GOV TEST 5
Which of the following laws would the Supreme Court most likely examine using the inherently suspect standard to determine its constitutionality?
. Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.
Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?
. a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women
According to the Supreme Court's decisions in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), in which of the following areas could racial discrimination occur?
. hotels
Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely need to implement in order to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?
. installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair
If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?
. the Fourteenth Amendment
Why did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment
Most civil laws and court decisions that set the framework for the legal status of other groups were originally implemented in the area of relations between ________.
blacks and whites
The Jim Crow system in the South led to a rigid social code that included which of the following?
Blacks were expected to address whites with "ma'am" or "sir."
How are the Supreme Court decisions in Korematsu v. United States (1944) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) similar?
Both decisions limited the civil rights of racial or ethnic minorities.
The Jim Crow laws that were used in the South to impose segregation of public accommodations were outlawed by the ________.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
__________ was one of the tactics used during the Civil Rights Movement to end the policies and practices of segregation.
Civil disobedience
The Supreme Court's Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) decision narrowed the scope of the federal government's power by determining that __________.
Congress lacked the authority to ban slavery in the territories
Gay and lesbian civil rights activists achieved a victory in 2011 when President Obama declared that his administration would no longer protect the ________ in court.
Defense of Marriage Act
Established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the agency responsible for monitoring affirmative action programs in private employment is the ________.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
The Supreme Court has been moving since the 1980s to narrow the scope of affirmative action programs using the concept of suspect classification. This means that the Court has been finding affirmative action laws unconstitutional if they ________.
broadly address society's racism
When it comes to classifications for making decisions about policies or programs, which of the following is considered a "suspect category"?
Ethnicity
The equal protection clause in the ________ declares that no state can "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Fourteenth Amendment
Arguably, which of the following groups has been the slowest in pursuing their civil rights claims?
Homosexuals
Which of the following questions is most relevant in establishing civil rights laws and policies?
How much should government do to make up for the nation's history of discrimination and its continuing effects?
In trying a case of gender equality, which standard of review would the Supreme Court use?
Intermediate scrutiny
How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women's civil rights?
It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.
What is the central function of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission?
It is to investigate complaints about illegal workplace discrimination.
What does the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967) prevent?
It prohibits employers from discriminating against employees over the age of forty in pay, benefits, promotions, and working conditions.
What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v. United States (1944) regarding the treatment of American citizens of Japanese ancestry depicted in this photograph?
It was legally permissible
Which of the following established separate public facilities for African-Americans in the South?
Jim Crow laws
Which of the following was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 designed to overturn?
Jim Crow laws
Which of the following happened during Reconstruction?
Many African American men held state and federal offices.
Which of the following best describes the accessibility of colleges and universities to students with disabilities?
Many educational institutions have not made their facilities fully accessible to those with disabilities.
Based on the Supreme Court's decision in Reed v. Reed, which of the following laws would most likely be overturned?
Men can vote at 17 years of age; women cannot vote until 18.
Which of the following implemented the separate but equal doctrine?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Which previous Supreme Court decision did Brown v. Board of Education overturn?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
What was the immediate response of the South to the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education?
The South avoided implementing the Court's decision.
Which was the one political institution most responsible for putting civil rights goals on the nation's policy agenda?
The courts
Based on the map, why might it be increasingly necessary to address issues pertaining to minority rights?
The minority population is growing in the U.S., and is the majority in some states.
After the Civil War, women's rights activists called for universal suffrage. What did they mean by this?
The right of all adult citizens to vote
How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?
They both sought equal rights for African Americans.
Based on this photograph, how were Japanese Americans treated during World War II?
They were stripped of many legal and natural rights.
What was the purpose of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was not passed?
To provide full protection against gender discrimination
Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?
Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?
Which of the following changes does this photo reflect?
Women are part of the regular armed services, rather than separate units.
If a group of people were systematically discriminated against in the past, which of the following would constitute an affirmative action policy designed as a remedy to help the members of this group overcome this legacy of discrimination?
a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group
The most lasting result of the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 has been ________.
a significant increase in the number of African-American candidates elected to public office in the South in the past forty years
Policies meant to overcome past discriminations are called ________ policies.
affirmative action
What did the Supreme Court determine in Adarand Constructors v. Peña?
affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race
Which of the following did the Fourteenth Amendment attempt to guarantee to former slaves?
citizenship rights
The Supreme Court refused to permit federal judges to order school busing to overcome the effects of ________.
de facto segregation
The use of race in law or government regulations to discriminate is known as ________.
de jure discrimination
Which of the following contributed to the Supreme Court's decision in Alexander v. Holmes?
de jure segregation —Consider This: De jure segregation was made illegal by Brown v. Board of Education.
One reason the women's rights movement lost strength over time, even after achieving so many goals, was _________________.
division among women with differing priorities
The goal of the Montgomery bus boycott was to ________.
end segregation on public transportation
Which group's civil liberties were affirmed by the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?
gays and lesbians
For which of the following would the Supreme Court most likely apply an "intermediate scrutiny" standard of review to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?
having different minimum ages for men and women to marry
Opposition to civil rights laws for the disabled has been justified primarily on the basis of the ________.
high cost of programs to help the disabled
When was the Thirteenth Amendment passed?
immediately after the Civil War
When did the modern civil rights begin?
in the 1950s with an increase in public policies seeking to foster racial equality
With which of the following is majority rule is most likely to conflict?
individual liberty
According to the Supreme Court, classifications based on gender are to be subject to ________.
intermediate scrutiny
The Civil Rights Movement appeared to have peaked in the ________.
late 1960s
Initially, the strategy for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) focused on ________.
legal actions to achieve more equality in relation to the separate but equal doctrine
What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully use to fight against school segregation?
litigation
In the 1990s, Supreme Court decisions regarding affirmative action ________.
narrowed its application
The Thirteenth Amendment makes it unconstitutional to ________.
own slaves anywhere in the United States
The Defense of Marriage Act ________.
permits states to refuse to recognize gay marriages issued in other states
In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court declared that African Americans were __________.
property or chattel
In 1944, the Supreme Court finally declared that ________ was a suspect classification that demanded strict judicial scrutiny.
race
The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees citizens the right to vote regardless of __________.
race
What did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?
racial quotas in university admissions
What did Jim Crow laws mandate?
racial segregation
The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which passed in 1996, defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman and ________.
released states from the legal obligation to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states
Intermediate scrutiny ________.
requires that a law be substantially related to an important objective
What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?
school segregation
Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?
setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students
Based on the graph, which of the following led to the initial increase in southern school integration?
the Civil Rights Act of 1964
The phrase "all men are created equal" comes from ________.
the Declaration of Independence
Politically active white women were stung by their exclusion from ________ extension of the right to vote.
the Fifteenth Amendment's
In the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, the Supreme Court held that __________.
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
Which of the following guaranteed women the right to vote?
the Nineteenth Amendment
Which of the following regions has the largest minority population in the U.S.?
the Southwest
When the Supreme Court upheld a state law requiring police officers to retire, it meant that ________.
the Supreme Court would place age in the non-suspect classification category
What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of struggles to win equality for certain groups?
the equal protection clause
What was Reconstruction?
the period after the Civil War when the South was occupied by the federal government
What was the primary objective of the women's suffrage movement?
the right to vote
Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies?
Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.
What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
What do the Constitution and the Bill of Rights say about equality?
All Americans are equally entitled to due process in the courts.
The ________ Act prohibits discrimination against disabled people in private employment, government programs, public accommodations, and telecommunications.
Americans with Disabilities
Opponents of policies such as quotas and preferential treatment use what term to describe these remedies to past discrimination?
Reverse discrimination
What was the Supreme Court's justification in Brown v. Board of Education?
School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.
________ became the social instrument by which blacks in the South were restricted and "kept in their place" through the use of Jim Crow laws.
Segregation
What rationale did the Supreme Court rely on when deciding that segregation in transportation was permissible in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Segregation in public facilities was not unconstitutional as long as the separate facilities were substantially equal.
A discrimination suit using intermediate scrutiny standards would be applied to which of these examples?
A law using a gender-based classification
Which of these is an example of a legal classification most likely to receive the highest level of scrutiny from the Supreme Court?
A racial classification in a marriage law
Why did states enact poll taxes?
to get around the Fifteenth Amendment
Ensuring equal access to voting and securing prohibitions against categorical discrimination became the central focus of the drive for civil rights in the ________.
twentieth century
De facto discrimination is ________.
unequal treatment by private individuals, groups, and organizations
Which form of discrimination did the freedom riders use civil disobedience to help end in the South?
voter discrimination —Consider This: These activists put themselves at risk by challenging local laws and regulations.
Concern about civil rights protections for women and racial minorities ________.
was a comparatively late development in the United States, and most major advances were not evident until well into the twentieth century
After Reconstruction, which of the following was used to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?
white primaries
The importance of the equal protection clause is demonstrated by its ________.
widespread use by the civil rights movement through the court pathway
What was the primary goal of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention?
women's rights
