Gov 1313 Readings (second half)

2 types of policies created to guarantee groups representation (440)

- candidate nomination quotas in political parties -legislative reservations

Morocco and family law (8.5.1)

- reinforced Islamic law and reaffirmed traditional male dominsation

characteristics of ethnic mobilization for reservations (445)

- usually established as part of a founding compromise in consociational/ consensus politics - reservations presume the existence of group-specific parties or organizations. Groups demanding reservations do not want to be integrated into mainstream parties. They want access to political power in their own right.

factors that contribute to women staying at home (4)

-men usually earn more at their stage of work - false conception about how much work staying at home is

How Having More Women in Office Shapes Gender-Related Policies (8.4)

1. Female legislators tend to be more liberal than men. 2. Women have different policy priorities than men. 3. Having women in office changes stereotypical perceptions of women and the way men talk about women. 4. Democracies with more female legislators pass more laws benefiting women, children, and families.

how did Costa Rica amend their quota system to get more women into parliament (8.4.1)

Costa Rica's Supreme Court agreed, requiring that women be placed in 40 percent of the "electable" positions—based on the number of seats the party had won at the last election. As of 2011, women must comprise 50 percent of all electable positions. As a consequence of these reforms, the proportion of women in Costa Rica's parliament increased from 14 percent in 1994 to 39 percent in 2006

why is answering questions of femininity and masculinity hard? (8.1)

ever changing; different across societies; socially constructed

defenders of quotas and reservations argue... (441)

group rights do not constitute a major departure from existing democratic practices. After all, some form of collective representation is inherent to the political process.

in wealthier societies, both men and women tend to have more conservative/liberal attitudes about gender roles (8.2)

liberal

whose travel patterns tend to be more regular? men or women (30)

men - travel commuter twice a day - women take children to school/ take care of elderly etc

radial transport system (36)

most transport leads to center of city then divert from there

cross-national variation in attitudes does not always predict cross-national variation in ______ (8.5)

policy

The finding is paradoxical: if citizens in predominantly Muslim societies express pro-democratic attitudes, why do so few of these countries have democratic governments? (8.2.2)

that only certain "civic" attitudes support democratic institutions. Specifically, democracy requires that citizens steadfastly uphold the value of political equality—that everyone should have equal rights and be held equal before the law. although most people in Islamic countries say that they support democracy, and most believe that contested elections are democracy's defining characteristic, a greater proportion of citizens in established democracies include gender equality as essential to the definition of democracy

major question to ask when considering gender as a political process (8.1.2)

turn our attention away from what has changed or stayed the same about concepts of gender to the question of why and how they have changed.

compulsory mobility (33)

umbrella term for all trips made for employment and educational purposes - neglects the importance of care trips which are also "compulsory"

states give candidate quotas in political par- ties to ____ and reserved seats in legislatures to members of _____ (441)

women; ethnic groups

effects of limited data on non-motorized travel (34)

effects women disproportionately; women generally walk more and farther because of domestic roles and usually poorer

symbolic representation (97)

the more diffuse "meaning" of representation residing in the attitudes and beliefs of the represented

gender categories (8.3.2)

the socially acceptable roles for men and women

_____ receives candidate quotas in parities while _____ reserved seats in legislatures (439)

women; ethnicities

Tunisia and family law (8.5.1)

- after independence Tunisia broke with traditional Islamic law - family law code: prohibits polygamy, abolished a husband's unilateral right to divorce, increased women's right to custody, expanded women's inheritance rights - rapidly radically liberalized women's formal legal rights

What caused women's attitudes in wealthier democracies to become more politically liberal than those of men? (8.3.2)

- modernization (women's increased labor force participation and access to education)

why did the original Karlskoga plan exclude women (32)

- not intentional/ due to the gender gap in perspective - men who made mad designed to their needs

to explain cross-national variation in gender-related policies, we need to know three things: (8.4)

(1) the degree to which both men and women's attitudes are traditional or modern; (2) the level of the political gender gap; and (3) the extent to which women are involved in politics.

two factors that explain the different outcomes in Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco (8.5.1)

(1) the relative cohesiveness of the ruling elite that took power in each country upon independence; and (2) the degree to which this elite depended on traditional tribal kinship groups to retain power.

mixed-use area

- change to overarching planning policy which recognizes women's needs - changes norms separating cities into commercial, residential, and industrial single use

reservations suit which groups and why (439)

- create incentives for the formation of group-specific parties and permit them direct legislative representation - suit groups whose boundaries coincide with political cleavages

reasons why women in elected positions is particularly influential (8.4)

- female legislatures tend to be more liberal than their male counterparts - women tend to have different policy priorities than male counterparts-- often see selves as direct reps of women and women's interests - women in power change the perceptions of women and discourse about women

2 ways to understand gender as a political process (8.1.2)

- focus on the ways that people (esp women) either preserve or change ideas about gender and gender relations - consider how entrenched interests and existing public policies shape different degrees of male domination and female subordination

quotas suit which groups and why (439)

- make space within existing parties - suit groups whose boundaries crosscut partisan divisions

3 characteristics of women's mobilization for gender quotas (445)

- multipartisan and ideologically diverse coalitions have backed - most politicians regard quotas as a temporary measure - has been episodic - after adoption of quotas, women's coalitions have disbanded as their members returned to their prior commitments

If liberal attitudes spread with socioeconomic change, why did women in wealthy democracies remain more conservative than men through the 1970s? (8.3.1)

- religiosity and women's different labor force participation - women's political attitudes tended to follow their social roles (church and family)

Anne Phillips' four universal reasons for enhancing the numbers of women in politics (98)

- role models - justice (less than 50% representation is unfair) -interests (women better rep women) -resources (women bring special values)

ways to improve travel/ consider women (35)

- superblocks and areas in city that limit traffic - widening pavement - increasinf pedestrian steert lighting - hopper fare: 2 trips for price of one on buses in london

motherhood penalty (1)

- the average by which women's future wages fall - main reason why pay gap between men and women in rich countries is no longer narrowing - world is organized for a parent at home which is usually the mother

why do women earn 85% to men (1)

- those in same position often paid the same - women outnumber men in positions with lower salaries - women and men segregated between occupancies (and women in ones that pay less)

two ways to build on a constructivist understanding of gender (8.1)

1) consider gender as socially constructed categories of political identity - place you as male or female 2) gender as a process - way men and women engage in politics to either preserve or change gender relations

____% of countries officially allocate access to political power along the lined of gender, ethnicity, or both (439)

50

Morocco/algeria/ tunisia: low cohesiveness of ruling elite and high dependence on traditional kin groups (8.5.1)

Algeria (delayed reform)

Quotas in Peru

In 1997 the Congress approved an electoral law requiring that female candidates make up no less than 25 per- cent of the slots on party lists contesting national legislative elections (the quota was later increased to 30 percent).

Reservations policy in India (447)

The constitution promulgated in 1950 rejected communal quotas as an organizing principle in favor of formal equality and individual rights, with two exceptions. Recognizing that equal treatment would be insufficient to ameliorate historic discrimination suffered by the lowest social groups, the constitution upheld the British legacy of legislative reservations for untouchables (Scheduled Castes) and introduced them for indigenous groups (Scheduled Tribes). Similar consideration, however, was not extended to Muslims or women -there can be no rational basis for reservations for women," since "the minority argument cannot be applied to women. Women are not a community, they are a category. Th

reason for modern gender gap (8.3.2)

economic change opens job and educational opportunities for women, which changes their attitudes—more than men's—toward an array of public policies.

Genetic primordialism (8.1)

implies that biology is destiny

examples of gender as a category (8.1.2)

in contrast to 50 years ago, in wealthy democracies, most people now accept that women will gain as much education as men, work outside the home, and become engaged in politics.

gender as a political process (8.1.2)

individual involvement in political institutions to either preserve or change gender relations, or ways that existing social context and political institutions shape one's relative ability to preserve and/or change gender relations

the process of modernization (8.2)

industrialization, economic growth, and the spread of educational opportunities and mass communication technology to more segments of the population

If variation in attitudes cannot explain cross-national variation in policy, the relative strength of ________ can help (8.5.2)

organized interests in society can help

quotas (440)

require that a minimum number of candidates fielded by political parties for general election have certain demographic characteristics

three forms of gender quotas (101)

reserved seats, party quotas, legislative quotas

gender quota laws (8.4)

rules that require that a certain proportion of candidacies or legislative seats be reserved for women

reservations/ reserved seats (440)

set aside a fixed percentage of legislative seats for members of a certain group

reserved seats (101)

set aside places for women that men are not eligible to contest - usually very low and only reserve less than 10 percent (africa, asia, middle east)

what was the rationale for the women's quota system in France (447)

sexual difference divides society into two; since sex is the only universal category, women are not like any other social group

key factor that shapes and reshapes gender as a category (8.conclusion)

socioeconomic modernization

descriptive representation (97)

the correspondence between characteristics of teh representatives and the presented

wage gap (8.5.2)

the difference between what a man and a woman earn for doing the same job

modernization theory (8.5)

the dominant political party, the ANC, has adopted a voluntary and internal quota—as if the Democratic Party in the United States were to decide that 50 percent of all its elected officials had to be women.

how did S. Africa increase women into parliament (8.4.1)

the dominant political party, the ANC, has adopted a voluntary and internal quota—as if the Democratic Party in the United States were to decide that 50 percent of all its elected officials had to be women. - ANC women's league lobbied for more women's representation

formalistic representation (97)

the formal bestowing of authority onto a person to act for others

there may be an inverse relationship between the collective identity of women and ____ (45)

their degree of liberation

Morocco/algeria/ tunisia: high cohesiveness of ruling elite and high dependence on traditional kin groups (8.5.1)

Morroco

Morocco/algeria/ tunisia: high cohesiveness of ruling elite and low dependence on traditional kin groups (8.5.1)

Tunisia (Radical reform)

members of a crosscutting group belong to a single/ multiple parties (442)

crosscutting

substantive representation (97)

described as "acting for" representation

In relatively poorer societies, citizens retain values that encourage/discourage women from entering the workforce; encourage/discourage them to focus on childbearing and childrearing; and smile upon/frown on divorce, abortion, homosexuality, and principles of gender equality (8.2.1)

discourage; encourage; frown on (8.2.1)

consocational/consensus polities (440)

each group is guaranteed a share of power to preclude succession and civil war

Algeria and family law (8.5.1)

failed to pass any major laws pertaining to the family until its government finally adopted a conservative legal code in 1984 that also reaffirmed support for traditional Islamic law and traditional gender roles.

4 types of representation (97)

formalistic, descriptive, substantive, symbolic

(gender/ethnicity) tends to be crosscutting while (gender/ ethnicity) tend to be coinciding (439)

gender; ethnicity

party quotas (101)

voluntary pledges by parties to include a specific percentage of women - usually mandate high percentage between 25-50%; apply to slates of candidates - not those elected

major determining factor of the wage gap (8.5.2)

whether or not a woman has children - childless women earn about the same as their male counterparts

although both men and women become more liberal on matters related to gender as a function of socioeconomic change, men/women grow even more liberal (8.3)

women

men/ women are more likely to walk and take public transport

women

there are more campaigns to get men/ women to enter the other's line of work (2)

women

reason for traditional gender gap (8.3.2)

women are more likely to have less education, to work at home, and to be more religious.

women's time poverty (36)

women's paid and unpaid work combines into a longer working day than men's

Mala Htun major argument (441)

(1) candidate quotas are more appropriate for groups that crosscut partisan cleavages, while reservations suit groups that coincide with them; (2) gender identities tend to cut across parties, whereas ethnic identities often overlap with partisan affilia- tions; (3) consequently, disadvantaged groups that are defined by gender demand, and are granted, candidate quotas; ethnic groups prefer, and receive, legislative reservations

example of gender as a process (8.1.2)

(1) more women run for office, challenging the notion that only men are "fit" to govern; (2) around the world, marriage and divorce laws have historically advantaged men over women

trends that led to the implementation of candidate quotas

- 2nd wave feminist movement (new intl norms of gender equity) (444) - normative arguments that identified gender composition of legislatures as an indicator of justice and quality of democracy (444) - more women in power would add additional perspectives to decision making (445)

issues with single use zoning (40)

- does not recognize that hoe often not place of leisure for women - home can be place of work

gender (8.1)

a concept used to distinguish cultural characteristics associated with sex, such as male or female reproductive organs

gender as a caegory (8.1.1)

a form of socially constructed political identity that considers variation in the social meaning of masculinity and femininity around the world.

family law code (8.5.1)

a set of laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance of family property, responsibility for children, and other related matters

traditional gender gap (8.3.1)

a situation in a country in which women are more likely than men to be conservative and vote for conservative political parties

modern gender gap (8.3.1)

a situation in a country in which women are more likely than men to be more liberal and vote for more liberal parties

support for gender equality is closely linked to a country's____ (8.2.2)

actual level of democracy

why was snow clearing affecting men and women differently? (29)

because men and women travel differently

how did people in Karlskoga solve their snow problem (30)

changed snow clearing tactic to prioritize pedestrians and public transport users

often the high cost of ___ makes the decision to leave work a forced one (4)

childcare

In Western Europe, In particular, ____ influence has powerfully shaped attitudes about the appropriate relationship between the state and the family. (8.5.2)

church

close list proportional rep/ descriptive rep has proven more favorable to women (100)

close list proportional rep

why are women studied less in transport (38)

its more difficult to study their complex patterns

what were the effects of the Karlskoga change? (31)

less money spent on ice injuries in hospitals

The gender pay gap would shrink if____ (1)

men moved into female-dominated jobs and vice versa.

_________ tends to undermine traditional attitudes toward gender roles, family structures, and socially acceptable meanings of masculinity and femininity. (8.2.2)

socioeconomic change