Gov 312L Exam 3

How and why has Democracy Promotion been a more or less important element within U.S. foreign policy over the years?

- Democratic peace theory has long justified American efforts to expand democracy...means more partners for cooperation, more trade, and more peace - Post cold war brought new idea that the spread of democracy aligned with greater security for the US

Describe how President Obama's use of executive orders to commit to the Paris climate accord made the U.S. commitment to the agreement vulnerable. Describe how President Trump undermined the Paris climate accord when he came into office and then withdrew the U.S. from the agreement.

Obama based his pledge for American carbon emission reductions on executive orders- vulnerable because the next president could reverse them unilaterally Trump administration undermined the American commitments to the Paris agreement before formally withdrawing by rescinding Obama's executive orders Even if the US rejoined, other states would question the stability of their commitment Other countries are unlikely to push for significant emission reduction while allowing the US (the world's second largest carbon emitter) to free rideThey are vulnerable because the next president could reverse them unilaterally (which happened when Trump was elected) Trump announced the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement in 11/2017.There is a 3 year waiting period, so the US was formally exited on 11/03/2020, a day before the presidential elections.

What are the two main dilemmas facing NATO and how has the Trump administration addressed these dilemmas?

- Europeans shirking, restrains US military power and is burdened by too many demands from other countries -Western Europe wanted to make sure that the Americans helped provide security against the Soviet Union (Americans in and Russians out), and to ensure that Germany would not re-establish its military power over the European continent (keep the Germans out). Dilemmas for NATO at the end of the Cold War 1.Loss of mission - Shouldn't end of Warsaw Pact mean the end of NATOFinding new missions: Out-of-region interventions. 2.Pressure from Eastern Europe to enter NATOEE countries determined not be left vulnerable to Russian hegemony again 3.What to do about Russia? How should NATO approach the "new Russia"?Should NATO preemptively contain Russia even though it was no longer communist?Could Russia be a part of NATO? The case for NATO expansion 1. The original goal remains relevant (keep Russia out, U.S. in, and Germany down) a. Neo-containment of an inevitably anti-Western Russia. Keeps American power bound by allies. NATO could expand the zone of peace in Europe 2. NATO as a more effective "mini-United Nations"d. Out-of-region interventions allow U.S. and its allies opportunities to use multilateralism to enforce liberal internationalism. But, this may expand rather than bind U.S. power. The case against NATO expansion 1. Loss of mission - NATO was no longer relevant. Soviet Union collapsed! So security in Europe does not need NATO 2. Threatened and antagonized Russia.Treating Russia like an enemy made Russia an enemy

Describe some of the efforts by the United States to promote democracy around the world. What are the political challenges associated with American efforts to promote democracy? What are the benefits and drawbacks associated with promoting democracy around the world?

- Wilson sought to leverage American participation in WWI to expand democracies in the world - Promoting democracy took a backseat after WWII>primarily to contain communism - United States used democracy promotion in Germany and Japan after WWII - The end of the cold war was a boom for democracy promotion and democracy promotes greater security for the US - After the Cold War, Clinton intervened in Yugoslavia under humanitarian grounds (to stop genocide) and the goal of democracy promotion - Iraq: Bush (Neo-conservatives) with regime change and democracy promotion in the Middle East was his strategy of countering terrorism after 911 resulted in invasion through military forces >other democracies means that there is less chance for war and this means a more stable world order. This means that it is in the interest of big democracies to promote more democracies. Drawbacks: >Can cause people to distrust democracies because it is often achieved thru military intervention >The US promoting democracy in places like Latin America during the cold war gave the US a bad reputation because of the CIA constantly intervening in elections (made Latin America almost frightened of the US) >Cost is a huge drawback when it comes to democracy promotion, as the bill racks up when you start promoting democracy in every country that you deem it necessary >You take away some of the autonomy and sovereignty of a nation when you determining that their way of running things is not the correct way, and try to promote your own system >It probably pisses a lot of other countries off when the US comes in and tells them (or in a lot of cases, forces them) how to run their country. So the drawback would be there sentment other countries feel toward the United States

What are institutions? What is the difference between institutions and organizations? What are some examples of institutions in domestic and international politics?

-"Institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction. In consequence they structure incentives in human exchange, whether political, social, or economic"; note: institutions are rules governing human interaction, incentives- institutions tend to award certain behavior and punish others -Institutions are rules, organizations can contain institutions but are not rules but rather are actors -Examples: institution= US Constitution; organization=Congress

What is the TPP? Why did President Trump formally withdraw the United States from the TPP in 2017? Why did he consider rejoining the TPP in 2018?

-Agreement reached among 12 countries in October of 2015 that reduced trade barrier -Also influence labor and environmental regulations-Prez Trump withdraws US from on Jan 23, 2017 (Clinton would have done same) -Signatories make up 40% of global GDP-Political benefits: Preempt Chinese economic influence, Push labor and environmental standards up -Opposition in US based on prospective job losses

how is international migration a part of the broader phenomenon of globalization? How does the international flow of labor through international migration create winners and losers within domestic economies?

-As the increased movement of goods and services through international trade increases the aggregate wealth of countries, the movement of labor across national borders also increases economic growth in the aggregate -However, like international trade, migration creates income distributional effects, creating economic winners and losers

what are the two main tendencies within US foreign policy regarding democracy promotion and dealing with authoritarian regimes? What third option does Krasner propose in how the U.S. should deal with long-standing dictatorships?

US foreign policy has tended to take two different approaches toward authoritarian regimes: - On the one hand, presidents like George W. Bush have tried to transform dictatorships into liberal democracies. Believed in idea that democracy can be achieved all around the world - idea held since Woodrow Wilson's presidency. - On the other hand, presidents like Donald Trump and Barack Obama have taken a more hands off approach, choosing to demonstrate the virtues of democracy by example through a well -functioning American political system, but doing little to promote democratic regime change. Borrows from isolationism and offshore balancing. •Both of these approaches are seriously flawed: - In the first one, America devotes enormous resources into a project, implanting democracy that is almost always unsuccessful at best and often backfires, especially when using military intervention, as shown in Iraq and Afghanistan. - In the second instance, America ignores problems at its own peril, allowing radical elements to fester and gain strength to threaten the U.S. homeland and vital American interests with attack. Ex: Al-Qaeda and 9/11. - Krasner highlights a common dilemma of democracy promotion. The U.S. faces a no-win situation. Overly ambitious democracy promotion does not work but withdrawal from the world's problems has costs as well. •Krasner offers a third option - promoting good enough governance, which emphasizes greater security, economic growth, and better provision of some services - Middle ground between overly aggressive approach for regime change and overly restrained approach. •Main elements of promoting good enough governance: - The world's states can be categorized into three groups: consolidated democracies, transitional countries, and despotic regimes. Each category needs a different approach. - For consolidated democracies, the U.S. needs to maintain its alliance and trade commitments to help sustain successful democracy -For transitional countries, the U.S. should work with other democracies to gently nudge these countries toward greater democracy by identifying good local leaders to support. - For despotic regimes, democracy is probably not viable in the short-term. In these cases, the U.S. should also identify good local leaders, regardless if they are committed to democracy or not, and provide them assistance to improve security, economic growth, and provision of important services like health care. •Critique: How should the U.S. respond to authoritarian regimes, like China, that arguably provide good enough governance but also severely oppress many of their citizens?

According to your reading for this module, how does international migration present challenges for national security but also resources that can enhance a country's security?

-Challenge security: Immigration raises fears of infiltration by terrorists through lack of regulation Challenge state sovereignty and worries about the slippery slope if others perceive them as weak-Leads to stricter control/regulation of access through borders, especially of refugees and migrants from countries experiencing war -Enhance security: Accepting migrants increases security by improving relations with other nations by taking in their migrants, or pressuring adversaries by taking in the refugees the adversaries oppressed

How do the factors that contribute to democracy's influence over foreign policy in general - electoral constraints, institutional constraints on power such as checks and balances, and a shared democratic identity - help to explain peaceful relations between democracies?

-Electoral constraints raise the political costs associated with war -Institutional checks and balances make peace settlements more durable because democracy helps to solve the commitment problem -Shared democratic identity: Democracies externalize norms of conciliation and compromise with each other and there is less public support for using military force against fellow democracy

what is the tragedy of the commons? Why is it rational for individuals to overuse public goods? How does this phenomenon help to explain the difficulty of managing the sustainable use of commonly held public property? Know some examples.

-Emerges with public property or resources for which it is difficult (costly) to restrict their use (consumption) -Divergence between private benefits and social costs: Individually rational for people states to consume, but diffused costs to society insufficient to prevent overuse -Resource gets depleted -Examples: oil fields, common grazing lands, overpopulation, fisheries, atmosphere

what are the domestic distributional consequences of globalization?

-Even though international trade increases the national wealth of the economy in the aggregate, some groups see income gains AND some groups see income losses -Groups that see income gains in the US are high tech jobs (high skilled workers) and college graduates. -A group that sees income loses is the US manufacturing sector

Discuss the global patterns of international migration (see Section 32.1). What are the countries with the largest inflows of international migration and which countries have the largest inflows of refugees?

-Grown drastically since 2000, even higher than the global population growth -In general, global migration patterns involve a net flow of people from less developed to more developed countries (global south to global north) >U.S., Saudi Arabia, Germany are top receiving countries>India, Mexico, Russia, China are top sendingcountries -But not the case with refugees where developing countries like Turkey bear the main burden of receiving

How does U.S. membership in international organizations like the UN, NATO, and WTO demonstrate the ability of international institutions to solve a fundamental problem of international politics - to create and preserve coercive power and, at the same time, constrain that same power?

-IO's like UN, NATO, and WTO help to promote and defend policy ideas consistent with American interests like democracy promotion, free trade, respect for human rights, and the construction of an affective collective security organization. Ikenberry: US entry into international organizations helps to solve fundamental problem of politics at international level, but bc it is multilateral other states can work to check or constrain american policy when they oppose it.

how does international migration intersect with national security? How does international migration present challenges for national security but also resources that can enhance a country's security?

-Immigration raises fears of infiltration by terrorists through lack of regulation -Leads to calls for stricter control/regulation of access through borders, especially of refugees and migrants from countries experiencing war (Trump travel ban)

According to the reading (Section 21.2), what is interstate cooperation? What are some of the primary impediments state face when trying to reach cooperative settlements with each other?

-Interstate cooperation: occurs when a collection of states subordinate their sovereignty in order to establish a supranational set of rules that governs conduct between them to achieve a desirable outcome for all states involved -Impediments states face trying to reach cooperative settlements: -Collective action problem: when everyone agrees about the benefits of a common goal, but no one will pay to realize that goal -Free rider problem-Many actors would much rather avoid costs that come with reaching a cooperative settlement -Sometimes there is a lack of rules or a lack of enforcement of the rules placed to avoid the free rider problem -The problem of distributing the burden of collective goods provision can activate intense struggles among interested parties, -There are some winners and some losers; in a perfect world, nobody would lose but that isn't the case so those on the losing side would want to push back

What are remittances? How do remittances help to redistribute wealth from wealthy countries to poorer ones (see Section 32.4)?

-Money sent from migrants to family and friends back home -Represent one of the largest transfer of capital across international borders -Financial Transfers (redistribution of wealth/capital from developed countries to developing (Asia/ Latin America/Africa) ones) -Represent one of the largest transfer of capital across international borders -A much greater redistribution of wealth from wealthy countries to poorer ones than foreign aid Advantages: >Cannot be withdrawn and are unconditional >Avoid government structures and thus avoid corruption >Provide a valuable form of social insurance, credit and investment in countries that lack these markets

What are the Cold War origins of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? What did Lord Ismay mean when he said the goal of NATO was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down"?

-NATO and protection of Europe from the Soviet threat -NATO as a binding mechanism for American military power -NATO and peace between democratic powers in Europe - NATO alliance chief function during the Cold War was to provide military security for western Europe against the possibility of a Soviet attack, consisted of many multi-faceted benefits commitments it enacted -Ismay meant: 1) "Keep the Russians out"- refers to NATO as the pillar to American lead containment of the Soviet threat, provided protection from conventional and nuclear attack, cornerstone of peace and prosperity 2) "the Americans in"- refers to NATO as a binding mechanism for American military power, american led alliance provided a necessary hegemon for the collective security arrangement, the US provided essential public goods like military might, NATO forced them to act multilaterally rather than unilaterally when taking into account foreign allies and debating foreign policies and military action 3) "the Germans down"- refers to NATO's role in maintaining peace between the democratic powers in Europe by integrating them into an alliance that was lead by an outsider (US) -Dilemmas: 1) Potential for European shirking, European countries' shirking their responsibility to provide for their own military security by not spending enough on their militaries during the Cold War 2) US potentially being a reluctant hegemon

how does international migration affect the demographic composition of countries? How do these demographic changes create conflict within countries over issues of national identity?

-People considered the national language, religion, etc. important to national identityImmigrants with different languages, religions, etc. would cause changes to national identity -These social/racial/cultural changes cause fear of losing these dominance -Majority ethnic groups may feel their privileged social status and dominant political power are under threat because immigration introduces new minority groups that may not share their values. >In US, this is manifest in debates over English as primary language and national identity rooted in Anglo-Protestant culture >In Europe, manifest largely over concerns over Muslim immigration. These concerns are demonstrated by strong public sentiment that knowing the national language and identifying as a Christian is important to national identity.

Describe the processes by which it suggests that trade and specialization can increase aggregate national income.

-Ricardo showed that countries could gain from trade by specializing in the production of those goods in which they held the greatest efficiency gains relative to all other goods. Ricardo misses the tendency of globalization to shift distribution of income within an economy

What emergency actions did the Federal Reserve undertake to help prevent a broader global financial crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic?

-The Fed has undertaken extraordinary unprecedented actions during the past five weeks to prevent the economic shutdown associated with COVID-19 from triggering a global financial crisis -Using part of the 2008 playbook and then going way beyond that -Fed supposed to be politically independent from a lot of **Hard for president to fire someone from the board of governors **Set interests rates and monetary policy

Why does the United States participate in the United Nations and often abide by its decisions when it could just ignore it instead (because it possesses much greater military capacity than the UN)?

-The US participates in the UN because it is a powerful source of legitimacy abroad and at home for contreversial polices (e.g. US seeks approval for Iraq was in 2003), UN reflects global public opinion which makes it easier to gain allies with this support, the domestic public are more likely to support policies that have UN approval -tension created by managing international relations with other states and also a domestic imperative to preserve the capacity of the american gov't to remain sovereign in affecting public policy. -Gain of legitimacy for the policy and security of additional support to implement policies BUT can require some surrender of sovereignty or authority of elected officials (surrendering democratic control)

How do trade and globalization shape political relations and order in the international system?

-The desire to harness these economic gains from trade can spur cooperative International agreements like the European Union (EU) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) that facilitate the coordination of economic policy among states and sustain globalization. -Alternatively, the heightened economic competition associated with globalization can also activate a deeper economic and political backlash that tries to limit these market pressures and reassert national political control over economic outcomes.

what are the chief indicators of the increase of globalization since World War II?

-The existence of more supranational organizations such as the UN and NATO (which have a large influence of world order in the international system. -The global trade network which allows people to sell and buy goods and services from opposite sides of the globe is very indicative of globalization

If trade makes states wealthier, why is there political resistance to globalization?

-There is political resistance to globalization because the benefits are not distributed evenly across society. -The domestic distributional consequences are that there are winners AND there are losers.

Why did he consider rejoining the TPP in 2018?

-because of his trade war with China, and because farmers were pressuring him to find alternative markets (the tariffs China set were going to kill exports to China; kill the farmers market)

Describe the tradeoffs associated with participation in international organizations and national sovereignty

-delegation of authority to international orgs can limit domestic authority. Ex: Bush raised import duties on steel. Countries challenged tariffs with trade dispute at WTO. Judicial panel ruled against US and Bush had to take away tariffs. -international org. helped change domestic politics and laws in the US-institutions and organizations can help US interests (getting rid of trade barriers) and help alliance relationships and economies. However, pursuit of these goals can alter domestic policies that emerge through democratic process (like how the WTO made US change trade policies). -part of appeal for Trump's "America first"; want to protect American sovereignty.

what is comparative advantage and how does it contribute to aggregate economic gains for states from trade? How does trade contribute to the economic sources of order in the international system?

-specializing in goods that a country has the greatest efficiency relative to other countries; lowest opportunity cost -Increases economic gains because governments encourage specialization in their sectors with greatest efficiency over any other good they can produce -Gains from international trade stem from differences in relative efficiency of individuals, firms, or whole economies in the production of some mix of goods

what is the Ricardian model of trade?

-states that globalization helps to raise national income through specialization and trade. -Ricardo used the principle of comparative advantage to illustrate how international trade could generate economic benefits. -These gains from trade stem from differences in the relative efficiency of individuals, firms, or whole economies in the production of some mix of goods Remember that the Ricardian model says nothing about the distribution of wealth being altered within a country as a result of trade. It implies instead that trade makes states wealthier overall. This distinction has important domestic implications. Free trade may help a country overall but hurt specific industries, such as steel or textiles. This tension helps to provoke domestic political conflict over trade policy

Discuss how restrictions on voting rights affected American democracy. What are the major historical expansions of voting rights during American history and how have expanded voting rights affected descriptive representation of women and ethnic minorities? How has universal suffrage affected election outcomes?

1. Democracy broadens its social scope by enabling public participation in politics through elections- In a democratic country, people choose the parties and people they want by revealing their pledges and promoting them to the people.- In the dictatorship, political affairs are entrusted to important institutions 2. Democracy creates a punishment mechanism that pressures all to implement policies.- If a person from the selected party fails to fulfill his or her pledge properly, supporters can vote for another party figure in the next election 3. Democracy brings out various institutional views within the country and balances society. - Even when there is a disagreement on diplomacy, they can express their opinions by supporting a party with the same opinion •Five stages of expansion of voting rights in the U.S - Expansion of white male suffrage in 19th century - 15th amendment (1870) prohibits voting restrictions based on race or color•Voter suppression prevented African Americans from voting, especially in the South, for decades - 19th amendment (1920) prohibits voting restrictions based on sex - Voting Right Act of 1965 enforces racial equality at the polls - 26th amendment (1971) sets minimum voting age at 18

What are the main components of the Paris Climate Accord? How should it operate to limit the growth of carbon dioxide emissions?

Define a non-legally binding process of regularly publishing emission targets for nations. Uses public accountability to keep countries in check through domestic or foreign pressure. Limit global temperature rise. Foreign aid to developing countries, to help for the cost of alternative energies

describe historical waves of democracy and the possible causes of these waves such as demonstration effects, neighborhood effects, conditionality of international organizations, and the influence of hegemons.

3 primary waves each followed by a partial reverse wave in which democratic governments broke down and were replaced by autocracies 1st wave: lasted most of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century leading up to the WWI partial democratic regimes emerged primarily in EU and the US democracy remained rare & outnumbered by non-democratic regimes followed by a reverse wave in the interwar period b/w WWI & WWII 2nd wave of democracy followed WWII:W. EU saw the emergence of democratic gov in W. Germany, Italy, and Austria supported mostly by American hegemonyJapan also established a democratic governmentBrief democratic experiments launched in Latin AmericaReverse wave took place in the 1960s and 1970s w/ breakdowns of democratic regimes across Latin America and the emergence of military dictatorships across the region 3rd wave of democracy: took hold beginning in the 1970s with the democratization of Spain, Portugal, and Greece in Europe and then the widespread collapse of military rule in Latin America and its replacement with democracies in the late 1970s and early 1980snow being followed by a 3rd reverse wave as countries such as Russia have returned to authoritarian rule; Demonstration effects: Significant mass events that successfully challenge the autocratic regimes create demonstration effects among opposition leaders and mass public in other countries who then try to emulate the same actions and outcomes Neighborhood effects: States tend to emulate the level of democracy of their neighboring states. This creates regional environments that are more or less conducive to the emergence of democracy. Influence of hegemons: The actions of the US and the Soviet Union were instrumental in the spread of democracy or lack thereof during the cold war

What is the collective action problem? How might it be applied to the challenges of managing climate change? What are some of the political solutions to the collective action problem in the case of carbon dioxide emissions?

Because public goods are nonexcludable and nonrivalrous, countries fail to provide the public good sufficiently (i.e. limit carbon dioxide emissions) Leadership solution: large actors provide public good on ownUS or China absorbs cost of free riding bc they beneift enough individually by its supply; radical unilateral cuts by either country would make sizable impact on global emissions coercive solution: international agreement to punish noncompliance enforcement mechanism necessary, solves collective action prob bc cooperation is sustained by credible threat of punishment Markets undersupply public goods, so market solution won't work need to look to int'l agreements

How did President Biden reverse President Trump's decisions on the Paris climate accord? Why would other countries potentially question the stability of the U.S. commitment to the agreement of a Democratic president reenters the Paris accord?

Biden intends to reenter the agreement. The rentery waiting time is approximately 30 days.However, other countries may question the stability of the nation, especially if in the future the country is to reexit the agreement, other countries are unlikely to push for significant reductions while allowing the US, the world's second largest carbon emitter to continue free riding.

what is the basic scientific claim about the causes and extent of climate change? What are the main environmental consequences that scientists fear will result from climate change? What countries and regions will be most affected by climate change (see Section 33.2)?

Carbon dioxide is a heat trapping gasCarbon dioxide levels have increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution beganFrom 280 ppm in 1800 to 400 ppm in 2015Average global temperatures +5.5 degrees F. from 1800 to 2050 at current rate of CO2 emissions (Mann and Toles, The Madhouse Effect)

How does the status of the U.S. dollar as the reserve currency of the global economy help the Federal Reserve to take such dramatic steps during the pandemic to support the U.S. economy? How is this related to the Hegemonic Stability Theory?

Covid changes to federal deficit and balance sheet of Federal Reserve -US annual deficit: from $1.1 trillion pre -Covid to $4 trillion post Covid (estimate) **This means spending more ($7.4 trillion) than twice revenues (~3.4 trillion) this year -Fed Balance sheet: From $4 trillion to $6+ trillion The U.S. dollar as the reserve currency Huge implications for hegemonic stability theory and U.S. leadership -US at center of global economy since 1919 **Long term investments in political and economic order that benefits US: funds allies in WWI, WWII, rebuilds Europe with Marshall Plan aid, protects flow of oil out of Middle East, provides military and financial aid to countries opposing Soviet Union, opens domestic markets to international trade **All of this creates dependence on US economy, US capital, and steady demand for the dollar (or financial assets denominated in dollars)

what is the Paris climate accord? How might it operate to reduce carbon emissions and limit the increase of average temperatures? How did it navigate the tension between developed and developing countries?

Deal reached in December 2015 Important role played by United States in final terms of the agreement Agreement on process by which states would submit voluntary reduced CO2 emission targets to keep average global temperature increases <2.0°C. (nationally determined contributions not negotiated among partiesImportant: not legally binding emission targets. Work through the politics of naming and shamingGoal to limit global temperature increases to < 2.0°C, with new goal to < 1.5°C2015: Average temps +1.0°C since 1880 Binding process for monitoring and reporting pledges on emission targets and progress in upholding those pledges Need to make national plan public every five years, each plan needs to be as strong or stronger than the prior one Foreign aid from developed to developing countriesEase costs of alternative energies Compensate for costs of climate changeCountriesEU: reduce emissions by 40% in 2030 from 1990 levels (most aggressive, already down 19%) greater pop density and transportation structure, greater political willigness US: reduce emissions by 16.3% by 2025 from 1990 levels (slight of hand using 2005 baseline)Relies on (Obama) EPA restrictions on coal fired power plants and support for renewables Trump rescinded this executive orders which makes it difficult for US to honor first round of pledges China: less specific pledge, per GDP pledge which means they overall are still using the most carbon in terms of absolute/aggregate terms since they are becoming largest economy in worldAll current pledges would still leave 2030 emissions too high to stay under 2 degree mark

How might international economic organizations, like the WTO and the IMF, facilitate economic cooperation among states and higher levels of international trade?

Define an id instances of defection and coordinate enforcement in the event of defectionsRepetition and reciprocity encourage economic cooperation through processes like socialization and norm diffusion, institutions can act as advocates for certain ideas and, in turn, influence how policymakers think about the benefits of cooperation. Keynes interested in finding ways to build integration that would preserve the ability of national economies to intervene domestically in order to promote employment and lessen the distributive costs of openness. Some might call this managed openness. This general notion that any successful program to build an open, liberal, economy order would only be successful if governments were given the tools to build social protections came to be known later as "the compromise of embedded liberalism."White alternatively argued for free market policiesCreated IMF and Int'l Bank for Reconstruction and Development (aka World Bank) World bank way to assist in long-term eco dev goals by providing source of subsidized capital to countries rebuilding in the aftermath of WW2New sys of adjustable exchange rates backed by a form of the Gold Standard

how does democracy affect foreign policy? Explain how mass participation through elections expands the range of societal interests that can affect foreign policy. Explain how competitive elections create a punishment mechanism that influences foreign policy.

Democracies will be peaceful toward other democracies, but not peaceful to autocracies.So the war between US and Iraq/Russia is expected; US vs Canada/India is not - First, by enabling mass political participation through elections, democracy expands the range of societal interests within a state that can get represented in its foreign policy. Democracies are less likely to implement foreign policies that disproportionately benefit small proportions of society because of this openness of political participation - elections create a punishment mechanism that pressures governments to implement policies favored by a majority of voters - a range of institutional checks and balances within democracies empower societal groups and politicians to block foreign policy changes that they oppose. -the adoption of democratic institutions and processes that help integrate diverse interests into the domestic policy process and then resolve policy differences through deliberation and compromise help foster a larger cooperative collective identity among democracies

According to lecture and the reading (Section 19.1), what is democracy?

Democracy is "that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote."

Which group of countries will be the recipients of foreign aid under the Paris Climate Accord? How did this aid help facilitate the construction of this international agreement? And how might this aid help countries fulfill their emission targets?

Developing countries will receive aid. This helps with poorer countries who would have a bigger economic burden than developed world.

What are the three different distributional struggles related to the problem of climate change?

Distributional struggle within countriesCoal versus solar; Oil versus general public Distributional struggle among countriesDeveloped (US and Europe) versus Developing (BRIC: Brazil, China, India, Russia) Variation in carbon emissions across countries means different levels of preparedness for changesUS: carbon consumption in electricity, transportation, industry Europe: less in transportationIndustry (and carbon emissions) shifting to developing world; caps would impede their growthDistributional conflict across generations

what is the Bretton Woods economic order? What were the main forces that served as an impetus for the U.S. to construct the Bretton Woods order? What are the main organizations that emerged from Bretton Woods?

Emerges in final stages of World War II (1944): US supports creation of international organizations to ensure economic growth through international tradeImpetus from: Great Depression Emerging battle against CommunismIncreasing support for free trade in US Key organizations emerging from:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT that would become WTO) International Monetary Fund to stabilize international currency markets. Countries would lower the value of their currency to make imports cheaper and exports more expensive. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (would become World Bank) Japanese yen inflated by 50%, making japanese imports to US cheap, and US export to japan expensive

How do trade and globalization shape political relations and order in the international system?

It implies opening of local and nationalistic perspective to a broader outlook, with interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods and services.

what is an exchange rate? How do shifts in exchange rates alter patterns of imports and exports? How can exchange rate changes influence trade policy?

Exchange rates reflect differences in value of respective currencies; price of one currency in terms of another As $ appreciates, it can buy MORE units of a foreign currencyImports go up because they are cheaper As $ depreciates, it buys FEWER units of a foreign currencyExampleSeptember of 2011, $ bought 77 yen November of 2014, $ buys 115 yen Dollar has appreciated RELATIVE TO YEN since 2011Implications for US -China relationsChina has long sought to stimulate exports to US How? Push dollar up to increase purchasing power of American consumer How push dollar up? Buy dollar assets like US Treasuries and mortgages Ask: do they really want to sell those dollars?

According to lecture and the reading (Section 30.3), what is the GATT and what is the WTO? How do these organizations differ? What are some of the norms, principles, and rules associated with the GATT and WTO? How does the dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO support international trade?

GATT 1948 (after Geneva Round)Defendants could "veto" proceedingsWTO 1955 (after Uruguay round): new rules include IP and ag trade Negotiating rounds: period meetings amongst WTO members aim at broad tariff reductions across a range of product categories (last multiple years, help bilateral trading relationships) Dispute settlement sys: authorize retaliation for violation of trade rules, defendants required to participate Flexibility mechanisms/escape clauses like anti-dumping or safeguardsBased on principles of non-discrimination ("like" products should not be treated different based on country of origin) and reciprocity (when member countries receive concessions, in the form of greater market access, from their trading partners they are expected to extend similar concessions in return) Liberalizatin of trade shoul be self perpetuating

What are the two main political bodies of the UN? How can they confer legitimacy? Which states have the most power within these political bodies?

General Assembly and the Security Council UN reflects global public opinion making it easier to gain allies support and domestic public more likely to support policies that have secured UN approval US, UK, China, Russia, France

what is the Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade? What does the H-O model of trade demonstrate about the relationship between access to the international market and redistribution of income within countries?

Heckscher-Ohlin model tells that trade and globalization alter the size of the pieces of the pie.Trade helps to create jobs in sectors that rely disproportionately on resources that the US possesses in abundance Ex. job creation in financial and high tech services because we intensively use high-skilled labor (people with college degree)... by earning a college degree you are enabled to gain from globalization.Jobs are lost in sectors that rely disproportionately on resources that are scarce in US Ex. unskilled labor in manufacturingGlobalization redistributes wealthGroups that get the short end of the stick are more likely to lobby to limit imports

According to Dahl (cited in lecture), what are some common arguments against democracy? How does Winston Churchill's famous quote about democracy as "the worst system of government except all others" capture the flaws of democracy but also a defense of this system of government?

Inefficiency - Democratic governments cannot usually make timely and difficult decisions as it can be hard to obtain majority. Example: Getting the votes of the 1000 students in the class is time-consuming.The remedy to democracy's flaws - centralized power - is far worse. Churchill: No one pretendsobtain majority. Example: Getting the votes of the 1000 students in the class is time-consuming.The remedy to democracy's flaws - centralized power - is far worse. Churchill: No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time." that democracy is perfect or all wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."

what is the International Monetary Fund? What are its main functions? What is the main source of its influence in the international economy? What is conditionality and how does the IMF use it to promote economic reforms within countries? Why does the U.S. have so much influence within the IMF?

International Monetary Fund is pool of capital set up to provide international liquidity Main functionsStabilize currency initially, now everyone relies on USD Limit exchange rate fluctuations Prevent currency wars (when gov intentionally devalue their currency to make imports more expensive) from Depression that interrupted trade Main sources of influenceIts set up to provide international liquidity which unfortunately hasnt worked to well because the world still relies on the US Dollar. Conditionality: demands conditions that change economic conditions in country and enhance long term ability to repay IMF loans as multiple disbursements: get partial money, then must implement reforms before getting more loans Often imposes real pain: cut tariff barriers, cut budget deficits i.e. raise taxes and cut spending Better to reform your economyUS has so much influence with the IMF because voting power is dependent on how much money countries donate to IMFUS donates the most

According to the Baker reading, what are the economic and national security benefits of ambitious U.S. leadership in combatting climate change? What are the four pillars of the Baker-Schultz plan to reduce carbon emissions?

Presents a conservative argument for US leadership in combating climate change Environmental protection & economic growth are complementary not mutually exclusive US already has a comparative advantage in low emissions manufacturing so stronger environmental protections would promote a more equal playing field for American companies Environmental protection can foster economic growth Cleaner energy is becoming more cost effective, so the US has substantially cut emissions while maintaining a strong economy Climate saving technologies can bring economic efficienciesClimate change is causing economic costs through natural disasters Environmental protection can enhance national security Climate change causes serious national security threats such as flooding of major cities & international conflicts over water scarcity & thus reducing climate change will lessen these threatsWinner of clean energy race will determine the international balance of power & set rules for new clean energy economy Policy proposal- carbon pricing as the most efficient means to reduce emissions

why is there a gap between public opinion regarding the preferred levels of immigration and immigration policies adopted by democracies? How does the collective action problem help to explain this gap?

Public open immigration policy is not popular -Smaller groups are better able to mobilize and affect policy -Agriculture benefit from migration (winners, lower labor costs)-labor and taxpayers (losers) -Immigration Policy and Partisanship: >In the US, immigration policy is closely tied topartisanship. >How will immigrants vote? (distribution oflatino votes between parties) -Republicans worry that majority will vote for Democrats. -Permanent political status as minority party in key electoral states like Texas and Florida -Powerful interests experience concentrated benefits from immigration while the costs are distributed widely across less organized interests. -Collective Action Problem: -Powerful interest groups with less peoplebenefit from immigration (lower labor cost): Agriculture Tech -But cost of immigration is diffused among allgroups, so collective action problem ensues

Describe Robert Dahl's three "procedural minimal" conditions of democracy.

Robert Dahl argues that competitive elections are the basis of democracy. But there are more conditions that need to be met: Public Contestation: Multiple parties competing in elections and the right to people to receive information and assemble to hold free and fair elections Electoral Competition. -Electoral constraints raise the political costs associated with war Individual freedoms. Inclusion Civil rights and liberties guaranteed, but also equal and universal participation. This precondition is difficult to meet even for US (Quiz answer: American democracy is only existent from the 1960s Voting Rights Act). Democratic SovereigntyIf unelected bodies like military make the decisions, then the country is not a democracy. Ex: Iran.

What is a Nationally Determined Contribution?

The environmental commitment of a country that it chose itself according to political pressures

What is the political significance of the dollar's reserve currency status in the global economy?

This reserve status creates a steady demand for financial assets like US treasury bonds that are dominated in dollars. This sets up a situation where the global economy depends on the US to run a budget deficit.

what is a trade deficit? How are trade deficits related to foreign capital inflows and investment in the United States?

Trade deficit occurs when imports exceed exportsIndicative of unfair trade policies: foreign companies undermining competitiveness of domestic firms and thus eliminating American jobsBUT balance of payments: trade deficits (buying more from foreigners than selling to foreigners) is offset by capital surplus (more foreign investment in US than capital outflows) Thus economic growth within US can be a symptom of a trade deficitExporters see less demand, which can slow economic growth in some sectors, but consumers benefit from cheap productsBut also strong currency can create long term indebtedness that affects capital account negatively

What are some of the important stages in this trade war between China and the United States?

US placed new tariffs on steel and aluminum, China not exempt, they responded with tariffs on 3 billion US imports (fruits, nuts, wine) Both threatened 25% tariffs (on China's consumer products and US ag and transport equipment) Most recently China imposed new fees on sorgum exports China targeting sectors that are important to Trump's political base Blue collar manufacturingAgriculture in red states (Nebraska, Dakotas, Kansas, Iowa)Imposing economic pain on them so they pressure Trump to change his policies -US new tariffs on steel and aluminum (China not exempted) -China responds with tariffs on $3 billion US imports (fruits, nuts, wine, and pork) -Trump threatens to impose 25% tariffs on up to 1300 Chinese products (machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical equipment) >Potentially cut $50 billion of Chinese exports -China threatens to impose 25% tariffs on US exports of transportation equipment (planes and cars) and agricultural (soybeans) >Potentially cut $50 billion of US exports -Tuesday (4/17): China new fees (tariffs) on sorghum exports from US >About $1 billion; production concentrated inKansas and Texas >China targeting sectors that are important toTrump's political base -Blue collar manufacturing -Agriculture in red states (Nebraska,Dakotas, Kansas, Iowa)-Imposing economic pain on them so theypressure Trump to change his policies

What do the Fed's actions say about the costs and benefits of American hegemony/leadership in the global economy?

US supports these positive outcomes by providing public goods to the global economy like the dollar as a reserve currency and access to the US consumer markets, like emergency lending that the federal reserve is doing right now.

what are the main differences between voluntary and forced migration?

Voluntary: -Someone who moves to another country for personal gain such as higher wages, improved professional opportunities, or closer proximity to family and social networks Forced:-Migrants who leave their countries to escape war, repression, or natural disasters-Trump & Session's definition of forced migration: >Must be threatened or repressed by stateauthorities, dangers from non-state actors arenot acceptable.

How can global capital markets discipline or influence the economic policy of governments?

When foreign capital holders lose confidence in a government's monetary policy, they tend to sell assets denominated in that currency a. Raises government's borrowing costs b. Limiting discretion of elected officials and forcing them to push their economy into recession to reassure creditors

Which groups win and lose from globalization inside the United States?

Winners? >Tech industries and jobs that require high skilled labor >helps create jobs in sectors that rely disproportionately on resources (factor endowments) that US possess in abundanceLosers? >Manufacturing industries >Jobs are lost in sectors that rely disproportionately on resources that are scarce in the US...such as unskilled labor in manufacturing

What is an externality?

a benefit or cost that affects someone who is not directly involved in the production or consumption of a good or service

Understand, explain, and give examples of how international institutions shape international politics through the following mechanisms: a) guiding behavior and shaping expectations; b) providing information about state interests and incentives to comply; c) allocating and generating power for states.

a) Important Rules: Sovereignty as legal recognition (by other states) of a government's right to regulate people (set laws for them) living within set territorial boundaries, Trade Liberalization- grant access of foreign companies to domestic markets--facilitates the expansion of globalization and commerce (WTO, a regulator)Organizations, like WTO and UN, matter in global politics because they sometimes possess the capacity to enforce the rules that they are designed to promote; enforcement capacity- an organization possesses the means to punish a member state if it violates the organization's policy (WTO has this power); problem: if IO does not possess means to enforce (think UN) and has to delegate authority to enforce to states-- can mean effective end to IO e.g. League of Nations b) Provision of info helps to reduce uncertainty about a state's future behavior, which can encourage cooperation among states in the future; examples: Chinese entry in WTO- china had to comply with the concessions of entry for gaining better access to american domestic market; weapons inspectors--check for compliance c) Creating new international law, IO's can rely on their rules to build up their own power to influence states (Judicial activism of WTO). Setting a specific agenda, rules among IO's allocate power among states by influencing the capacity of these member states (Veto power of UN Security Council)

What does globalization in financial terms look like?

a. The free flow of capital and goods across international borders b. The rise of multinational firms who can leverage cheaper labor, cheaper capital, or advantageous government policies by changing where they do business.

According to the reading (Sections 21.2, 21.3, 21.4), what are the incentives for global governance through international institutions? How are efforts at global governance confronted by the collective action problem? Once international agreements are established, what types of problems of compliance and enforcement do international organizations face?

externalities and transaction costs 1. States have incentives for global governance because of negative externalities, high transaction costs, and collective action problems. 2 Overcoming collective action problem in global governance often prove quite difficult for several reasons. First, the problem of distributing the burden of collective goods provision can activate intense struggles among interested parties, both within and between states. The second problem for states or groups of states is one of enforcement, or the punishment for noncompliance. 3 In the absence of a single enforcer, a group of states can provide enforcement. However, each country would like to enjoy the benefits of enforcement without having to pay the cost. Yet if all countries try to shirk the responsibility of providing enforcement, enforcement is under-provided, and would- be aggressors may pursue their goals without fear of reprisal. Given these incentives, establishing credible enforcement is a challenge. In other issue areas, enforcement involves large-scale costs that can make states reluctant to trigger penalties for non-compliant states. For example, if international organizations want to put economic sanctions to punish a country that broke an international agreement o law, sanctions could be costly. Moreover, sanctions sometimes fail to produce the desired behavioral change.

What are the pros and cons of the Paris climate accord?

success but relative success based on fact that previous climate talks were dramatic failures Provides a positive perspective on the Paris climate agreement. Major takeaway - Necessary and positive first step but must do much more needs to be done to mitigate climate change. Positives of Paris deal - They made a deal that committed both developed and developing countries to control emissions. Broad collective agreement: Previous agreement, the Kyoto Protocol, only had emission reductions for developed countries. Paris deal commits both developing and developed countries to emission reductions. Cannot mitigate climate change without developing countries involved in the effort. New voluntary approach: Uses voluntary national targets rather than binding agreements with imposed targets to achieve lower emissions. More realistic. Addresses needs of developing countries: Has $100 billion in "climate finance" to help developing countries find ways to break out of poverty through development without contributing to climate change. Challenge is executing and deepening the Paris deal. Current targets will not get the job done.

what is the Mundell-Fleming Trilemma? How does this trilemma highlight the tradeoffs for states as they strive to achieve three goals: monetary policy autonomy, exchange rate flexibility, and capital mobility?

the behavior of the economy depends on whether the exchange rate system has a floating or fixed exchange rate. Consumers would like gov to maintan monetary policy autonomy to occasionally use contractionary policy (raise IR) to slow inflation Other actors like laborers worry about the government being able to intervene to provide stimulus in the form of expansionary policy —lowering interest rates (and encouraging borrowing and spending) —when the economy is in a slump or recession (unemployment rises) However, economic principles dictate that these two goals —stability in currency value and monetary policy autonomy —are incompatible in an environment of capital mobility across international borders when a government uses monetary policy to either stimulate or contract its economy - by lowering or raising interest rates -- the resulting capital flows will put either appreciative or depreciated pressure on the value of the country's currency. This puts pressure on adjustment to occur through the exchange rate. The tension between these three goals - monetary policy autonomy, exchange rate stability, and capital mobility - is known as the Mundell-Fleming trilemma. Impossible to possess all 3. For instance, in the modern era (post-Bretton Woods), the U.S. manages this tradeoff by allowing open capital flows and maintaining monetary policy autonomy, but opting for a floating exchange rate system. (it's okay bc US is large and can absorb many eco shocks) Small countries may peg currency to large country and give up monetary policy autonomy for stability China: capital controls (hen outflows are putting depreciative pressure on their exchange rate and they would like to avoid a large-scale devaluation, or downward adjustment in their exchange rate. Or, they might use capital controls to keep their currency artificially weak, which helps boost export earnings.)

what is the democratic peace theory?

•Claim that military conflict (low levels, including threat to use force; and war) is less likely between two democratic states •Democracies will be peaceful toward other democracies, but not peaceful toward autocracies

what are some critiques of the democratic peace theory?

•Puzzle for the democratic peace-States undergoing democratic transitions experience more conflict •Alternative explanations: -A common enemy in the Soviet Union explains peace in Western Europe after World War II -Great power settlements, not democracy, explains peace after World War II Puzzle for the democratic peace states undergoing democratic transitions experience more conflict Alternative explanations: A common enemy in the Soviet Union explains peace in Western Europe after World War II Great power settlements, not a democracy, explains peace after World War II