GOPH 375 L01: Introduction

1. what is a hazard 2. what is a Vulnerability 3. what is a risk

- a potential for dangerous events - likelihood a community will suffer when exposed to natural hazards. - vulnerability x hazard

what happened after a disaster?

- respond: immediate response after disaster (police, fire department come to aid swiftly with the goal of getting situation under control) - recovery: longer-term actions to rebuild the communities, aims at trying to get the situation back to pre-disaster state.

what are the butter planets in the solar system?

Jupiter, saturn, uranus and Neptune are giant icy bodies o hydrogen, helium and the frozen materials.

what are the inner planets of the solar system:

Mercury, Venus, the Earth and mars, solar energy from the sun drove away their most volatile gases and evaporated liquids leaving behind rocky planets because they were really close to the sun.

what happens before a disaster?

Mitigation: advance activities to reduce risk. structured mitigation: building infrastructures such as dams, dykes and floodways. retrofitting public and commercial buildings. earthquake proofing homes. non structured mitigation: Non-structural mitigation in emergency management involves what people can do on a personal level that is not structurally or physically evident. e.g: land use policies, several weather warnings, building codes and public education.

what is a natural disaster?

a natural event in which a large amount of energy (stored over time) is released in a relatively short time leading to catastrophic consequences for life and/or infrastructure.

what is gravity?

an attractive force between any two masses, directly proportional to the product of 2 masses and inversely proportional to the square of the space between them.

what is a return period?

average time between events

James hutton

began to wonder about how old the earth was ( roman walls and imagine 1500 years for rocks to last) lasting 15th centuries, . the oceans and small continents 4.4 billion years ago. oldest rock: 4.03 bill year from norther Canada. life present as photosynthesis bacteria 3.5 bill years ago and large continents go about 2.5 billion years ago.

story of young earth

built 30 million years about 4.57 billion years ago. was homogenous made of metal rich particles ( similar to iron rich meteorites), rocks (similar to stony meteorites) and ices (water, carbon dioxide and other compounds). the process of transformation of the earth brought about heat which came from impacts energy, radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy.

what do natural disasters cause?

casualties, societal disruptions and/or economic loss

what is the solar system made of

cloud of ice, dust, and other solid debris -- the solar nebula (gravity pulling in particles, small particles sticking together and more gravitational attraction causing more collisions). as matters drew in, the size of the cloud decreased, its speed of rotation increased and it began to flatten into a disk.w the greater accumulation of particles drew to the middle forming the sun.

what does internal heating of the earth cause?

drives plat tectonics which causes earth quakes, tsunami's and tornados

how fast does the earth move in comparison to the speed of comets and asteroids?

earth moves 950 mill kilometres around the sun each year --- an orbital speed in excess of 108 000 km/h. the kinetic energy this orbital motion is about 2.7 x 10^33 joules. collisions with astroids moving 6500km/h or comet 150000 km/h is deadly.

what source of energy causes natural disasters such as earth quakes, tsunamis and volcanoes

earth's internal energy.

what types of energy does matter possess?

gravitational potential energy which is stored inside the matter that is proportional to its elevation, as the object decreases in elevation(moves/falls) it releases kinetic energy (energy of motion)

the 2 main constituents of the sun?

hydrogen and helium. as the mass became bigger, the earths energy grew 1 mill degrees causing nuclear fusion to start. the hydrogen atoms fuse to create helium with mass converted to energy, which we today feel as solar radiation (sunshine).

what source of energy is associated with impacts with space objects?

impact energy

what happened as the internal temperature of the earth reach 1000 degrees centigrade

iron began to melt, iron make 1/3 of the earth, the build up of heat cause large amount of iron to melt and moved because of gravity to the middle of the earth being the core. the iron release more energy making the internal temperature hotter thereby causing it to reach 2000 degree centigrade. this release of heat from this energy caused widespread melting, with low density material which formed a primitive crust with low density crust at the surface of the earth, large oceans, a dense atmosphere.

in addition to the hydraulic cycle, what does the constant pull of gravity cause?

it brings atmospheric moisture down as snow and rain.

what does unequal heating of the ocean and atmosphere lead to

it creates density differences in water and air that are acted on by gravity to create weather including storms and drought.

what is internal energy?

it is the internal heat that is generated from ongoing decay of naturally-occuring radioactive elements (uranium, Thorium and potassium).

on a long time scale what does the sun and gravity power

it powers erosion-glaciers, streams, underground waters, winds, ocean waveband currents-- that wear away the continent and dump their broken pieces and dissolves remains into the seas. (solar energy Is also stored in plants to be later released as fire).

what is impact energy?

large relative velocities of the earth, asteroids, meteoroids and comets ( ~100,00 km/hr) lead to extremely high kinetic energies in collisions. these collisions were a significant source of energy in the Hadean (4 billion years ago).

what natural disasters are associated with gravity?

mass movement and snow avalanches

what is magnitude?

measure of amount of energy released. the magnitude is inversely proportional to the frequency.

what natural disasters are associated with solar energy?

meterological storm, flood, drought, wildfire and magnetic storm

what do the kinetic energy of landslides, mudslides and avalanches cause?

natural hazards

when does a natural disaster occur?

natural hazards (can't be controlled) intersect with vulnerable communities (can be controlled).

are natural disasters man-made?

no but they can come about as a result of humans ignoring hazardous natural conditions

frequency

number of occurrences in a given time. (1/period) average.

what happens before a disaster?

preparedness: pro-active steps made for disasters including resources that help to deal with them when they happen. e.g. stockpiling essential goods and resources, emergency kits from households, conducting building evacuation drills and first- aid training. adaptation are new terms that have emerged with the debate of a new climate

what else may be a source of internal heat?

residual heat from extraterrestrial impacts and gravitational compactions from early in earth's history.

2 classes of meteorites?

stony meteorites (include small rounded grains called chondrules; which are condensed droplets from the solar nebular) and iron rich meteorites. chondrules are 4.57 million years old and represent the oldest and most primitive materials in the solar system.

what makes the sun a source of solar energy?

the sun is a nuclear fusion reactor, combining 2 hydrogen nuclei (1 proton each) to produce helium (2 protons) an releasing nuclear energy as heat and light (solar radiation)

Jupiters enormous mass causing creating a zone of gravitational perturbations too unstable for the formations of large bodies led to what

these became meteorites that move around the sun and also found on earth (located between mars and Jupiter).

how does solar energy lead to natural hazards

uneven heating of the oceans and atmosphere (high in tropics, low at poles) drives the current, weather and climate systems and their associated hazards (drives the hydrological cycle causing: meteorological storm, flood, drought, wildfire, hurricanes and magnetic storm). the remaining rings of matter around the sun in the solar system, collided together to form plants.