Government 1 Exam

In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that

"Issue advertising" was protected speech and could not be prohibited as long as it focused mainly on issues

Most Americans of African descent were not officially citizens in the United States until

1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution conferred citizenship on the freed slaves

In ___, the supreme court reinterpreted the commerce clause, changing it from a check on national power to a source of national power

1937

In ______, the _______ secured the right to vote for African Americans.

1965; Voting Rights Act

By 1932, _____ percent of the labor force in the United States was unemployed

25

Approximately _____ percent of the world's population currently lives in a constitutional democracy

40

The Affordable Care Act required businesses with more than _______ employees to provide health coverage to their employees

50

Congressional grants paid for ___ percent of the development of an interstate highway system after World War II

90%

The National Origins quota system

Allowed a large quota of new immigrants from northern European countries, but only a small quota of new immigrants from eastern and southern European countries.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the United States' population relative to that of other industrialized countries?

Although the population of the United States is aging, Americans tend to be younger than citizens of most industrialized countries

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between so-called whiteness and American citizenship throughout history?

American citizenship has always been tied to whiteness, even as the meaning of white shifted over time

The existence of slavery in the United States is a good example of how

American values are not always reflected in practice

Disputes over affirmative action demonstrate that

Americans disagree over the public's legitimate role in ensuring the equality of opportunity

Which of the following statements best describes how Americans currently feel about laissez-faire capitalism?

Americans strongly support capitalism and economic liberty, but they also endorse some restrictions on economic freedoms to protect the public

The rights of disabled individuals to access public businesses is guaranteed by the ___

Americans with disabilities act of 1990

Today the federal government is

An enormous institution that creates a large number of programs affecting virtually all Americans

____ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations but does not reimburse those costs

An unfunded mandate

The ____ was the key group in Europe that pushed for limited government.

Bourgeoise

A federal grant to states specifically to assist in the building of new public school is an example of a ____ grant.

Categorical

A federal grant to states specifically to assist in the building of new public schools is an example of a __ grant

Categorical

Democracy functions best when

Citizens are informed

Which of the following is an example of the process of direct democracy?

Citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through freedom

Which clause of the US constitution has been important in allowing the growth of national power

Commerce

A government that is formally limited by laws and rules is called

Constitutional

The structure of american federalism

Contributed to the longevity of the US government by allowing many divisive decisions throughout american history to be made by the states

Americans' sense of political efficacy

Decreased dramatically between 1960 and 2015

Unfunded mandates were primarily the result of tension between a

Democratic Congress that wanted to achieve liberal social objectives and Republican presidents who opposed increased social spending

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the consequences of declining trust in government?

Distrust makes people less willing to pay the taxes necessary for public

Nations adopt a federal arrangement are MOST likely to have

Diverse ethnic or language groups

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was important because it

Established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce

The ____ rule forbids the introduction in trial of and piece of evidence that has been obtained illegally

Exclusionary

The specific powers granted to Congress in Article I, section 8, of the US constitution are called the ____ powers

Expressed powers

The right to remain silent is guaranteed by the ____ Amendment

Fifth

The first provision of the Bill of Rights to be "incorporated" into the Fourteenth Amendment as a limitation on state power was the

Fifth Amendment's prohibition on states from taking private property for public use without just compensation

The 1937 case Palko v. Connecticut focused on the

Fifth Amendment's protection against double jeopardy

What occurs when electoral districts are drawn so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged?

Gerrymandering

Unfunded mandates are unpopular among those who want

Give states and localities the ability to set their own priorities

In which 1939 case did the Supreme Court declare that the government may not prohibit speech-related activities such as demonstrations or leafleting in public areas traditionally used for that purpose?

Hauge . Committee for Industrial Organization

The incomes of middle-class Americans

Have largely stagnated over the last 40 years

What is it called when a state grants a city the ability to govern its own local affairs?

Home rule

Federalism is best defined as a system of government

In which power is divided between a national government and lower-level governments

Voter turnout:

Increased to its highest point since 1980 in 2008, but declined to lower levels in 2012 and 2016

Citizenship refers to

Informed and active membership in a political community

Who wrote the Supreme Court opinions in both McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Odgen (1824)?

John Marshall

Who articulated the doctrine of nullification before the civil war?

John c. Calhoun

Who wrote the supreme court opinions in both McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)?

John marshall

Edward Snowden was a significant figure in 2013 because he

Leaked top secret documents from the National Security Administration (NSA) to the press

What major legal and political changes led to the rise of constitutional government in the West?

Legal limits on government and the right for people to vote

In 1900, residents who traced their origin to Latin America or Asia each accounted for

Less than 1 percent of the entire population

_____ are the three core values in American politics

Liberty, equality, and Democracy

The Affordable Care Act was controversial partly because it

Limited economic freedom by requiring businesses to provide health care coverage for their employees and establishing standards about which health services should be covered by the insurance

In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court prohibited states from

Making abortion a criminal act prior to the point at which the fetus becomes viable

Conflicts over whether public schools should be allowed to assign readings from the Bible and lead nondenominational prayers are examples of disagreements over the

Meaning of the establishment clause

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico ceded to the U.S. territory that now comprises Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.

The requirement that a person under arrest be informed of his or her right to remain silent is known as the ___ rule.

Miranda

The supreme court ruled that the federal government could NOT impose "all or nothing" conditions in states in

National federation of independent business vs. sebelius

Using block grants to return power to the states was part of _____ during the Nixon (1969-1974) and Reagan (1981-1989) administrations.

New Federalism

A(n) _____ occurs when a small group of wealthy landowners and corporate leaders control the government

Oligarchy

Which state's "right to die" law was challenged before the supreme court in 2006?

Oregon

In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that government support of religion is

Permissible only if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits religion, and does not lead to excessive entanglement with religion

The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government is called

Pluralism

Having some share or say in the composition of a government's leadership, how it is organized, or what its policies are going to be is called

Power

The principal of ___ gives the federal government the power to override any state or local law in one particular area of policy

Preemption

The main function of the privileges and immunities clause of Article IV is that it

Prevents states from discriminating against nonresidents

Which of the following civil liberties was NOT included in Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution?

Prohibition of government "taking" private property "without just compensation"

The fugitive slave clause of the Constitution ensured that slavery would be

Protected by obligating free states to return runaway slaves to the state from which they escaped

Those instrumental in the founding of the American Republic

Provided protections for political protest in the Constitution because they believed elections were not enough to protect political freedom

Who was the first president to promote New Federalism?

Richard Nixon

The original goal of strict registration requirements and scheduling of elections was to

Rid politics of corruption

Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because

Segregation in the North was generally de facto

In a federal system, governmental responsibilities are

Shared by both state and federal governments

During the last 50 years, the American population has

Shifted as a result of people leaving the Northeast and Midwest and moving to the South and Southwest

The "peculiar institution" was a phrase used by southerners to describe?

Slavery

Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States?

Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment extended the right to all women in the United States

Which of the following statements about private property is MOST accurate?

State governments decline private property by enacting laws that define who is and is not entitled to use a piece of property

The doctrine of nullification asserted that

States were not bound by federal laws that they considered unconstitutional

Which amendment preserves a strong role for the states in the American federal republic?

Tenth

The Supreme Court used which constitutional amendment as the basis for striking down the 1875 Civil Rights Act?

Tenth amendment

Which of the following provisions of Arizona's 2010 immigration law was upheld by the Supreme Court?

That local police check the immigration status of an individual detained for other reasons if there are grounds to suspect that the person was in the country illegally

Which of the following statements about grand juries is MOST accurate?

The Fifth Amendment provision for a grand jury has never been incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to apply to state criminal prosecutions

The foreign-born population in the United States reached an all-time low of 5 percent in 1970 because

The National Origins quota system placed strong restrictions on the number of immigrants who could enter the United States

What was the overall importance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

The court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret delegated powers

Which of the following has been an important contractual topic between states

The distribution of river water

Which of the following statements best summarizes President Herbet Hoover's views on federal action during the Great Depression

The federal government could do little to alleviate the misery caused by the depression and state and local governments should be responsible for responding to the crisis

Which of the following is the best example of a unitary system of government?

The federal government sets detailed educational guidelines that all local governments must follow

The 1996 defense of marriage act was MOST closely related to which of the following constitutional clauses

The full faith and credit clause

Which of the following statements about the 2013 leaks related to the National Security Administration (NSA) is NOT accurate?

The leaks revealed that the NSA had created the "Stuxnet" computer worm in order to damage Iran's nuclear weapons program

Why did the Progressives support women's suffrage in the early twentieth century?

The progressives believed women would support their reform movement

The first nation to adopt federalism as its governing framework was

The united states

____ states have statutes providing for capital punishment, while ____ states have statutes banning the death penalty.

Thirty-one, 19

Who said that the best was one that "governed least"?

Thomas Jefferson

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right

To legal counsel in felony cases

A government that is not constrained by legal limits and also seeks to eliminate any challenges

Totalitarian

President ____ appointed the first President's Commission on Civil Rights in ____.

Truman, 1946

The term Dreamers usually refers to

Undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children

If the federal government passed a law that did not provide money to state and local governments, but required them to construct wheelchair lifts at all train stations, it would be an example of a(n).

Unfunded mandate

In Printz v. United States, the Supreme Court struck down a law that required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on handgun purchasers because the law

Violated the Tenth Amendment's guarantee of state sovereignty

In which two cases did the Supreme Court uphold the constitutionality of state-level restrictions on abortion?

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood of Southern Pennsylvania v. Casey

The so-called individual mandate in the Affordable Care Act refers to the requirement that

individuals purchase health care insurance coverage or pay a penalty to the federal government

Strict scrutiny places the burden of proof on the government to show that a law's classification scheme

serves a "compelling interest," is "narrowly tailored to achieve that goal," and that the government has used the "least restrictive means" for achieving its compelling interest