americans tend to support strong government involvement in the economy.
False
True or False: The Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) guarantees that every American can get health care.
False
True or False: The debate over government involvement in healthcare or regulations against environmental pollution or anti-trust laws is a debate between equality and order.
False
True or False: The depression of the 1930's increased public support for laissez-faire economics.
False
True or False: Roesler argues that people who are inconsistent with their beliefs about the role of government are not to be trusted.
False (Emerson)
Known for being banker's banks, these banks make loans to other banks, clear checks, and supply the economy with currency and coins.
Federal Reserve banks
Which of the following statements about state and federal court procedures is MOST accurate?
Federal courts are required to provide a grand jury, a 12-member trial jury, and a unanimous jury verdict while state courts are not.
Which of the following statements about state and federal court procedures is MOST accurate?
Federal courts are required to provide a grand jury, a 12-member trial jury, and a unanimous jury verdict, while state courts are not.
Block grans
Federal grants-in-aid that allows states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent
The right to remain silent is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.
Fifth
The 1937 case Palko v. Connecticut focused on the You Answered
Fifth Amendment's protection against double jeopardy.
Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California (1934)
Free exercise of religion (I) Students filed suit to protest mandatory military training at the university of California on religious grounds. The court upheld the right of California to mandate that its students receive military training as permissible under the first amendment's free exercise of religion clause.
___ policy is the name given to the government's taxing and spending powers.
Fiscal Policy
Which of the following describes the "realist" view of foreign policy?
Foreign policies should be guided by the national interest, even if from the outside the nation appears cold and ruthless.
states prohibit prison inmates who are serving felony sentences from voting.
Forty-eight
The ________ of the First Amendment protect(s) an individual's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses.
Free exercise clause
Robinson v. California (1962)
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment (VIII) The court overturned a California law imposing a 90-day jail sentence on persona found guilty of "addiction to the use of narcotics" as cruel and unusual punishment for what amounted to illness.
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Freedom from warrantless search and seizure (IV) The court overturned the conviction of Dollree Mapp for possession of obscene materials because the evidence was in violation of the fourth amendment's requirement of a warrant for conducting a search
1st Amendment
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)
Freedom of assembly (I) and freedom of speech to petition the government for redress of grievances (I) DeJonge's conviction for addressing a meeting of the communist party was overturned as an infringement on freedom of assembly
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Freedom of press (I) Overturned Minnesota's permanent injunction against those who created a "public nuisance" by publishing, selling, or distributing a "malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper, magazine or other periodical" as an infringement on freedom of the press.
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Freedom of speech (I) Upheld Gitlow's conviction for "criminal anarchy" for publishing a left-wing manifesto. The court held the first amendment allowed the states to suppress speech directly advocating the overthrow of the government.
Since World War II, ________ has brought together a wide range of nations for regular negotiations designed to reduce barriers to trade.
GATT
Since World War II, the ________ has brought together a wide range of nations for regular negotiations designed to reduce barriers to trade.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
The first American president to unilaterally dismantle some United States nuclear weapons was
George Bush.
Which president established preemption as the centerpiece of his foreign policy?
George W. Bush
Which president established prevention as the centerpiece of his foreign policy?
George W. Bush
Which president made prevention the centerpiece of his foreign policy?
George W. Bush
What eighteenth-century politician warned Americans against too much involvement with foreign nations?
George Washington
________ warned Americans against too much involvement with foreign nations.
George Washington
warned Americans against the dangers of political parties in his farewell address.
George Washington
Which of the following nations does NOT have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council?
Germany
Which of the following nations does not have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council?
Germany
___________ involves purposefully drawing district boundaries to unfairly advantage one group or party
Gerrymandering
involves purposefully drawing district boundaries to unfairly advantage one group or party.
Gerrymandering
Which of the following is not a benefit to government provided by contracting?
Governemnt officials almost always use contracting to award businesses and corporations that donated substantial amounts of money to their political campaigns
Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes?
Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs
Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes?
Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs.
Which of the following is not a benefit to government provided by contracting?
Government officials almost always use contracting to award businesses and corporations that donated substantial amounts of money to their political campaigns.
What was the main cause for reducing the legal voting age to 18?
Government officials hoped it would lead to a decline in disruptive student protests.
Which of the following best describes the views of Milton Friedman?
Government should let the growth in the money supply match the rate of economic growth
Which of the following best describes the views of Milton Friedman?
Government should let the growth in the money supply match the rate of economic growth.
The ________ marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace.
Great Depression
What event marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace?
Great Depression
A constitutional right to privacy was established in
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).
___ is a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention.
Habeas corpus
In which 1939 case did the Supreme Court declare that the government may not prohibit speech-related activities such as demonstrations or leafleting in public areas traditionally used for that purpose?
Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization
Bicameral
Having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral
Why did the Democrats believe that the 2001 tax cuts should only remain permanent for those making less than $250,000 a year?
High income earners (making more than $250,000/year) had benefited disproportionately from economic growth in the early 2000s.
Why did the Democrats believe that the 2001 tax cuts should only remain permanent for those making less than $250,000 a year?
High income earners (those making more than $250,000 a year) had benefited disproportionately from economic growth in the early 2000s
The ________ Act is a bill designed to prevent foreign influence on elections by subjecting political ads sold online to the same rules and transparency that applies to TV and radio ads.
Honest Ads
Why does the House typically have greater party unity than the Senate?
House leaders have more organizational control over the actions of representatives than Senate leaders.
It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility
How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare?
The world's wealthiest nation is
IDK!
the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
ISIS stands for
Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management?
In 1981, Ronald Reagan fired striking air traffic controllers and hired permanent replacements to fill their jobs
Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management?
In 1981, Ronald Reagan fired striking air traffic controllers and hired permanent replacements to fill their jobs.
1.45
In 2016, each individual's required contribution to Medicare was ________ percent of all earnings
Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court is true?
In 2017, five of the nine justices were appointed by Republican presidents.
the President
In a crisis, which of the following has the greatest foreign policy influence?
Why is Marbury v. Madison (1803) an important case?
In this case, the justices authorized the Supreme Court to exercise judicial review over laws passed by Congress.
In 1998, the United States passed the ________ Act, which called on all governments to respect religious freedom.
International Religious Freedom
During presidential election years, the nation's first caucus is held in ________ and the first primary election is held in
Iowa; New Hampshire
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North became a national celebrity when he explained his involvement in the ________ to a televised Congressional hearing.
Iran-Contra scandal
The two largest recipients of military assistance from the United States are
Israel and Egypt.
How did the Federal Reserve respond to the terrorist attacks of 9/11?
It cut interest rates to promote increased investment and spending
How did the Federal Reserve respond to the terrorist attacks of 9/11?
It cut interest rates to promote increased investment and spending.
What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Goldberg v. Kelly?
It held that public assistance benefits could not be revoked without due process of law
What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Goldberg v. Kelly?
It held that public assistance benefits could not be revoked without due process of law.
10th Amendment
Powers Reserved to the States
Which of the following is an accurate description of the United Nations?
It lacks enforcement power to implement its rules and resolutions.
Which of the following is not a function of the Securities and Exchange Commission?
It protects the confidentiality of all sales of stocks and bonds
Which of the following is not a function of the Securities and Exchange Commission?
It protects the confidentiality of all sales of stocks and bonds.
How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare?
It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility
How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare?
It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.
____ was largely responsible for getting a series of constitutional amendment proposals passed in the U.S. house of representatives that would ultimately become known as the bill of rights.
James Madison
Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers?
James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton
Which of the following is NOT a permanent member country on the United Nations Security Council?
Japan
Which ethnic group has the reputation of having the greatest influence on American foreign policy?
Jewish Americans
The commanding officers of each of the services, plus a chair, constitute the
Joint Chiefs of Staff.
If Senator Nate Ruess believed that the best way for the government to respond to the recession is to pump up the economy with tax cuts AND increased spending, he would be a:
Keynesian
The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called
Keynesianism
The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called _____.
Keynesianism
The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called:
Keynesianism
The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called
Keynesianism.
Economists who believe that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes are known as..
Keynesians
The United States withdrew from the 1997 ________.
Kyoto Protocol
The United States withdrew from the 1997
Kyoto Protocol.
The purpose of the Tenth Amendment is to
Limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the states and to the people.
22nd Amendment
Limits the president to two terms.
If the Federal Reserve wants to help boost a sagging economy, which one of the following is the most direct way it can do this?
Lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses
26th Amendment
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
President ________ was responsible for initiating the use of United States ground troops in Vietnam (eventually over 500,000), and the massive bombing of North Vietnam, but his failure to win the war after four years and the mounting anti-war protests back home led him to decide not to seek reelection.
Lyndon Johnson
The exclusionary rule was applied to all levels of government by the Supreme Court in which case?
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Fear of a serious communist conspiracy in the United States during the early years of the Cold War led to the rise of a near panic that communism was infiltrating American government and cultural institutions, and became known as
McCarthyism
Because there is no provision for long-term care in the United States, ________ has become the de facto program financing nursing home residents when they have exhausted their savings.
Medicaid
Which of the following is an in-kind benefit?
Medicaid
Which of the following is a program of forced savings?
Medicare
1965
Medicare was established in
Who was the most prominent monetarist in the United States?
Milton Friedman
The ________ has taken the lead in conducting basic research to counter bioterrorism.
National Institutes of Health
The ________ is officially composed of the president, the vice president, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State.
National Security Council
The ________ was formed in 1947 to coordinate American foreign and military policies and advise the president.
National Security Council
The Iran-Contra affair erupted in 1986 when it came to light that members of the ________ were involved in a secret operation selling arms to Iran in return for Iranian help in returning American hostages held in Lebanon, and using money from the arms sale to fund rebels in Nicaragua.
National Security Council staff
The Iran-Contra affair involved covert activities staged by the
National Security Council.
The government body responsible for coordinating foreign and military policy is the
National Security Council.
What did Prussian military strategist Carl von Clausewitz mean when he called war "politics by other means"?
Nations use force to achieve their foreign policy goals and not simply to demonstrate their capacity for violence.
The headquarters of the United Nations is located in
New York.
Which program required children in grades three through eight to be tested yearly for proficiency in math and reading?
No Child Left Behind
8th Amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment
3rd Amendment
No quartering of soldiers
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
Nonestablishment of state religion (I) applying the establishment clause, the court found that using taxpayer money to bus students to private religious schools did not constitute establishing a religion because busing was a "separate" function from the school's religious purpose.
During the Cold War era, more than a million ________ troops were spread from West Germany to Portugal.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Which of the following is true about US and Canadian health care?
On average, Americans spend about twice as much per person on health care annually than Canadians. The US spends about 15 percent of its GDP on healthcare, while Canada spends about 10 percent. The average Canadian lives more than two years longer than the average American
In a typical tort case,
One individual charges that he or she has been injured by another's negligence or malfeasance
Why do many businesses prefer Congress to regulate the economy?
One national regulation is better than the inconsistencies and disparities of different state laws
Why do many businesses Congress to regulate the economy?
One national regulation is better than the inconsistencies and disparities of different state laws.
Automatically received Medicaid and food stamps
Poor Americans had strong incentives to establish their eligibility for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in the 1970s because AFDC recipients
_____ conducts its elections entirely by mail.
Oregon
Many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work
Part of the reason welfare programs became so unpopular was that
Which of the following is the best description of the changing expectations of the government's role in the economy since the 1930s?
People hold the government responsible for a health economy.
In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court justices ruled that government action toward religion is
Permissible only if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits religion, and does not lead to excessive entanglement with religion.
Diffusion
Policy decisions in one political jurisdiction are influenced by choices made in another jurisdiction
Why did the United States fight wars in Korea and Vietnam?
Policy makers believed that if we did not fight, it would embolden the communists.
Implied powers
Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of article 1, section 8 of the constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers
Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management?
President Ronald Reagan firing striking air traffic controllers and hiring permanent replacements to fill their jobs in 1981
World War I was an important factor in advancing the cause of women's suffrage because
President Woodrow Wilson and members of Congress believed that women would support the war effort if they were granted the right to vote.
25th Amendment
Presidential succession
The traditional American distrust of diplomacy has resulted in which situation?
Presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis
What has been a result of the traditional American distrust of diplomacy?
Presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis.
Which of the following statements about the forces that shape public opinion is NOT true?
Presidents rarely attempt to influence public support for the policies they are promoting.
Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
Racially segregated schools can never be equal.
18th Amendment
Prohibition of alcohol
11th Amendment
Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state.
Which of the following has not been a major goal of the government's involvement in the economy?
Promoting economic equity and fairness for all citizens
What is the most important way the government affects personal and corporate investments?
Promoting investor confidence through policies enforcing stability and regard for the law
Privilege and immunties clause
Provision, from article IV, section 2 of the constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges
____ refers to a law, a rule, a statute, or an edict that expresses the government's goals and provides for rewards and punishments to promote those goals' attainment.
Public Policy
Which of the following is not one of the concerns politicians have to consider when attempting to pass regulations that seek to protect the environment?
Public opinion, which overwhelmingly favors economic interests over the environment
The goal of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was to
Put unemployed persons to work on public projects
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
Which of the following statements best describes the representation of women and minorities in the U.S. Congress?
Representation of women and minorities has increased during the past two decades but is not comparable to their proportions in the general population.
Which of the following best describes the representation of women and minorities in the U.S. Congress?
Representation of women and minorities has increased during the past two decades, nut is not comparable to their proportions in the general population.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the Federalists' view on representation?
Representatives need not be a "true picture of the people," and the best system of representation allows citizens to elect individuals possessing ability, experience, and talent superior to their own.
Which powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment, are neither delegated to the national government nor denied to the states?
Reserved
The rise of de´tente and the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) were brought about under President
Richard Nixon
Which U.S. president once said, "I am now a Keynesian"?
Richard Nixon
Benton v. Maryland (1969)
Right against double jeopardy (V) Benton was tried twice for the same crime of larceny. The Supreme Court held "double jeopardy" as impermissible under the fifth amendment.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Right against self-incrimination and forced confessions (V) Malloy was imprisoned for contempt after refusing to answer questions about gambling activities on grounds it might implicate him. The Supreme Court held the fifth amendment secures defendants against self-incrimination, so Malloy could not be forced to testify.
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms
McDoanld v. Chicago (2010)
Right to bear arms (II) The Supreme Court struck down a Chicago firearms ordinance making it extremely difficult to own a gun within city limits as violating the Second Amendment.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Right to counsel and to remain silent (V) Miranda was questioned by police and signed a statement of confession without being informed of his right to counsel and protection for self-incrimination. The court held defendants in police custody must be informed of their rights.
7th Amendment
Right to jury in civil trials.
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
Right to remain silent (V) Police denied repeated requests by Escobedo to see his lawyer during interrogation; Escobedo eventually incriminated himself in a murder. The Court held Escobedo's sixth Amendment rights to counsel and to the right to remain silent were violated.
The largest increase in peacetime defense spending occurred under President ________, who argued that the Soviets had used arms control agreements to gallop ahead of the United States in military spending.
Ronald Reagan
Which president rejected the theory of Keynesian economics?
Ronald Reagan
The first American president to sign a treaty to actually reduce current levels of nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal was
Ronald Reagan.
The first American president to sign a treaty to reduce existing levels of nuclear weapons was
Ronald Reagan.
Popular Sovereignty
Rule by the people
The last time Congress exercised its constitutional power to declare war was during the _____.
Second World War
The presidentʹs principal civilian adviser on the military is the
Secretary of Defense.
After the president, the ________ is considered the nationʹs foremost diplomat in the United States.
Secretary of State
The head of the foreign policy arm of the federal government who traditionally advises the president is the
Secretary of State
Which official is not a major actor in American foreign policy?
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
The ________ is the real focus of power in the United Nations.
Security Council
The seat of real power in the United Nations is the
Security Council.
The process by which the Supreme Court has expanded specific parts of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against states and federal actions is called____
Selective incorporation
bill, account
Sent after services to be paid
The right to legal counsel in a criminal proceeding is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.
Sixth
Which of the following is NOT a component of American foreign policy?
Social Security
Which of the following social policies is currently the most costly to the government?
Social Security
After the election of 2004, President George W. Bush announced that ______ would be the centerpiece of his domestic policy.
Social Security Reform
1935
Social Security was established in
Which of the following statements best characterizes the percentage of federal government revenue that comes from social insurance and corporate taxes since 1960?
Social insurance taxes now compose a much greater share of federal revenues than they did in 1960, while corporate taxes compose a much smaller share of federal revenues.
The United States is NOT a member of the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization- Wrong Warsaw Pact
After the president and vice president, which office is next in line of succession?
Speaker of the House
After the president and vice president, which office is next in line of succession?
Speaker of the house
The ________ is the primary foreign policy arm of the United States government.
State Department
The ________ staffs United States embassies and consulates in about 300 overseas posts from Albania to Zimbabwe, representing the interests of Americans.
State Department
Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws?
State governments
President Ronald Reagan proposed a massive new spending program called the ________ to create a global umbrella in space, wherein computers would scan the skies and use various high-tech devices to destroy invading missiles.
Strategic Defense Initiative
_____ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, used to promote activities desired by the government.
Subsidies
______ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, used to promote activities desired by the government.
Subsidies
________ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, that are used to promote activities desired by government leaders.
Subsidies
Which program was designed to help augment the benefits to the aged, blind, and disabled?
Supplemental Security Income
The ________ is established by the Constitution and cannot be abolished by a congressional law.
Supreme Court
________ once said, "Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my right to a trial of my peers as an offender against law."
Susan B. Anthony
The primary source of cash assistance for the nonworking poor is..
TANF
________ are intended to raise the price of imported goods and thereby protect a nationʹs businesses and workers from foreign competition.
Tariffs
_____ were the centerpiece of George W. Bush's economic policy.
Tax cuts
______ are programs where the government provides a tax deduction for spending on health insurance and other benefits by both employers and employees.
Tax expenditures
Which of the following is not a program of forced savings?
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
is usually a "safe" state for the Republican Party in presidential elections; ________ is usually a "safe" state for the Democratic Party
Texas; California
There are three federal government programs that assist the working poor: the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), SNAP (formerly known as food stamps), and
The Affordable Care Act
What does the supremacy clause assert?
The Constitution and all laws made under it are superior to any state laws.
Which of the following is true about the U.S. Constitution?
The Constitution can be amended with a two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Congress and a ratification vote by three-fourths of the states.
What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
The Court declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state discrimination.
Which of the following is true of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
The Court outlawed de jure segregation.
Which of the following is a difference between Democratic and Republican Primaries?
The Democratic Party requires that state presidential primaries allocate delegates on the basis of proportional representation, while the Republican Party does not.
Which of the following statements about the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is false?
The FRB is part of the Department of the Treasury
Which of the following statements about the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is false?
The FRB is part of the department of the Treasury.
What event marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace?
The Great Depression
Provides loans and facilitates a short flow of money to countries in need
The International Monetary Fund
a multilateral treaty
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of
What was the result of the 2004 case that argued the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the First Amendment?
The Supreme Court did not rule on the issue, dismissing the case on a technical matter.
Which of the following statements about Supreme Court decisions related to executions under the Eighth Amendment is NOT accurate?
The Supreme Court has outlawed the use lethal injection as a mode of execution.
Which of the following statements about high school students in public schools is most accurate?
The Supreme Court has ruled that high school students have conditionally protected speech that can be constitutionally regulated under certain circumstances.
Which of the following statements MOST accurately summarizes the Supreme Court's rulings on "suspicionless" drug testing for government employees and high school students participating in interscholastic sports?
The Supreme Court has upheld drug-testing program for both government employees and high school students participating in interscholastic sports.
Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization is incorrect?
The United States dropped out of the World Trade Organization in 2004 over a disagreement about steel tariffs
Which of the following is an accurate description of the United Nations?
The United States never contributes to the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts. WRONG! Its armed forces are large and powerful.
about one-third of the world's total military expenditures
The United States spends
Kyoto Protocol
The United States withdrew from the 1997
What is the main function of the chief justice of the Supreme Court?
The chief justice presides over the Court's public sessions and private conferences.
Chp 2 - elastic clause
The concluding paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution (also known as the "necessary and proper clause"), which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers
Elastic clause
The concluding paragraph of article 1, section 8, of the constitution (also known as the "necessary and proper clause"), which provides congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers
U.S. Constitution
The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.
Which groups receive the MOST benefits from the government?
The elderly and middle class
9th Amendment
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The wall of separation between church and state is best found in what clause of the Constitution?
The establishment clause
Why has partisan conflict surrounded federal judicial appointments in recent years?
The federal courts play an important role in shaping American law and politics.
1999
The final collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in
Bill of rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people.
Which of the following statements about foreign policy is MOST accurate?
The institutional powers of the presidency give presidents an advantage over political forces based in Congress when determining American foreign policy.
Which of the following statements about foreign policy is most accurate?
The institutional powers of the presidency give presidents an advantage over political forces based in Congress when determining American foreign policy.
Why was the Supreme Court case New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) significant?
The justices ruled that a newspaper had to print false and malicious material deliberately in order to be guilty of libel.
Which of the following was not a result of the 2009 Copenhagen Summit?
The meeting ended with a legally binding agreement between countries to limit greenhouse emissions across the world.
Open-market operations describes
The method by which the federal reserve buys and sells government securities to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy
the United States
The world's wealthiest nation is
Which of the following describes the realist view of foreign policy?
The national interest should guide foreign policies, even if, from the outside, the leaders of the nation appear cold and ruthless.
Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years?
The northern African American vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the NAACP chose a strategy of litigation.
Which of the following is the most important actor in the conduct of American foreign policy?
The president
Open rule
The provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill
What is the reserve requirement?
The rule that every bank must have a certain amount of cash and negotiable securities on hand at all times
Which of the following best describes the role of the solicitor general?
The solicitor general is the lawyer who represents the United States before the Supreme Court in cases where the federal government is a party.
What did the framers call the "least dangerous branch" of American government?
The supreme court
Which of the following statements describes the formal requirements of serving as a federal court judge?
There are no formal requirement to serve as a federal court judge
Chp 6 - political ideology
a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government
Security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world
The three main goals of American foreign policy are
agency representation
The type of representation according to which representatives are held accountable to their constituents if they fail to represent them properly. That is, constituents have the power to hire and fire their representatives.
Upton Sinclair's 1906 exposé The Jungle revealed
The unsanitary practices at meatpacking plants
Why have politicians always favored using subsidies to promote certain economic activities?
They can be treated as "benefits" that can be spread widely in response to many demands.
What did the Great Depression and World War II do the the public's expectations regarding employment?
They showed that the government can help to ensure full employment.
What did the Great Depression and World War II do to the public's expectations regarding employment?
They showed that the government could help to ensure full employment
What did the Great Depression and World War II do to the public's expectations regarding employment?
They showed that the government could help to ensure full employment.
What was the primary problem with private charities before the development of the welfare state?
They would make subjective decisions on who was deserving or undeserving of aid.
The majority decision in Griswold v. Connecticut argued that the right of privacy fits into a "zone of privacy" created by the
Third, Fourth, and Fifth amendments.
________ states have enacted legislation requiring voters to show positive identification at the polls.
Thirty-four
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
Which of the following countries spends the smallest percentage of its gross domestic product on foreign economic development?
United States
Which of the following nations is least dependent on foreign oil?
United States
How does an entitlement differ from a right?
Unlike an entitlement, a right cannot be taken away by an act of Congress.
How does an entitlement differ from a right?
Unlike an entitlement, a right cannot be taken away by an act of congress
Which of the following statements about the fund-raising practices of traditional interestgroups and online activist organizations is MOST accurate?
Traditional interest groups raise money through annual membership dues, while online activist organizations raise money through targeted fund-raising drives focused on particular issues or events.
Vehicle safety is one of the chief responsibilities of the Department of:
Transportation.
America's international economic and monetary policies are coordinated and implemented by the
Treasury Department, the Commerce Department, and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.
America's international economic and monetary policies and coordinate and implemented by the
Treasury Department, the Commerce Department, the Office of the U.S. trade representative.
True or False: The debate over the war on drugs boils down to a debate over order and freedom.
True
have an initiative process that lets citizens draft legislation, circulate petitions, and place the issue on the ballot for a popular vote.
Twenty-four of the 50 states
Which of the following statements about campaign finance is MOST accurate?
Unlike the United States, most democratic countries provide public financing for their elections.
Which of the following statements about government regulation of political advertisements is MOST accurate?
Unlike traditional media (radio, television, print media), political ads on Google, Twitter, and Facebook are not regulated.
Which of the following statements about selective incorporation is most accurate?
Until 1961, only the First Amendment and one clause of the Fifth Amendment had been clearly incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment as binding on the states as well as on the national government.
Which war was officially declared by Congress?
War of 1812
During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies formed a regional organization known as the
Warsaw Pact.
The United States is NOT a member of the
Warsaw Pact.
The reforms have reduced the number of people on welfare but have done little to reduce poverty
Which of the following can be concluded from the results of the 1996 welfare reforms?
The promotion of equality of opportunity
Which of the following is a goal of American social policy?
Groups that are the most politically powerful
Which of the following is the strongest factor in predicting which groups in society receive the most benefits from governments's social polices?
Social Security
Which of the following social policies is currently the most costly to the government?
Although a majority of Americans believe that government should ensure that all people should receive adequate health care, there is considerable disagreement about how to deliver such benefits and how to pay for them
Which of the following statements about American's health care views is most accurate?
The vast majority of spending for K-12 education comes from the state and local governments, while the federal government contributes a relatively small amount
Which of the following statements about K-12 education spending is most accurate?
Social Security redistributes wealth from younger workers to older retirees
Which of the following statements about Social Security is true?
Which statement best describes Russian and American goals in the Syrian civil war?
While Russian forces entered the Syrian civil war to support the Assad regime, the United States was attempting to oust the Assad regime.
Children cannot vote
Why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children?
What did the Supreme Court mean by "one person, one vote"?
Within a state, electoral districts must have roughly equal populations.
19th Amendment
Women's suffrage
Which of the following was created during the New Deal?
Works Progress Administration
It was, above all else, ________ that dealt a death blow to American isolationism.
World War II
The death-blow to American isolationism occurred as a result of
World War II.
Which of the following statements about age and political participation is true?
Young people are far less likely to participate in politics than older people.
Which of the following was not included in the congressional plans for health care reform?
a "public option" allowing individuals to acquire medical coverage directly from the government
Chp 10 - runoff election
a "second-round"election in which voters choose between the top two candidates form the first round
Almost immediately following World War II, the United States entered into ________ with the Soviet Union.
a Cold War
Gerrymendering
a apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party
Under a system of ranked-choice voting
a candidate is declared the winner if he or she wins a majority of first-place votes.
Chp 10 - incumbent
a candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds
Which kind of case would NOT be granted certiorari under Rule 10 of the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States?
a case about the governor of California's authority to use the line item veto when the state trial court and the state Supreme Court have reached different conclusions regarding the governor's actions
Which of the following would the Supreme Court likely refuse to hear because the case lacked "ripeness"?
a case involving a citizen suing the Social Security Administration for failure to deliver Social Security benefits prior to the time the citizen was scheduled to receive the benefits
Which of the following would the Supreme Court likely refuse to hear because of "mootness"?
a case involving a student who was first rejected but then, later, admitted to a state-run university suing that university for discrimination in the admissions process
Which of the following cases would always be heard in federal court?
a case involving the state of New York suing the state of New Hampshire over state highway maintenance
Chp 3 - unitary system
a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government
Unitary system
a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government
Chp 2 - amendment
a change added to a bill, law, or constitution
Which of the following was a key part of President Obama's overhaul of No Child Left Behind?
a proposal to change the criteria for allocating $14 billion in federal assistance to schools from a per pupil formula to a system of competitive grants
Chp 10 - ballot initiative
a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote
Bill
a proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration
bill
a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate
Closed rule
a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate
closed rule
a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate
open rule
a provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of new amendments to a bill
Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called
a public good
Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called:
a public good
Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called
a public good.
When George W. Bush supporters called conservative white voters during the 2000 South Carolina Republican primary to ask if they would be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if they knew that he had fathered an illegitimate black child, it was an example of
a push poll.
Chp 10 - general election
a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, general elections for national office and most state and local offices are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years (every four years for presidential elections)
Chp 12 - trustee
a representative who voters based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency
Chp 10 - delegate
a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency
Chp 12 - delegate
a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency
Delegate
a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency
trustee
a representative who votes based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency
War Powers Resolution
a resolution of Congress that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if American troops are already under attack or serious threat
Which event led to national attention for the gay rights movement in 1969?
a riot in response to police raids at the Stonewall Inn
Party unity vote
a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party
party unity vote
a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party
Chp 4 - Lemon test
a rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman that government action toward religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion, and does not lead to "excessive entanglement" with religion
Lemon test
a rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman that government action toward religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion, and does not lead to "excessive entanglement" with religion
Cloture
a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill; in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate
cloture
a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill; in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate
Executive order
a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation
Federal Reserve System
a system of 12 Federal Reserve banks that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks, and credit; regulates member banks; and uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation
Chp 2 - federalism
a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments
Chp 3 - federalism
a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments
federalism
a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments
Chp 2 - confederation
a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government
Confederation
a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government
Chp 1 - representative democracy (republic)
a system of government in which the populace selects representatives, who play a significant role in governmental decision making
Chp 1 - constitutional government
a system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government
Chp 1 - authoritarian government
a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions
Chp 1 - totalitarian government
a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it
Chp 1 - democracy
a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials
Chp 1 - direct democracy
a system of rule that permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies
filibuster
a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down; once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster
The fact that taxpayers can deduct the amount they paid in interest on a home mortgage from the income they report on their tax returns is an example of
a tax expenditure.
What is a poll tax?
a tax imposed by state governments for those registering to vote
tariff
a tax on imported goods
Strict scrutiny refers to
a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.
The Thirteenth Amendment
abolished slavery.
The United States spends
about one-third of the world's total military expenditures
The United States spends
about one-third of the world's total military expenditures.
Chp 8 - traditional political participation
activities designed to influence government, including voting and face-to-face activities such as volunteering for a campaign or working on behalf of a candidate or political organization
Chp 8 - digital political participation
activities designed to influence politics using the internet, including visiting a candidate's website, organizing events online, and signing an online petition
The Kyoto Protocol was a(n)
agreement setting limits on emissions of greenhouse gases from industrial countries.
The old adage "politics stops at the water's edge" means that
all Americans will suffer if we fail to work together to protect our nation's political, economic, and security interests in the wider world.
The old adage "politics stops at the water's edge" means that
all Americans will suffer if we fail to work together to protect our nations political, economic, and security interests in the wider world
supply-side economics
an economic theory that positsthat reducing the marginal rate of taxation will create a productive economy by promoting levels of work and investment that would otherwise be discouraged by higher taxes
Chp 4 - prior restraint
an effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship; in the United States, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances
prior restraint
an effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship; in the United States, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances
Chp 10 - campaign
an effort by political candidates and their supporters to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in their quiest for political office
Chp 10 - majority-minority district
an electoral district, such as a congressional district, in which the majority of the constituents belong to racial or ethnic minorities
An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but lacks congressional approval is called
an executive agreement
Chp 9 - party identification
an individual voter's psychological ties to one party or another
Chp 9 - policy entrepreneur
an individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda
Kitchen Cabinet
an informal group of advisers to whom the president turns for counsel and guidance; members of the official Cabinet may or may not also be members of the Kitchen Cabinet
Chp 10 - town hall meeting
an informal public meeting in which candidates meet with ordinary citizens; allows candidates to deliver messages without the presence of journalists or commentators
A grassroots lobbying campaign occurs when
an interest group mobilizes its members and their families throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group's position.
Dispute arbitration occurs when
an international disagreement is referred to a neutral third party for resolution
Slander
an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
Chp 4 - slander
an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to the victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
Chp 12 - pork barrel (or pork)
appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed buy that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts
527 committees are an important part of the American political system because they
are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.
Conference committees
are only likely to include members from both political parties when control of Congress is divided.
Conference committees
are only likely to include members from both political parties when control of congress is divided.
Chp 4 - civil liberties
areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference
Civil liberties
areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference
The most noteworthy example of the policy of deterrence was the ________.
arms race
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992) is important because it
asserted that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages.
Caucuses (congressional)
associations of members of Congress based on party, interest, or social group, such as gender or race
caucuses (congressional)
associations of members of Congress based on party, interest, or social group, such as gender or race
In order to win the presidency, a candidate must win
at least 270 electoral votes.
Chp 3 - New Federalism
attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants
New federalism
attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants
Support for an affirmative action policy that considers an applicant's race in university admissions is an example of a political ________, while a belief in equality of opportunity is an example of a political _
attitude; value
The MOST important selection bias in news is the
audience appeal of a story
Chp 3 - concurrent powers
authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes
Concurrent powers
authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes
Social capital refers to
community networks that motivate political participation.
The ratio of what a country pays for imports to what it earns in exports is known as its
balance of trade
Chp 6 - values (or beliefs)
basic principles that shape a person's opinions about political issues and events
A study by Richard Betts showed that the advice given to the president by the Joint Chiefs of Staff tends to
be no more aggressive than advice given by civilian advisors
In recent years, federal court appointments have
been characterized by intense partisan and ideological efforts to support ordefeat the candidate.
In recent years, federal court appoints have
been characterized by intense partition and ideological efforts to support or defeat the candidate
The term public opinion is used to describe
beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.
American trade policies tend to
benefit most Americans by reducing the cost of consumer goods but hurt workers in some industries by creating incentives for companies to relocate jobs to foreign countries.
Congress is a ________ legislature with ________ total members.
bicameral; 535
In the House of Representatives, virtually all he time allotted by the Rules Committee for debate on a given bill is controlled by the
bill's sponsor and its leading opponent.
Chp 1 - political culture
broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the government should function; American political culture emphasizes the values of liberty, equality, and democracy
The _____ is determined by the amount government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year.
budget deficit
The ______ is determined by the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year.
budget deficit
The ______ is determined by the amount government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year.
budget deficit
uncontrollables
budgetary items that are beyond the control of budgetary committees and can be controlled only by substantive legislative action in Congress; some uncontrollables, such as interest on the debt, are beyond the power of Congress because the terms of payments are set in contracts
Successful interest groups quickly become
bureaucratized.
The majority of political action committees represent
business and professional groups.
The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are
business organizations
The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are
business organizations.
The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are:
business organizations.
The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program is administered
by the states with benefit levels varying between states
According to the online processing model, members of the public may appear to be politically uninformed because
by the time they actually voice an opinion on an issue, they are likely to have forgotten much of the information that helped them arrive at their opinion.
The president's power to veto a bill passed by Congress is a good example of _____.
checks and balances
Which of the following groups receives the least benefits from government's social policies?
children
Which of the following groups receives the FEWEST benefits from government's social policies?
children and the working poor
According to the text, why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children?
children cannot vote
Which of the following played an important role in caring for the poor during the nineteenth century?
churches and religious organizations
Chp 6 - public opinion
citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events
When a private individual brings a suit against a company for breaking a contract, this is an example of ________ law.
civil
There are very few party machines left today because
civil service reform and the institution of the merit system mean that party leaders can no longer control who is appointed to government jobs.
Digital forms of participation that require little effort and may not actually translate into offline acts of political engagement are often referred to as
clicktivism.
Which of the following is not a goal of American social policy?
closing the gap between rich and poor
A benefit that is sought by an interest group and that once achieved cannot be denied to nonmembers is called a
collective good.
The written opinions of appellate courts have been described as halfway between ________ law and ________ law.
common; statutory
Chp 9 - national convention
convened by the Republican National Committee or the Democratic National Committee to nominate official candidates for president and vice president in the upcoming election, establish party rules, and adopt the party's platform
Tax expenditures
cost the national treasury over $1.2 trillion in foregone revenues each year.
Most of the law on sexual harassment has been the result of
court decisions interpreting Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Fair Labor Standards Act was significant because it
created the minimum wage
The Fair Labor Standards Act was significant because it
created the minimum wage.
The Federalists believed that the powers of the government should be limited by
creating an internal system of checks and controls within the government.
In what type of law is the government always the plaintiff?
criminal
he government is always the plaintiff in ________ law.
criminal
ARPANET was a(n)
decentralized, highly redundant communications network created by the federal government in the 1950s and 1960s
The House Rules Committee is important because it
decides the order in which bills come up for a vote on the House floor and determines the specific rules that govern the length of debate and opportunity for amendments.
Overall, Americans' trust in their government has _____ since the 1960s.
declined sharply
Plurality and majority systems tend to
decrease the number of political parties
A grand jury
determines whether there is enough evidence to justify a trial.
The relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union throughout the 1970s was known as
de´tente
The United States and Soviet Union agreement on SALT I reflected a policy of
de´tente.
The number-one reason Americans gave for not voting in 2016 was that they
did not like the candidates or campaign issues."
What did the framers identify as the greatest source of political conflict for the United States?
differences between the rich and poor
The term gender gap refers to
differences in political opinions between men and women.
The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called
diplomacy
The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called ________.
diplomacy
In de´tente, _________ and ________ replaced the threat of force.
diplomacy and propaganda
The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called
diplomacy.
Which of the following is not an influential interest group affecting American foreign policy?
diplomats from foreign nations
By using donor lists or magazine subscription lists, candidates are able to engage in
direct-mail solicitations.
Latinos tend to favor Democratic Party candidates in national elections because they
disagree with the Republican Party's stance on immigration.
Which of the following does the Small Business Administration (SBA) provide?
disaster assistance
Which of the following is the best example of the concept "speech plus"?
distributing leaflets while chanting slogans at a protest demonstration
Trial courts in the federal judicial system are called
district courts.
Most American presidents have been
domestic politicians who set out to make their place in history through achievements in domestiv policy
Most American presidents have been
domestic politicians who set out to make their place in history through domestic achievements
Which of the following does not represent an important interest reflected through the actions of foreign policy interest groups?
domestic representation of foreign governments
When was the Twenty-Sixth Amendment ratified?
during the Vietnam War
Which of the following programs most benefits the working poor?
earned income tax credits
redistributive programs
economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing and spending, with the goal of benefiting the poor
Chp 3 - redistributive programs
economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing, and spending, with the goal of benefiting the poor
At the national level, the Democratic Party currently attempts to appeal to ________, while the Republican Party currently attempts to appeal to
educated upper-middle-class professionals; white working-class voters
What is the most significant force determining the distribution of opportunities in the United States?
education
What is the most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes?
education level
Which of the following is the most important economic value for supporters of laissez-faire?
efficiency
Which of the following is the most important economic value for supporters of laissez-faire?
effiency
The term soft power refers to
efforts by one nation to influence the people and governments of other nations by persuasion rather than coercion
The term soft power refers to
efforts by one nation to influence the people and governments of other nations by persuasion rather than coercion.
monetary policies
efforts to regulate the economy through the manipulation of the supply of money and credit; America's most powerful institution in this area of monetary policy is the Federal Reserve Board
Chp 10 - primary elections
elections held to select a party's candidate for the general election
Chp 9 - primary elections
elections held to select a party's candidate for the general election
The Unites States originally pursued a ʺdecapitationʺ strategy for confronting al-Qaida.What did this strategy propose to do?
eliminate a small number of al-Qaida leaders
If a company has "market power," it means that the company is powerful enough to
eliminated competitors and to impose conditions on consumers rather than catering to consumer demand
An agreement between President Bush and President Yeltsin in January 1993 called for
elimination of over two-thirds of their long-range nuclear weapons.
An emergency declaration relating to foreign threats allow the president to
embargo trade, seize foreign assets, and prohibit transactions with what ever foreign nations are involved
The primary means the United States has used to keep rogue nations from acquiring nuclear weapons has been by
encouraging nations to agree that they would not acquire, or at least test, nuclear weapons.
If the United States formally recognizes a country, it means that the United States will
engage in routine trade and diplomatic exchanges with that country and will allow that country's citizens to travel to America.
The goal of Social Security is to
ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.
Which interest group in the United States is more likely to depend on demonstrations and other nontraditional strategies of influence?
environmental groups
Which of the following is an independent agency?
environmental protection agency
Which of the following is NOT a liberty protected by the Bill of Rights.
equal protection of the laws
If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be in violation of the
equal time rule.
Which list of issue positions is MOST likely to be supported by the national leadership of the Democratic Party?
expanding funding for education, public spending for infrastructure, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations
Most American presidents have had
extensive experience in domestic policy but very little background in foreign policy before taking office.
The social desirability effect refers to
fact that respondents report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe or know to be true.
In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations.
fairness doctrine
Since the 1930s, American employment and training programs have
fared poorly in terms of both expense and results
The interest rate that member banks of the Federal Reserve System charge each other is known as the..
federal funds rate
Larger economic interest groups are less successful in influencing foreign policy than smaller groups because larger groups
find it difficult to maintain tight enough control of their many members to speak with a single voice.
The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of
fiscal policy
The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of:
fiscal policy
The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of
fiscal policy.
The UN Security Council has ______ permanent members and ______ elected members.
five, ten
Keynesians
followers of the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes, who argued that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes
Which of the following is an in-kind benefit?
food stamps
The Fourteenth Amendment
forced state governments to abide by almost every provision in the Bill of Rights, but the process took more than 100 years.
In 2007 and 2008, the government faced a housing crisis caused by
foreclosures
In 2007 and 2008, the government faced a housing crisis caused by
foreclosures.
Americans are usually least interested in _______ policy.
foreign
Diplomacy refers to
formal and informal communications with representatives of other governments.
National party conventions are held every
four years and attended by delegates from all 50 states.
Organizational reforms instituted by Congress in the 1970s
fragmented power by reducing the power of committee chair.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was a
free trade agreement between the United States and 11 Pacific Rim nations.
Chp 1 - liberty
freedom from governmental control
Chp 6 - liberty
freedom from governmental control
When states vie for influence by holding their nominating process earlier, it is called _____.
front-loading
23rd Amendment
gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote
What was the key to American security during the nineteenth century?
geographical isolation
What was the key to American security during the nineteenth century?
geographical isolation.
Block grants are designed to
give the states considerable discretion in how money from the federal government should be spent.
Activist judges believe that federal judges should
go beyond the words of a constitution or statute to consider the broader societal implications of their decisions.
When presidents use popular appeals in attempt to create a mass base of support that will allow them to accomplish their goals, it is referred to as _____.
going public
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was designed to..
help recover American jobs after the 2008 economic recession
Chp 12 - incumbency
holding the political office for which one is running
Incumbency
holding the political office for which one is running
What were two primary ways that the orientation of federal housing policy changed during the 1980s and 1990s?
housing assistance for low- income Americans shifted towards housing vouchers, and high rise public housing units were replaced with new mixed-income units
In 2018, the federal government was shut down over disagreements between Democrats and Republicans on the issue of
immigration.
The fact that many middle-class and lower-middle-class citizens who did not stand to benefit from President George W. Bush's tax cuts seemed to favor them is an example of the
importance of political knowledge.
The assignment of the opinion in a Supreme Court case is
important because differences in wording and emphasis can have important implications for how the decision is interpreted in future litigation.
The first federal government assistance in education came
in 1785, when the federal government set aside land for public schools
If someone is an advocate of the philosophy of judicial restraint, he or she believes
in looking only at the words of the Constitution in order to understand its meaning
When did the Cold War begin?
in the 1940's, soon after World War II
When did the Cold War begin?
in the 1940s, soon after World War II
A class-action suit is a legal action
in which a group of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest.
A membership association is a group
in which members play an important role in the daily activities and administration
A membership association is a group
in which members play an important role in the daily activities and administration.
In 2015, the United States and Iran signed an agreement
in which the Iranians pledged not to build nuclear weapons in exchange for the United States lifting its economic sanctions against Iran.
loophole
incentive to individuals and businesses to reduce their tax liabilities by investing their money in areas the government designates
Selective benefits are
incentives that interest groups make available only to those people who are members of their organizations.
16th Amendment
income tax
DeJonge v. Oregon (1937) and Everson v. Board of Education (1947) were significant Supreme Court cases because they
incorporated provisions of the Bill of Rights through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
What is Billionaire Warren Buffett's main complaint with the US tax code?
incorrect answer
In order to increase political efficacy it is necessary to
increase political knowledge.
If the United States were to provide millions of dollars in grants to pay the medical and legal expenses incurred by individuals who have been the victims of political retaliation in their own countries, doing so would
increase the United States' "soft power."
It is likely that eliminating state-level voter registration laws would ________ voter turnout among ________ voters.
increase; younger
All of the following are strategies to combat inflation except
increasing the amount of government spending on public works projects.
All of the following are strategies to combat inflation except:
increasing the amount of government spending on public works projects.
The periodic adjustment of benefits or wages that takes into account the increased cost of living is called
indexing
Accidental mobilization occurs when
individuals are exposed to political information that they did not explicitly seek out.
Descriptive representation occurs when
individuals are represented in government by officials of their same race, ethnicity, or gender.
McCarthyism claimed that communism was
infiltrating American government and cultural institutions.
When the price level of goods and services increases over several months, it is called
inflation
When the price level of goods and services increases over several months, it is called:
inflation
Chp 1 - power
influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies
Chp 1 - citizenship
informed and active membership in a political community
When President Lincoln issued a series of executive orders for which he had no clear legal authority during the start of the Civil War, it illustrated the
inherent powers of the presidency.
Chp 1 - government
institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people are ruled
In 2013, it was revealed that the National Security Agency's PRISM program was
intercepting, examining, and storing the email, social network posts, internet searches, and local telephone calls of millions of Americans.
The international economy today is one characterized by
interdependence.
The one key word that could be used to describe todayʹs international economy is
interdependency.
Money swapping occurs when a(n)
interest group makes a contribution to a not-for-profit group which, in turn, provides laundered campaign funds to politicians.
Amnesty International is a(n)
interest group that works to protect human rights.
The best description of the ideal of pluralism is that
interest groups should be free to compete for governmental influences.
Greenpeace is an example of an interest group involved in
international affairs
Dispute arbitration occurs when a(n)
international disagreement is referred to a neutral third party for resolution.
The Federal Reserve Board has all of the following powers EXCEPT the power to
investigate and prosecute tax evaders.
Common law
law made through court precedent rather than legislative enactments
common law
law made through court precedent rather than legislative enactments
Chp 4 - ex post facto laws
laws that declare an action to be illegal after it has been committed
The Supreme Court case of Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. (2007) was significant because it
led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.
Chp 12 - term limits
legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve
term limits
legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve
joint committee
legislative committee composed of members of both houses
Chp 12 - joint committees
legislative committees formed of members of both the House and Senate
"Packing" occurs when
legislative district are redrawn in a way that concentrates numbers of a particular party in as few districts as possible, there by limiting the overall number of seats that party might win.
Staff agencies
legislative support agencies responsible for policy analysis
staff agencies
legislative support agencies responsible for policy analysis
Before WWII, _____ of federal revenue was generated from individual income taxes.
less than 15 percent
Before World War II, ______ of federal revenue was generated from individual income taxes.
less than 15 percent
The Vietnam War illustrates the ability of government to ___________to its citizens
lie
The goal of the War Powers Act of 1973 was to
limit the power of the president to commit American troops to military without authorization from Congress.
amicus curiae
literally, "friend of the court"; individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the Supreme Court in reaching a decision by presenting additional briefs
stare decisis
literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled
stare desisis
literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled
What is it called when two members of Congress share no common interests, but agree to support each other's bill?
logrolling
A senator who agrees to vote for a tax-cut bill with which he or she disagrees in order to receive another senator's vote on a climate change bill that he or she has proposed is engaged in
logrolling.
A _____ is an incentive in the tax code for individuals and corporations to invest their money in ways the government desires in exchange for a reduction in tax liabilities.
loophole
A(n) ______ is an incentive in the tax code for individuals and corporations to invest their money in ways the government desires in exchange for a reduction in tax liabilities.
loophole
The fact that tax laws allow individuals or companies to deduct from their taxable incomes any money they can justify as an investment or a "business expense" is an example of a(n)
loophole
If the Federal Reserve wants to help boost a sagging economy, which one of the following is the most direct way it can do this?
lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rate to individuals an businesses
The best way for Federal Reserve Board officials to help boost a stagnant economy is to
lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses.
The best way for federal reserve board officials to help boost stagnant economy is to
lower interest rates that so that banks can provide more loans and cheaper rates to individuals and businesses
International economic policies today tend to emphasize
lower tariffs and freer trade.
The federal minimum wage is
lower than the minimum wage currently required in 29 states.
The idea of "unequal democracy" refers to the fact that
lower-income citizens have little representation by either party, except when their opinions overlap with more-affluent citizens
The Senate's constitutional power of advice and consent extends to the president's power to
make treaties with foreign nations.
What is the main difference between a maker and a shaper of American foreign policy?
makers are those within government, while shapers are influential groups outside of official government
The chief role of the Secretary of Defense is to
manage the military budget.
The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was the first accord
mandating the elimination of many long-range nuclear missiles.
Gerrymandering refers to the
manipulation of electoral districts to serve the interests of a particular group.
Which of the following was a driving force for economic growth during the late nineteenth century?
manufacturing industries
Which of the following was a driving force for the economic growth during the late 19th century?
manufacturing industries
Which of the following was a driving force for the economic growth during the late nineteenth century?
manufacturing industries
Part of the reason welfare programs became so unpopular was that
many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.
Part of the reason why welfare programs became so unpopular between the 1960s and the 1990s was that
many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.
Under current federal campaign finance rules , a national political party committee
may make unlimited " independent expenditures" advocating support for its own presidential candidate as long as these expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate own campaign.
Conflicts over whether public schools should be allowed to assign readings from the Bible and lead nondenominational prayers are examples of disagreements over the
meaning of the establishment clause.
When potential recipients of a benefit must establish their genuine need, the government program is called
means tested
A(n) ________ benefit is one where potential recipients must document their genuine need.
means-tested
Checks and Balances
mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches
Chp 2 - checks and balances
mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches; major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactments
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
men are more likely to be poor than women
Open-market operations describe the
method by which the Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy.
open-market operations
methods by which the Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve System buys and sells government securities and other investment instruments to help finance government operations and to reduce or increase the total amount of money circulating in the economy
Which of the following is not a NATO member?
mexico
The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as
midway between aggression and appeasement.
The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as
midway between preventive war and appeasement
The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as
midway between preventive war and appeasement.
Which instrument of foreign policy used to guarantee world dominance but no longer does so?
military strength
Political ______ is the process in which large numbers of people are organized for political action.
mobilization
Those who believe in _____ argue that the government's role in regulation the economy should be limited to regulating the supply of money.
monetarism
Those who believe in ______ argue that the government's role in regulating the economy should be limited to regulating the supply of money.
monetarism
What was outdoor relief distributed by private charities?
money
What was the "outdoor relief" distributed by private charities?
money
During the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton spent
more than twice as much money as Donald Trump.
An example of the phenomenon called the gender gap would be that
more women than men vote for Democrats.
Compared to the rest of American history, recent congresses have been ________ polarized and ________ productive in terms of passing laws.
more; less
compared to the rest of American history, recent Congresses have been ______ polarized and ______ productive in terms of passing laws.
more; less
Which of the following least explains why the elderly receive a large share of social benefits?
most member of congress are themselves elderly or soon will be
Which group was one of the first to receive government assistance throughout the United States?
mothers with dependent children
Which group was the first to receive government assistance throughout the United States?
mothers with dependent children
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an example of
multilateralism
The advent of the Australian ballot in the early twentieth century was significant because it
nabled voters to make their choices on the basis of the individual candidate rather than the collective merits of a party's candidates.
The United Nations is composed of nearly 200
nations.
In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is NOT a constitutional power possessed by Congress?
negotiating treaties on behalf of the United States
If a defendant is found not guilty in a criminal case, the government is
not entitled to appeal the verdict.
Spending on medical programs such as Medicare and Medicaid has proven difficult to control because
of the growing number of people eligible and because of rising health care costs.
Spending on medical programs such as Medicare and Medicaid has proven difficult to control because
of the growing number of people eligible, and because of rising health care costs.
The goals of American social policy are
often controversial
The goals of American social policy are
often controversial.
Defense spending now makes up about ________ of the federal budget.
one-fifth
During the ratification debates, the Antifederalists were those who
opposed the new Constitution because they wanted a weaker central government.
Chp 2 - tyranny
oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority
Tyranny
oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority
In contemporary politics local election campaigns tend to be ______ while statewide elections tend to be ______.
organizationally driven and labor intensive; media-driven and capital intensive
Chp 9 - political parties
organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government
Home rule
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
Chp 3 - home rule
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to mange its own affairs
Chp 3 - police power
power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens
Police Power
power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens
The federal courts have ruled that the "case or controversy" clause of the Constitution means that they do NOT have the
power to render advisory opinions to legislatures or agencies about the constitutionality of proposed laws or regulations.
inherent powers
powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it
Inherent powers
powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the constitution but are inferred from it
Chp 3 - implied powers
powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers
implied powers
powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers
Chp 3 - reserved powers
powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states
Reserved Powers
powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states
A certiorari pool describes the
practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition
A certiorari pool describes the
practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition.
A referendum is the
practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.
Prior cases whose principles are used by judges to decide current cases are called
precedents
The policy of striking a nation that you fear might be contemplating hostile actions is called
preemption
In response to the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001, the George W. Bush administration has developed a new foreign policy emphasizing
preemptive strikes.
In foreign policy, the Bush Doctrine refers to
preemptive war
In foreign policy, the Bush Doctrine refers to
preemptive war.
The traditional American distrust of diplomacy has resulted in which situation?
presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis
The containment doctrine was intended to
prevent Soviet expansion after World War II.
Government guidelines regarding Federal Housing Administration mortgage lending had the effect of
preventing blacks from joining the exodus from the cities to the suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.
The policy of striking a nation that you fear might be contemplating hostile actions is called ________.
prevention
The policy of striking a nation that might be contemplating hostile actions is called
preventive war
The policy of striking a nation that might be contemplating hostile actions is called
preventive war.
Campaign consultants do all of the following except
print ballots for the election.
Precedent
prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case
When a government taxes an individual's first $10,000 of income at 10 percent, the next $30,000 at 15 percent, and all further income at 40 percent, the government's income tax is best described as a ______ tax.
progressive
Which of the following rights is not found in the original, unamended Constitution?
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
The Affordable Care Act
prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) was significant because the Supreme Court concluded that the Constitution
prohibits the government from regulating political speech that is funded by corporations.
) Regional organizations have ________ in the post-World War II era.
proliferated
The central thrust of federal housing policy has been to
promote home ownership.
The central thrust of federal housing policy has been to
promote homeownership
Which of the following is not a goal of governmental intervention in the economy?
promoting corporate accountability
Which of the following has not been a major goal of the government's involvement in the economy?
promoting economic equity and fairness for all citizens.
Which of the following has NOT been a fundamental goal of the government's involvement in the economy?
promoting equality for all citizens
The fact that the United States remains silent in the face of human rights violations by a number of countries illustrates that
promoting human rights is less important to American foreign policy than security concerns and economic interests.
What is the most important way the government affects personal and corporate investments?
promoting investor confidence through policies enforcing stability and regard for the law
Subsidies and contracts are examples of which type of policy?
promotional
The Strategic Defense Initiative was a(n)
proposal for an umbrella in space to destroy invading missiles.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to
protect former slaves from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.
The fact that the United States remains silent in the face of human rights violations by a number of countries illustrates that
protecting human rights is less important to American foreign policy than security concerns and economic interests.
The World Bank's chief mission is to
provide development aid to poor countries.
The International Monetary Fund
provides loans and facilitates a short flow of money to countries in need
The International Monetary Fund
provides loans and facilitates a short-flow of money to countries in need
The International Monetary Fund
provides loans and facilitates a short-term flow of money to countries in need.
Which of the following was not one of the goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009?
providing for a national health care system
Full Faith and Credit Clause
provision from Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state
Chp 3 - full faith and credit clause
provision from Article IV< Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state
Chp 3 - privileges and immunities clause
provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges
A ________ specifies general rules and categories of behavior, people, and institutions, while a ________ bill grants a relief, special privilege, or exemption to a particular individual.
public bill; private
Which of the following are the three basic prerequisites for economic growth?
public investment, innovation, and a productive workforce
Which of the following are the three basic prerequisites for economic growth?
public investment, innovation, strong workforce
Which of the following is not one of the concerns politicians have to consider when attempting to pass regulations that seek to protect the environment?
public opinion, which overwhelmingly favors economic interests over the environment
When the government's goals are embodied in a law or an order, backed by punishments or rewards, it is best described as
public policy
An officially expressed purpose or goal backed by a sanction is a
public policy.
When the government's goals are embodied in a law or an order, backed by punishments or rewards, it is best described as:
public policy.
Charter schools are best described as
public schools that are free to design special curricula
Charter schools are best described as
public schools that are free to design special curricula.
Which of the following was not a major form of economic promotion by the federal government in the 19th century?
public works projects
In the Bakke (1978) case, the Supreme Court ruled that
quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be used.
The three steps of John Zaller's model of opinion formation are
receive, accept, and sample.
The threat posed by terrorist groups and the hostile states supporting them has caused America to
reconsider basic principles of its foreign policy.
New media can level the electoral playing field for third-party candidates by
reducing candidate reliance on money from special interests, corporations, special interests, and wealthy donors
Political culture refers to the
shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that serve to hold a nation and its people together
Which of the following is an example of nineteenth-century "indoor relief"?
shelter provided at the police station
In 2011, the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights issued a "Dear Colleague" letter to the more than 7,000 colleges and universities receiving federal funding that told colleges to
shift the burden of proof away from the accuser and toward the accused in cases of sexual assault and harassment on campus.
Generally speaking, state defendants seeking a federal writ of habeas corpus must
show that they have exhausted all available state remedies and must raise issues not previously raised in their state appeals.
The tax reform laws of 1981 and 1986 were significant because they
significantly reduced the progressiveness of the federal income tax.
The tax reform laws of 1981,1986, and 2001-2003 were significant because they
significantly reduced the progressiveness of the federal income tax.
Which of the following groups are more than twice as likely as other Americans to be below the poverty line?
single mothers
"speech Plus"
speech accompanied by conduct such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations; protection of this form of speech under the First Amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order
Chp 4 - "speech plus"
speech accompanied by conduct such as sit-ins, picketing,and demonstrations; protection of this form of speech under the First Amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order
Chp 4 - fighting words
speech that directly incites damaging conduct
Fighting words
speech that directly incites damaging conduct
Although the Federal Reserve's decision to cut the federal fund rate is expected to ______ economic growth, its decision to raise the federal funds rate is expected to _____ economic growth
speed up; slow down
If a citizen votes for a Republican for president and a Democrat for senator, he or she has engaged in
split-ticket voting.
The cold war ended
spontaneously with freedom and self-determination erupting in Eastern Europe.
The doctrine of ________ requires courts to follow authoritative prior decisions when ruling on a case.
stare decisis
The primary responsibility for conducting public elections rests with
state and local governments.
In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the justices declared that
state courts had to provide legal counsel to defendants who could not afford their own attorneys.
There are considerable disparities in benefits from state to state in noncontributory programs because
state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one uniform national program.
There are considerable disparities in benefits from state to state in noncontributory programs because
state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one, uniform national program.
Why are states governments more likely than the federal government to cut spending on programs that serve low-income residents?
state governments cannot run deficits as the federal government can, and state governments have more limited taxing capabilities than the federal government
The full faith and credit clause of the Constitution requires the
states to honor each other's public acts and legal decisions.
The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program is administered by the
states, with benefit levels varying between states.
Chp 8 - socioeconomic status
status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige
Which of the following has been a fundamental goal of the government's involvement in the economy?
stimulating economic growth
As a result of a Supreme Court decision in 1995, affirmative action policies are now subject to ________ scrutiny.
strict
Chp 9 - party machines
strong party organizations in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American cities; these machines were led by often corrupt "bosses" who controlled party nominations and patronage
In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court
struck down a state law criminalizing homosexual conduct.
______ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, used to promote activities desired by the government.
subsidies
If government land is leased or sold for oil and coal exploration at lower-than-market rates, it is an example of a(n)
subsidy
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
substantially increased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education.
In response to the financial crisis of 2008, Congress enacted a series of reforms that
substantially strengthened the Securities and Exchange Commission's enforcement capabilities.
The Supreme Court has not given full protection to fighting words because
such words are not part of the essential exposition of ideas.
Those who believe in the theory of ________ maintain that the government's role in regulating the economy should be focused on lowering taxes and creating incentives for a more productive and efficient use of resources.
supply-side economics
In international affairs, conservatism has come to mean
support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power.
During the national debate over ratification of the new Constitution, the Federalists
supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government.
During ratification debates, the Federalists were those who
supported the Constitution because it contained a strong national government.
Federalist
supporters of the Constitution
Social Security plays a vital role for younger people by providing
survivor benefits those whose parents die or become disable
The welfare reforms of 1996 did all of the following except
taking the federal government out of welfare policy, granting all authority to the states
A tax of $30 levied on every pound of cheese imported from France would be an example of a
tariff
A tax on imported goods is called a
tariff
A tax on imported goods is called a:
tariff
A tax on imported goods is called a
tariff.
A policy of deterrence may fail against terrorist groups because
terrorist groups are nonstate actors who may believe that their lack of a fixed geographic location prevents their targets from retaliating militarily.
"clear and present danger" test
test used to determine whether speech is protected or unprotected, based on its capacity to present a "clear and present danger" to society
Which of the following is an example of the "gender gap"?
that men are more supportive of Donald Trump's presidency than women
The foreign policy ideals that Americans have historically espoused assert
that our foreign policies should have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interests and to use force only as a last resort.
The Affordable Care Act originally required
that state governments expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government.
The number one reason Americans gave for not voting in 2016 was that
the "didn't like the candidates running for office or the campaign issues."
When did Keynesian economic ideas become government practice in the United States?
the 1930s
When did the American welfare state begin?
the 1930s
When did the Cold War begin?
the 1940s, soon after World War II
The three MOST important federal programs to assist the working poor are
the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
The Bill of Rights was written because
the Antifederalists demanded it as the price of ratification of the Constitution.
Which of the following contains the sentence, "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex"?
the Equal Rights Amendment
Which government agency is placed in charge of prohibiting false and misleading advertising?
the Federal Trade Commission
Chp 4 - double jeopardy
the Fifth Amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime
double jeopardy
the Fifth Amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime
Chp 4 - free exercise clause
the First Amendment clause that protects a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses
Chp 4 - establishment clause
the First Amendment clause that says that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"; this law means that a "wall of separation" exists between church and state
Establishment Clause
the First Amendment clause that says that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"; this law means that a "wall of separation" exists between church and state
The main effort to change the foreign service into a fully professional diplomatic corps was
the Foreign Service Act of 1946
What event marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace?
the Great Depression
ISIS stands for
the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.
McCarthyism was strongest during
the Korean War
In 1997, the United States withdrew from
the Kyoto Protocol
Chp 2 - Great Compromise
the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gove each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population
Chp 2 - Three-Fifths Compromise
the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that stipulated that for purposes of the apportionment of congressional seats only three-fifths of slaves would be counted
Three-Fifths Compromise
the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that stipulated that for purposes of the apportionment of congressional seats, every slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person
appropriations
the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend
Appropriation
the amounts of money approved by congress in statues (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend
In 2005, which of the following set off a new set of power struggles in Washington, D.C., over control of the intelligence community?
the appointment of a national intelligence "czar"
Which of the following set off a new set of power struggles in Washington, D.C., over control of the intelligence community?
the appointment of a national intelligence "czar"
In 2005, which of the following set off a new set of power struggles in Washington, D.C., over control of the intelligence community?
the apportionment of a national 'intelligence czar'
Chp 10 - gerrymandering
the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party
Chp 12 - gerrymandering
the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party
The foreign-policy powers of Congress include raising and organizing
the armed forces.
The most noteworthy example of the policy of deterrence was
the arms race
original jurisdiction
the authority to initially consider a case; distinguished from appellate jurisdiction, which is the authority to hear appeals from a lower court's decision
Civil law
the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties
civil law
the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties
Criminal law
the branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and specifies punishment for criminal acts
criminal law
the branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and specifies punishment for proscribed conduct
Which of the following is true?
the cabinet has no legal status under the constitution
Mendez v. Westminster (1947) was significant because You Answered
the decision to overturn school segregation of Mexican American students in California served as a precursor to Brown v. Board of Education.
Chp 1 - majority rule, minority rights
the democratic principle that a government follows the preferences of the majority of voters but protects the interests of the minority
Chp 9 - party polarization
the division between the two major parties on most policy issues, with members of each party unified around their party's positions with little crossover
Chp 2 - separation of powers
the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making
Separation of powers
the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making
If a man is arrested because his home was searched by police without a legal warrant, he could argue in court that he had been denied
the due process of law
What was the Marshall Plan?
the economic recovery package of aid from the United States to Western Europe after World War II
What was the Marshall Plan?
the economic recovery package of aid from the United States to western Europe after World War II
Chp 6 - social desirability effect
the effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe
Chp 2 - Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people
Chp 4 - Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people
Free Exercise Clause
the first amendment clause that protects a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses
trial court
the first court to hear a criminal or civil case
impeachment
the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
Chp 9 - party organization
the formal structure of a political party, including its leadership, election committees, active members, and paid staff
A writ of habeas corpus declares that
the government must show a legal cause for holding someone in detention.
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) stipulated that
the government would be required to apply for a warrant from a special court in order to undertake electronic surveillance of Americans.
fiscal policy
the government's use of taxing, monetary, and spending powers to manipulate the economy
supreme court
the highest court in a particular state or in the United States; this court primarily serves an appellate function
Supreme Court
the highest federal court in the United States
The Monroe doctrine refers to
the idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere
The Monroe doctrine refers to
the idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere.
The "housing bubble" prior to 2007 was driven primarily by
the increased demand for housing that resulted from a dramatic loosening of lending standards.
Plaintiff
the individual or organization that brings a complaint in court
plantiff
the individual or organization that brings a complaint in court
political socialization
the induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based
Which of the following statements about who really makes American foreign policy is false?
the influence or power of the president varies depending on which particular country or group of countries the United States is dealing with
Which of the following statements about foreign policy is most accurate?
the institutional powers of the presidency give presidents an advatage over political forces based in Congress when determing American foreign policy
federal funds rate
the interest rate on loans between banks that the Federal Reserve Board influences by affecting the supply of money available
Which of the following is the best example of a public good?
the interstate highway system
Adam Smith's theory of _____ argues that many individual economic transactions come together to create a greater good for all.
the invisible hand
Adam Smith's theory of _____ maintains that many individual economic transactions come together to crate a greater good for all.
the invisible hand
Adam Smith's theory of ______ argues that many individual economic transactions come together to create a greater good for all.
the invisible hand
In regard to foreign policy, which of the following is not a problem that the media poses to the president?
the media is generally biased against international conflict, thus making it difficult for the president to engage U.S. troops abroad
Which of the following was not a result of the 2009 Copenhagen Summit?
the meeting ended with a legally binding agreement between countries to limit greenhouse emissions across the world
Open-market operations describes:
the method by which the Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy.
Which of the following groups receives the most benefits from government's social policies?
the middle class
Which of the following groups receives the MOST benefits from government's social policies?
the middle class and the elderly
The growth of the military budget during the 1950s under President Eisenhower led him to remark at the end of his second term that
the military-industrial complex that had developed between private defense contractors and the Pentagon was worrisome.
In 1937, the Committee on Administrative Management claimed that "the president needs help" because
the national government had grown rapidly during the preceding 25 years, but the structures and procedures necessary to manage the burgeoning executive branch had not yet been established
Once the president has formally nominated an individual for a federal judgeship,
the nominee must be considered by the Senate Judiciary Committee and confirmed by a majority vote in the full Senate.
Chp 8 - early voting
the option in some states to cast a vote at a polling place or by mail before the election
Chp 8 - permanent absentee ballots
the option in some states to have a ballot sent automatically to your home for each election, rather than having to request an absentee ballot each time
Chp 8 - same-day registration
the option in some states to register on the day of the election, at the polling place, rather than in advance of the election
Chp 9 - majority party
the party that holds the majority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate
Chp 9 - minority party
the party that holds the minority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate
Chp 8 - turnout
the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote
Protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in recent years were prompted by
the perception that the WTO was not paying enough attention to developing countries
Executive Office of the President
the permanent agencies that perform defined management tasks for the president
Executive Office of the President (EOP)
the permanent agencies that perform defined management tasks for the president; created in 1939, the EOP includes the OMB, the CEA, the NSC, and other agencies
Chp 9 - electoral realignment
the point in history when a new party supplants the ruling party, becoming in turn the dominant political force; in the United States, this has tended to occur roughly every 30 years
in the 2014 case of Riley v California, the supreme court held that
the police cannot undertake a warrantless search of the digital contents of a cell phone
Which of the following is an example of nineteenth-century "indoor relief"?
the police station
Which of the following is not an identifiable problem with Social Security?
the political consensus supporting a federal retirement program is crumbling
contracting power
the power of government to set conditions on companies seeking to sell goods or services ot government agencies
Judicial review
the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional; Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803)
judicial review
the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional; the Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Chp 2 - judicial review
the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional; the supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803)
What is a key power of the Fed?
the power to expand and contract the amount of credit available in the United States
Chp 10 - referendum
the practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection
senatorial courtesy
the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, seeks the indication that senators from the candidate's own state support the nomination
In a crisis, which of the following has the greatest foreign policy influence?
the president
Selective incorporation
the process by which different protections in the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state as well as national governments
Chp 8 - mobilization
the process by which large numbers of people are organized for a political activity
Chp 3 - general revenue sharing
the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments
General revenue sharing
the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments
Chp 9 - nomination
the process by which political parties select their candidates for election to public office
What is cloture?
the process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster
Chp 12 - redistricting
the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; this happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts
Redistricting
the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; this happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts
Chp 10 - redistricting
the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; this happens every 10 years, to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges in existing districts
Chp 12 - apportionment
the process, occurring after every decennial census, that allocates congressional seats among the 50 states
apportionment
the process, occurring after every decennial census, that allocates congressional seats among the 50 states
marketplace of ideas
the public forum in which beliefs and ideas and exchanged and compete
Seniority
the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress
seniority
the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress
A cost-of-living adjustment is based on what?
the rate of inflation
Since the welfare reforms of 1996, what is the primary reason for receiving federal cash assistance if one is nonworking and able-bodied?
the recipient is caring for children
Which of the following can be concluded from the results of the 1996 welfare reforms?
the reforms have reduced the number of people on welfare, but have done little to reduce poverty
Chp 4 - Miranda rule
the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel
Miranda rule
the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel
Chp 12 - constituency
the residents in the area form which an official is elected
Constituency
the residents in the area from which an official is elected
Chp 12 - patronage
the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters
Chp 9 - patronage
the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters
Patronage
the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters
standing
the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of having a substantial stake in the outcome
Standing
the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of their having a substantial stake in the outcome
due process of law
the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments
Chp 4 - due process of law
the right of every individual against arbitrary action by national or state governments
due process of law
the right of every individual against arbitrary action by national or state governments
Chp 4 - eminent domain
the right of government to take private property for public use
eminent domain
the right of government to take private property for public use
Chp 4 - right to privacy
the right to be left alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail individual access to birth control and abortions
right to privacy
the right to be left alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail individual access to birth control and abortions
The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution deals with
the right to bear arms.
Chp 1 - political equality
the right to participate in politics equally, based on the principle of "one person, one vote"
The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions was controversial because it called for
the right to vote for women.
Chp 8 - suffrage
the right to vote; also called franchise
What economic development, according to many critics, has made Keynesian economics less useful?
the rise of international trade
commander in chief
the role of the president as cmmander of the national military and the state National Guard units (when called into service)
What is the reserve requirement?
the rule that every bank must have a certain amount of cash and negotiable securities on hand at all times
Cabinet
the secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government. Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate
Which of the following is not a reason why the No Child Left Behind Act has been controversial?
the states were made responsible for setting standards and devising appropriate tests
The power of the Supreme Court to review state actions and legislation is implied by
the supremacy clause of Article VI.
Chp 3 - dual federalism
the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments
Dual federalism
the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments
"Me too" Republicanism refers to
the tendency of Republican politicians during the New Deal to support popular programs such as Social Security rather than advocate alternative policies.
Chp 1 - pluralism
the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation
Solicitor general
the top government lawyer in all cases before the Supreme Court where the government is a party
solicitor general
the top government lawyer in all cases before the Supreme Court where the government is a party
Of which collective security organization is the United States not a member?
the warsaw pact
Which of the following is not a reason the working poor receive such a small amount of social policy benefits?
the working poor are often considered undeserving by public opinion
Opinion
the written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case
opinion
the written explanation of the Supreme court's decision in a particular case
People's political party preferences are primarily acquired through the influence of
their families.
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 provided 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year to employees of firms with at least 50 workers to care for
their own health or that of a qualifying family member.
Why did embedded journalists in Iraq lead to controversy?
there was widespread suspiscion and fear that the journalists were being managed or manipulated by the government to provide favorable reporting of the war effort
The Social Security Trust Fund, the special government account from which Social Security payments are made, is projected to experience a shortfall in the future because
there will be fewer young workers paying into the system relative to the number of retirees receiving Social Security benefits.
What do public opinion polls reveal about welfare policies?
they are among the most disliked government programs
The five permanent members of the UN Security Council have more influence over the Security Council's decisions than other countries because
they are each given a "veto" that is sufficient to reject any substantive proposal.
Why have politicians always favored using subsidies to promote certain economic activities?
they can be treated as "benefits" that can be spread widely in response to many demands
Political leaders may prefer communicating through social media because
they can directly transmit unedited messages to their followers without having the content altered by the mainstream press.
Early presidential primaries and caucuses are more important because
they can help a candidate secure media attention and financial support.
Public interest groups differ from other types of interest groups in that
they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests.
The solicitor general is the
third-ranking official in the Department of Justice.
Chp 2 - Federalists
those who favored a strong national government and supported the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787
Federalists
those who favored a strong national government and supported the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787
Antifederalist
those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government and who were opponents of the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787
Chp 2 - Antifederalists
those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government and who were opponents of the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787
Normally, ________ hear(s) a specific case on a federal circuit court of appeals.
three judges
When does public-opinion polling take place during a campaign?
throughout the entire campaign
What is the main job of the director of national intelligence?
to collate and coordinate intelligence coming in from multiple sources and to report this information to the president
What is the main job of the director of national intelligence?
to collate and coordinate intelligence coming in from multiple sources and to report this to the president
What is the chief task of the National Security Council?
to coordinate the differences among the executive's key foreign policy makers
What is the chief task of the National Security Council?
to coordinate the differences among the executives key foreign policy makers
Nondefense discretionary spending refers
to everything on which the government spends money outside of defense and mandatory programs such as Social Security and Medicare.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right
to legal counsel in felony cases.
liberal
today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform, governmental intervention in the economy, more economic equality, expansion of federal social services, and greater concern for consumers and the environment
conservative
today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulas and economic arrangements; conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens' freedom
Medical malpractice suits are good examples of ________ cases.
tort
medical malpractice suits are good examples of ____ cases
tort
When a country imports more goods and services from abroad than it exports, it has a
trade deficit.
The North American Free Trade Agreement is a(n)
trade treaty between Mexico, Canada, and the United States designed to lower and eliminate tariffs.
The North American Free Trade Agreement is a(n)
trade treaty between Mexico, Canada, and the United States designed to lower and eliminate tariffs.
The North American Free Trade Agreement is a(n)
trade treaty between Mexico, Canada, and the United States to lower and eliminate tariffs
Vehicle safety is one of the chief responsibilities of the Department of
transportation
The first court to hear a criminal case involving a violation of state law is called a(n) ________ court.
trial
The role that the U.S. Senate plays in impeachments can best be compared with that of a _____.
trial jury
At a party convention, when an entire state delegation votes for the single candidate supported by the majority of its delegates, it is called the
unit rule.
Upton Sinclair's 1906 expose, The Jungle, revealed the
unsanitary practices at meatpacking plants.
Upton Sinclair's 1906 exposé The Jungle revealed
unsanitary practices at meatpacking plants.
In Maryland v. King (2012), the Supreme Court
upheld a policy of DNA testing of arrestees without providing evidence of individualized suspicion.
Chp 4 - "clear and present danger" test
used to determine whether speech is protected or unprotected, based on its capacity to present a "clear and present danger" to society
State legislative districts
vary from a few thousand people in some states to nearly a million in California.
If groups looking to legalize marijuana for recreational use failed to change the federal governments policy toward the drug and, as a result, began lobbying state legislature where legalization was popular, it would be and example of
venue shopping.
Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have
veto power over any Security Council decisions, including any effort to deploy UN peacekeeping troops
When the Consumer Confidence Index is greater than 100 prior to an election, Americans tend to
vote for the incumbent party's presidential candidate.
During midterm elections
voters are voting for, members of Congress.
Chp 10 - prospective voting
voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate or political party
Chp 10 - retrospective voting
voting based on the past performance of a candidate or political party
The Marshall Plan poured billions of dollars into
war-ravaged European nations after World War II
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it prohibited gender discrimination.
The Monroe Doctrine showed again that America
was not concerned with Europeʹs problems.
When O.J. Simpson faced a criminal trial in Los Angeles for two counts of murder, the plaintiff(s)
was the state of California.
The "Commission on Wartime Contracting" found that the use of private contractors during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
wasted between $31 and $60 billion
If a registered democratic voter was apposed to abortion and rejected the Democratic Party pro choice platform, abortion would be a _____ issue for the voter
wedge
Under the original Constitution, senators
were appointed by state legislatures.
The phrase ʺguns and butterʺ refers to
what many scholars claim is the trade-off a nation faces between defense spending and social spending.
Low-level officials who hope to publicize what they view as their bosses' or the government's improper activities are usually called
whistle-blowers.
Which three factors related to the American electoral system affect who is elected to office in this country and what they do once they get there?
who decides to run for office, incumbency, and the drawing of district lines
The "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that
women are more likely to be poor than men.
Which of the following is the best example of the shadow welfare state?
workplace medical insurance
The United States withdrew from Kyoto protocol because it
would be to harmful to American national economic interest