Government Final Exam review period 1

[True or False] Courts are sufficiently insulated from public opinion to enforce constitutional protections.

True

[True or False] Most Americans agree in the abstract with freedom of speech, majority rule, and right to circulate petitions but would deny these rights in concrete cases.

True

[True or False] Most Americans agree in the abstract with freedom of speech, majority rule, and right to circulate petitions.

True

[True or False] Most Americans are willing to allow expression by those with whom they disagree.

True

[True or False] Most Americans would deny these rights in concrete cases.

True

[True or False] Most people do not act on their beliefs

True

Write the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United State of America."

Define the U.S. Constitution's six objectives:

(1) *To form a more perfect union* - set up a stronger government than they had under the Articles of Confederation; to make a more unified nation (2) *Establish justice* - improve the court system; create courts to hear cases and settle disputes (3) *Ensure domestic tranquility* - have peace in all states; keep the peace at home and protect citizens (4) *Provide for the common defense* - protect the country from enemies; create a strong military to protect the country (5) *Promote the general welfare* - have good living conditions; create programs to keep people healthy and happy (6) *Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity* - have freedom for themselves and future Americans; protect peoples' rights now and for future generations

Name and describe two of the four types of federalism we discussed in class:

*1. Dual Federalism* - Popular throughout most of the 19th c. and up to the Great Depression in the 1930s. The authority of the federal government was limited to enumerated powers - those specifically granted in the Constitution to Congress, the president, and the courts. All other powers fall to the states *2. Cooperative Federalism* - Power is not concentrated in one level or the other. Both work together to execute government functions (less tension and antagonism between state & fed). Popular post-Depression *3. Creative /Centralized Federalism* - Started in the 1960s and emphasized that the federal government decided the needs of the country and pressed these needs on the states, which were either unwilling or unable to address issues relating to race, poverty, and urban development *4. New Federalism* - Started in the 1970s and returned power to the states and localities, which better understood the needs of the people

List three advantages and three disadvantages of Federalism:

*Advantages:* -Multiple layers of government increases the possibility of political participation and provides greater access to the political office. -Promotes innovation (municipalities and states can experiment with new policies). -State/local power gives regional interest groups a strong political voice on the national scene It retained state traditions and local power while establishing a strong national government capable of handling common problems. It brings government closer to the people Allows for political subcultures - America is characterized by a number of subcultures. Diverse political subcultures is incompatible with concentrated political authority Encourages diversity (states/municipalities may have different policies based on local values). *Disadvantages:* -Fragments and complicates U.S. politics. Having multiple outlets for political participation makes citizens apathetic (reduced voter turnout is linked to too many elections). -Inequity in the federal system. Some states are wealthier than others, creating a disparity in the level of public services they provide (e.g., per pupil spending in MS vs. CA) Inequalities. Individual states differ in educational spending and achievement, crime, crime prevention, safety, etc. -Smaller political units are more likely to be dominated by a single political group (James Madison argued this in Federalist No. 10). -Strong state/local constituencies can obstruct and delay the implementation of national policies (e.g., desegregation did not happen "with all deliberate speed" because of strong opposition in Little Rock, Boston, and LA). -Powerful state and local interests can slow/block progress and impede national plans

State, Federal or Shared powers?

*Declaring War:* Federal *Taxation:* Shared *Marriage Laws:* State *Coining money:* Federal *Admitting new states to the Union:* Federal *Establishing and maintaining schools:* States *Environmental protection:* Federal *Traffic laws:* State

What is an executive agreement? What is executive privilege?

*Executive Agreement* - Not in the Constitution, look like treaties but don't need to be ratified Check:Congress can vote to cancel an executive agreement or refuse to appropriate money into it. *Executive Privilege* - The president's ability to keep information secret by claiming that it's too important to be revealed (usually for reasons of national security). Check: It can be overturned by SCOTUS (as in US v. Nixon).

Explain the difference between expressed and a reserved powers:

*Expressed Powers* - Powers given to the federal government (tax, coin money, regulate trade, declare war, grant patents) *Implied Powers* - not written in the Constitution but reasonable suggested (Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause. E.g., build dams, highways, and roads; determine crimes) *Reserved powers* - Powers specifically given to the state government

Explain two of the three types of grants from the crash course video:

*Formula grants* - Give aid to the state based on a *mathematical* formula. *Project grants* - Require states to submit to submit proposals in order to receive AID. The states compete for a *limited* pool of resources. *Block grants* - Are when the national government gives a state money for *infrastructure* and the state is allowed to figure out how to spend the money.

Complete the chart with the correct answer: House or Senate?: Upper or Lower?: Why?: # of members, based on what?: Term; frequency of elections?: Age and citizenship requirement?: Role in Impeachment?:

*House:* -Lower -Considered to be the body more responsive to the popular will of the people because its members are up for reelection every two years and chosen directly by the people -435; Population -2 years; every even year -25; 7 -Charging *Senate:* -Upper -Seen by the Founders as the more deliberative body -100; 2 per state -6; 1/3 up for election every two years -30; 7 -Conducts (tries) and removes official from office if found guilty

Name and explain three of the six functions of congress:

*Lawmaking*- Principle function; a majority of bills congress acts on originate in the executive branch and many other bills are traceable to interest groups and political party organizations. *Representation* - Represent both the desires and demands of constituents and representing larger national interests such as the nation's security or the environment. *Service to Constituents* - Congress is expected to act as brokers between private citizens and the imposing, often faceless, federal government. *Usually in the form of Casework* - the legislator and staff spend time tracking down social security checks, explaining bills to people, promoting local business interests, or interceding with a regulatory agency on behalf of constituents who disagree with proposed agency regulations. *Oversight* - Following up on laws to ensure they are enforced and administered as intended. *Public-Education* - Holding public hearings, exercising oversight over bureaucracy, engaging committees and floor debates on major issues. Congress also decides what will come up for discussion and decision through agenda setting. *Conflict-Resolution* - Organized interest groups and spokespeople for different racial, religious, economic, and ideological interests look to Congress as an access point for airing their grievances and seeking help. Congress tries to resolve differences among competing viewpoints by passing laws to accommodate as many interested parties as possible.

Write the following statements in the appropriate Left Wing or Right Wing column: Progressive/Progress Government Intervention Conservative/Traditional Homogeny Diversity No Government Intervention

*Left Wing:* Progressive/Progress Diversity Radical Government Intervention *Right Wing:* Conservative/Traditional Homogeny Reactionary No government Intervention

Name three problems with the Articles of Confederation?

*Legislative -* Only one house, each state had one vote no matter its size *Executive -* No president or vice president *Judicial -* There wasn't one. No national courts, no way to settle interstate disagreements *Taxation -* Congress could only ask states for money, lacked enforcement *Money -* Each state printed its own money (very confusing) *Trade -* Congress had no way to control it *Shay's Rebellion -* Poor farmers in Massachusetts, unable to pay their bills, rebelled when the courts tried to take their land. The congress was powerless to restore order. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation were exposed.

Give three liberal beliefs and three conservative beliefs (supports or opposition).

*Liberals Support* - Political and social reform, Government regulation of the economy, Expanded programs for the poor, minorities and women, National health care system, Abortion rights. *Liberals Oppose* - Increases in military spending, Committing troops to foreign wars, School prayer. *Conservatives Support* - Expansion of American military power, Free-market solutions to economic problems, Less government regulation of business, School prayer. *Conservatives Oppose* - Expensive federal social and welfare programs, Abortion rights, National health care system

What is the big problem with federal mandates?

*Mandate* - A law, regulation, or court decision that compels a state or local government to take action under the threat of legal action or loss or reduction of federal funding. In most instances, it is not the action that is troubling but the fact that states/municipalities are financially responsible E.g., Under the *Americans with Disabilities Act* (1990), states were required to make public facilities accessible to the handicapped, but Congress allocated no funds to the states (unfunded mandate) E.g., The *No Child Left Behind Act* (2002) imposed new demands on public school districts (annual standardized tests). Federal education spending increased but NCLB's requirements cost more than funding provided for. E.g.,The *American Recovery and Reinvestment Act* (2009) (aka, the stimulus package) earmarked ~$150b for states/municipalities for healthcare, education, and transportation. Several governors rejected part of the funding because of the restrictions attached and/or the obligation to continue expanded programs after the stimulus money ran out E.g., OSHA regulations

Why is political tolerance necessary?

*Political Tolerance* - In order for democracy to work, citizens must have a political culture that allows the discussion of ideas and the selection of rulers in an atmosphere reasonably free of oppression.

What is the difference between political equality and legal equality?

*Political equality* - All adult citizens should have equal voting rights *Legal equality* - Everyone is entitled to equal treatment before the law (Equality of Opportunity - All Americans should have a chance to succeed in life)

There are two methods to propose a Constitutional Amendment and two methods for ratification. Name one of each:

*Proposal* - 2/3 vote in both the House and the Senate; By National Constitutional Convention called by Congress at the request at 2/3 of the state legislatures *Ratification* - By legislatures in 3/4 of the states; Ratified through conventions in 3/4 of the states

Explain how Westberry v. Sanders (1964) and Shaw v. Reno (1993) impact redistricting, reapportionment, and gerrymandering. Use all terms in your answer:

*Redistricting* - The redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within each state *Reapportionment* - States gain or lose seats depending on population changes between the federal census conducted every ten years (after the 2000 census, the AZ House delegation increased by two while NY decreased by two) *Gerrymandering* - when the party in control of the state legislature establishes congressional and other legislative districts in such a way as to ensure that its candidates have safe seats *Westberry v. Sanders (1964)* - Districts must have roughly the same number of people so that one person's vote in a congressional election is worth the same as another's (one person, one vote principle) *Shaw v. Reno (1993)* - SCOTUS held that districts shaped like NC's 12th could be challenged if race was the principal factor in their creation

What is the difference between a standing committee and a select committee? Name three congressional committees:

*Standing Committees* - Most important; permanent bodies that are established by the rules of each chamber of Congress and that continue from session to session *Select Committee* - A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose *House* - Agriculture, Appropriations, Armed Services, Budget, Education and Labor, Energy and Commerce, Financial Services, Foreign Affairs, Homeland Security, House Administration, Judiciary, Natural Resources, Oversight and Government Reform, Rules, Science and Technology, Small Business, Standards of Official Conduct Transportation and Infrastructure, Veterans' Affairs, Ways and Means *Senate* - Agriculture Nutrition and Forestry, Appropriations, Armed Services, Banking Housing and Urban Affairs, Budget, Commerce Science and Transportation, Energy and Natural Resources, Environment and Public Works, Finance, Foreign Relations, Health Education Labor and Pensions, Homeland Security and Government Affairs, Judiciary, Rules and Administration, Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Veterans' Affairs

What did the Federalists and Anti-Federalists believe about the following issues?

*Strong Central Government~* *Federalists:* Favored it; needed it to get things done *Anti-Federalists:* Opposed; worried that states would lose power *Power of the States~* *Federalists:* Wanted to limit state power *Anti-Federalists:* Favored state power; wanted more local control *Bill of Rights~* *Federalists:* Didn't believe it was necessary *Anti-Federalists:* Worried that it was the only way to protect rights from a strong government *Supporters~* *Federalists:* Merchants, Wealthy Farmers; North East; Alexander Hamilton *Anti-Federalists:* Small Farmer; Mid-Atlantic; Jefferson

What do the Supremacy Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause do?

*Supremacy Clause* - Makes the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties the "supreme law of the land" by which state courts are bound *Necessary and Proper Clause* - Enables Congress to pass laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers

Explain the differences between the Unitary, Confederal, and Federal systems:

*The Unitary System* - a centralized governmental system in which ultimate governmental authority rests in the hands of the national, or central, government. *The Confederal System* - A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the state. *Federalism* - a political system in which power is divided among the national government and other governmental units such as state, counties, and municipalities in the United States.

What is a constitution?

*constitution -* a written plan for government *Constitution -* American's constitution

Executive Branch

- Enforces laws; conducts foreign policy, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, prepares the budget and sponsors bills, may pardon federal offenders a.) President and Vice President i. Serve four-year terms (two maximum) ii. Must be at least 35 years old to serve iii. Must be a natural born U.S. Citizen iv. Elected by the electoral college b.) President's Cabinet - advisors selected by the president, approved by Senate.

Judicial Branch

- Interprets laws; power to review a law or act of the government and decide if it violates the Constitution (Marbury v. Madison 1803) a.) Supreme Court i. Nine Justices ii. Serve for life iii. Selected by President; Approved by Senate iv. Hears cases that involve the Constitution b.) Federal Courts ii. Review decisions of lower courts iv. Hear criminal/civil cases iii. Determine bankruptcy

Legislative Branch:

- Makes laws; passes taxes, coins money, declares war a.) Congress = House of Representatives + Senate i. House of Representatives 1.) Number per state based on state population 2.) 435 total 3.) Must be at least 25 years old to serve 4.) 2 year terms i. Senate 1.) Two per state 2.) 100 total 3.) Must be at least 30 years old to serve 4.) Six year terms

What are the eligibility requirements to run for president?

-35 years old -U.S. resident for 14 years -U.S. citizen born in the U.S. or one of its territories

BONUS: Name four ways to participate in government.

-VOTE -CONTACT YOUR REPRESENTATIVES AND TELL -THEM WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT AN ISSUE -WORK FOR CAMPAIGNS -DONATE or RAISE MONEY -PUT UP YARD SIGNS or BUMPER STICKERS -CANVASS LIKELY VOTERS or DRIVE THEM TO -THE POLLS -PARTICIPATE IN A PUBLIC OPINION POLL -WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR, COMMENT ON -A VIDEO, BLOG, VLOG, TUMBLR -WORN A SLOGAN ON A T-SHIRT OR A SIGN

Describe the U.S. Constitution's six basic principles:

1. *Popular Sovereignty* - Power comes from the consent of the People/Governed 2. *Limited Government* - A type of government in which its functions and powers are written, limited, and restricted by law to protect the citizenry 3. *Separation of Powers* - Legislative; Executive; Judiciary 4. *Checks and Balances* - Each branch is restrained by the other two 5. *Judicial Review* - The power of the Court to determine the constitutionality of any gov't act, action or law. Established by Marbury v. Madison (1803) 6. *Federalism* - System of government in which power is divided between the national government and the state governments and in which independent states are bound together under one national government

Match the political sect with its definition~ _____Want sweeping and rapid change in the basic structure of the political, social and economic system. They may be willing to resort to extreme methods to get change, including some violence and revolution. ____Believe that the government should be actively involved in the promotion of social welfare of a nation's citizens. Usually can stand gradual change within the existing political system but reject violence as a way of changing the way things are, often called the status-quo. ____They are seen as tolerant of other people's views, and they do not have views of their own. They advocate "go slow" or "wait and see" approaches to political change. ____Favor keeping things as they are or maintaining the status-quo if it is what they desire. Conservatives are hesitant or cautious about adopting new policies, especially if they increase government activism in some way. They feel that less government is better. They agree with Jefferson's view that "the best governments govern least." ____Want things to go back to the way things were- "good ol' days". Often are willing to use extreme methods, such as repressive use of government force to achieve goals.

1. Moderate 2. Conservatives 3. Reactionary 4. Radical 5. Liberal *4.) Radical:* Want sweeping and rapid change in the basic structure of the political, social and economic system. They may be willing to resort to extreme methods to get change, including some violence and revolution. *5.) Liberal:* Believe that the government should be actively involved in the promotion of social welfare of a nation's citizens. Usually can stand gradual change within the existing political system but reject violence as a way of changing the way things are, often called the status-quo. *1.) Moderate:* They are seen as tolerant of other people's views, and they do not have views of their own. They advocate "go slow" or "wait and see" approaches to political change. *2.) Conservatives:* Favor keeping things as they are or maintaining the status-quo if it is what they desire. Conservatives are hesitant or cautious about adopting new policies, especially if they increase government activism in some way. They feel that less government is better. They agree with Jefferson's view that "the best governments govern least." *3.) Reactionary:* Want things to go back to the way things were- "good ol' days". Often are willing to use extreme methods, such as repressive use of government force to achieve goals.

Name the Constitutional Amendments:

1.) Freedom of speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition. 2.) The Right to Bear Arms. 3.) No forced Quartering of Soldiers in private homes. 4.) Protection from illegal searches & seizures. 5.) Right to a fair trial, can not be tried twice for the same crime, and you behold the right to remain silent. 6.) Criminal Procedures, Speedy Trial, Confront Witnesses, have an Attorney. 7.) Trial by Jury in Civil Cases. 8.) No Cruel and Unusual Punishment. 9.) Right Retained by the People 10.) Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people. 11.) Limits the jurisdiction of federal courts. 12.) Changes in manner of electing president and vice president; procedure when no presidential candidate receives electoral majority. 13.) Abolished slavery. 14.) Rights of citizens: 1.) All persons born in the Unites States are granted citizenship. 2.) No state can deny any person life, liberty, property without due process of law. 15.) No denial of vote because of race, color, previous condition of servitude. 16.) Gave Congress power to collect taxes on income. 17.) Senators no longer appointed by state legislatures. Now to be directly elected by citizens. 18.) Prohibition of alcoholic beverages - banned making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages. 19.) Voting rights for Women. 20.) Fixes the dates of term commencements for Congress (January 3) and the President (January 20); Known as the ¨lame duck amendment¨. 21.) Amendment 18 repealed. 22.) President can only serve for two terms. 23.) Voting Rights for D.C residents 24.) Abolition of poll tax in national elections. 25.) Established process for president to pass on duties if he/she is unable to serve. Goes to Vice-President, vacancy in Vice-Presidency is filled by appointment from president (approved by congress). 26.) Voting age set to 18 years 27.) 1989 Prevents laws affecting congressional salary from taking effect until the beginning of the next session of Congress.

What is the ratio between the incomes of executives vs. menial workers?

15 to 1

Place the following statements in order for how a bill becomes a law: ____Bill on the House and Senate Floor ____Bill goes to the president ____Bill is introduced ____Bill in committee ____Bill in the Conference Committee ____Bill in the House Committee on Rules

4. Bill on the House and Senate Floor 6. Bill goes to the president 1. Bill is introduced 2. Bill in committee 5. Bill in the Conference Committee 3. Bill in the House Committee on Rules

Match the governmental structure with its definition. 1. Republic ____Rule by a few 2. Anarchy ____Rule by a majority 3. Democracy ____Rule by law 4. Monarchy ____Rule by no one 5. Oligarchy ____Rule by one

5.) Oligarchy: Rule by a few 3.) Democracy: Rule by a majority 1.) Republic: Rule by law 2.) Anarchy: Rule by no one 4.) Monarchy: Rule by one

Draw and label the political cube (four boxes within a square)

<img src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DFg7bWQU0AMzvxA.png" alt="Related image"/>

What is a single-issue party? Name two.

A party who's platform is clear from the name. The Prohibition Party; The Free Soil Party (campaigned against the expansion of slavery into the western territories in 1848 and 1852)

What is an incumbent?

A person who holds office

Bonus: Give two party contradictions.

Animal rights, Gay marriage, National health association.

Match the following congressional leadership roles with their duties: ____Speaker of the House ____House Majority Leader ____House Minority d. Party Whips (both houses) ____President of Senate ____President Pro Tempore A. VPOTUS (only votes when there is a tie). B. Presides over the Senate in the absence of the VP (mostly ceremonial, given to the senior senator from the majority party). C. Assigns bills to committees, influences committee assignments, appoints other party leaders, and controls debate on the floor. When POTUS is from a different party as the Speaker, the Speaker is a national spokesperson for his/her party. D. Assist the majority and minority leaders in both houses. They are the intermediaries between leadership and the rank and file. Responsible for making sure party members vote with the leadership on important bills E. Second in command behind the Speaker; party's chief legislative strategist. F. Represents the opposition but works with the majority leader and Speaker to set the House agenda and schedule debate.

C. Assigns bills to committees, influences committee assignments, appoints other party leaders, and controls debate on the floor. When POTUS is from a different party as the Speaker, the Speaker is a national spokesperson for his/her party: *Speaker of the House* E. Second in command behind the Speaker; party's chief legislative strategist: *House Majority Leader* F. Represents the opposition but works with the majority leader and Speaker to set the House agenda and schedule debate: *House Minority d. Party Whips (both houses)* A. VPOTUS (only votes when there is a tie): *President of Senate* B. Presides over the Senate in the absence of the VP (mostly ceremonial, given to the senior senator from the majority party): *President Pro Tempore*

Bonus: What is Power and Consent and who has it?

Check on the President - approval of the president's cabinet and judicial appointments; Senate.

Politics is how power is ____________________ in a government.

DISTRIBUTED

What are the responsibilities of the party chair? How is s/he selected?

Day-to-day operations such as staffing, fundraising, and scheduling. S/he is a spokesperson for the party. The party's presidential nominee selects the chair and, if the nominee does not win, the national committee replaces the chair. As a party leader, the president can replace the chair at any time

What is it called when a bill doesn't receive a majority of votes in the committee it won't be reported out to the full House or Senate? (If a bill can't command a small majority in a committee, it doesn't have much chance on the floor of either house.)

Died/Killed in Committee

Match the vocab term with its definition: ____Filibuster ____Logrolling ____Cloture ____Instructed Delegate ____Earmarks ____Trustee A.) An arrangement in which two or members of Congress agree in advance to support each other's bills. B.) Special provisions in legislation to set aside funds for projects that have not passed an impartial evaluation by agencies of the executive branch (aka; pork or pork barrel legislation). C.) A legislator who acts according to her/his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society. D.) A legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him or her and who votes according to the views of the constituents regardless of personal beliefs. E.) The use of the Senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill. F.) Shuts down discussion of a bill if sixteen senators sign a petition requesting it and, if after two days have elapsed, three-fifths of the entire membership (60 votes, assuming no vacancies) vote for cloture. After cloture is invoked, each senator may speak on a bill for a maximum of one hour before a vote is taken.

E.) The use of the Senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill: *Filibuster* A.) An arrangement in which two or members of Congress agree in advance to support each other's bills: *Logrolling* F.) Shuts down discussion of a bill if sixteen senators sign a petition requesting it and, if after two days have elapsed, three-fifths of the entire membership (60 votes, assuming no vacancies) vote for cloture. After cloture is invoked, each senator may speak on a bill for a maximum of one hour before a vote is taken: *Cloture* D.) A legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him or her and who votes according to the views of the constituents regardless of personal beliefs: *Instructed Delegate* B.) Special provisions in legislation to set aside funds for projects that have not passed an impartial evaluation by agencies of the executive branch (aka; pork or pork barrel legislation): *Earmarks* C.) A legislator who acts according to her/his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society: *Trustee*

What theory of government contends that societies are divided along class lines, that an upper-class elite will rule, and that policies will benefit those with money / power?

Elite and Class Theory

[True or False] Americans are generally becoming less tolerant.

False

[True or False] Americans are more likely to believe in giving workers equal pay and more likely to favor putting a top limit on income.

False

[True or False] The general public is more tolerant than officeholders and activists.

False

[True or False] Most Americans believe that the nation isn't tolerant enough of harmful behaviors and that protection of individual rights is more important than the defense of common moral standards.

False (They think the nation is TOO tolerant of harmful behaviors and that the defense of common moral standards is more important than protection of individual right)

Describe the relationship between authority, legitimacy, order, and government.

Governments and laws derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed. *Government* - the institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society. *Authority* - The right and power of a government or other entity to enforce its decisions and compel obedience. *Legitimacy* - Broadly accepted authority Popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority. *Order* - a state of peace and security. Maintaining order by protecting members of society from violence and criminal activity is the oldest purpose of government.

What does it mean to vote a "straight ticket?"

Happens when party loyalty is strong. If you are a Democrat, you vote for all Democrats on the ballot regardless of the platforms of other candidates.

Relations between states are an important element of the federal system. Although states cannot enter into treaties or alliances with other countries, they can enter into agreements, Congress permitting, with each other. Such an agreement is known as an ________________________________ and may involve all 50 states. Give an example, real or fictitious, of one:

INTERSTATE COMPACT The Interstate Compact for the Placement of Children regarding adoption across state lines; The Colorado River Compact (1922) was an agreement among AZ, CA, CO, NE, NM, UT, and WY on the use of water from the Colorado River

What incident prompted the War Powers Act?

Incited by Nixon's exploitation of his power as commander-in-chief during Vietnam. Once Nixon's administration was weakened by the Watergate Scandal, Congress passed it over Nixon's veto

As the Commander-in-Chief, why does the President have the power to authorize troops and military force without Congressional approval?

Inherent power to use troops even when Congress hasn't formally declared war. If there's an immediate threat to the US and Congress doesn't have the time or the opportunity to declare war, the CIC must be able to use force.

Duel Federalism refers to the period of American history stretches from the founding of our nation until the ________________________________________. From 1788-1937, government power was strictly divided between the state and national governments.

NEW DEAL/GREAT DEPRESSION

Is economic equality a core value in the United States?

NO!!! America's political culture supports economic opportunity, not economic equality!

What theory of government argues that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies, and also that groups will work together, and public interest will prevail?

Pluralist Theory

What did President George Washington warn against in his Farewell Address?

Political parties and factions

What does the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) do?

Prepares the administration's budget proposal, evaluates the operation of federal programs, reviews legislative proposals from cabinet departments, reviews the rules and regulations proposed by federal agencies.

What is a recess appointment?

Recess Appointment - The president can fill "all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session" It is an expedient that all recent presidents have used when the Senate balked at acting on nominees for high government positions.

What is an amendment completely unrelated to a bill that provides a Senator with the opportunity to enact pet projects?

Rider

What is original jurisdiction? Who has original jurisdiction for matters between states?

SCOTUS The first court to hear a case, in suits involving two or more states.

BONUS: Explain how federalism impacted the Dred Scott case:

Scott was a slave taken by his owner from Missouri (slave state) to Illinois (free state) then Fort Snelling in Wisconsin Territory (now Minnesota) where slavery was prohibited until the Missouri Compromise. He returned to Missouri with his owner, who died 8 years later. Scott sued the owner's wife for freedom of himself, wife, and two children on the grounds that residence in a free state and then a free territory had ended his bondage. Scott won in St. Louis but the Missouri Supreme Court overturned the decision. In 1857, SCOTUS agreed to avoid the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise and return a verdict based on MO laws and Supreme Court decisions (i.e., Scott was still a slave). When it became known that two anti-slavery justices planned to write dissenting opinions upholding the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise that had been voided by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854, the pro-slavery majority decided to rule on the question of the federal government's power over slavery in the territories. Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote in the Court's opinion that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and three Justices held that a person "whose ancestors were ...sold as slaves" was not entitled to the rights of a federal citizen and therefore had no standing in court.

Bonus: Why is flexibility critical to the Constitution?

The Constitution is short, with fewer than 8,000 words. It does not prescribe every detail. The Constitution is not static, but flexible for future generations to determine their own needs.

Separation of Powers:

The Constitution separates the national government into three separate branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Each branch has its own powers and responsibilities so that no branch can become more powerful than another.

Define the Three-Fifths Compromise and explain why it was a necessary contention.

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 In 1787, delegates convened in Philadelphia to address the problems with the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they wrote an entirely new document that created a strong national (central) government that would accomplish more but not take away the individual rights of American citizens. *Key Debates:* 1.) *Large v. small states* - large states had more people and felt they deserved greater representation; small states wanted equal representation a.) *The Great Compromise* - two houses of congress i. *House of Representatives* - favors large states (representation based on a state's population) ii. *Senate* - favors small states (each state gets two senators) b.) *Northern vs. Southern states* - Southern states wanted their slaves to count as part of their population for the House of Representatives. Northern states felt this was unfair since slaves were not represented i. *Three-Fifths Compromise* - For every five slaves in a state, three would count toward the state's population 2.) *The Presidency* - How long should a president's term be? Life? Six years? Who will elect the president? The people? The Legislature? a.) *The compromise* - the president will be elected for four-year terms by a group known as the electoral college; originally there was no term limit

What was the Great Compromise?

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 In 1787, delegates convened in Philadelphia to address the problems with the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they wrote an entirely new document that created a strong national (central) government that would accomplish more but not take away the individual rights of American citizens. *Key Debates:* 1.) *Large v. small states* - large states had more people and felt they deserved greater representation; small states wanted equal representation a.) *The Great Compromise* - two houses of congress i. *House of Representatives* - favors large states (representation based on a state's population) ii. *Senate* - favors small states (each state gets two senators) b.) *Northern vs. Southern states* - Southern states wanted their slaves to count as part of their population for the House of Representatives. Northern states felt this was unfair since slaves were not represented i. *Three-Fifths Compromise* - For every five slaves in a state, three would count toward the state's population 2.) *The Presidency* - How long should a president's term be? Life? Six years? Who will elect the president? The people? The Legislature? a.) *The compromise* - the president will be elected for four-year terms by a group known as the electoral college; originally there was no term limit

Why does the president have few formal powers?

The Framers sought to limit an executive who might oppress the people.

What is the War Powers Act?

The War Powers Resolution required Congressional authorization to use troops within 60 days of when he first commits them, or else he has to bring them back. Congress always approves this, in practice. Sends soldiers and equipment in (Commander-in-Chief).

What is federalism?

The idea that in the U.S government power is divided between the united States and individual states.

Give three facts about presidential vetos:

The most important legislative power the president has A bill becomes law if it is signed by the president within ten days after it passes both houses. Through the veto, the bill is sent back to Congress along with the reason for its rejection Congress can override the veto (meaning the bill goes into effect despite the president's objections) by a two-thirds vote in the house and senate Because congress rarely musters the necessary votes, the presidential veto or even the threat of a veto is a powerful tool for shaping national policy. Only around 4% of votes are overridden If the president neither signs nor vetoes a bill within 10 days it becomes law If the president takes no action on a bill and congress adjourns during the 10 day period, the bill is dead - Pocket veto - Congress doesn't have the opportunity to override a pocket veto because it is no longer in session, and it will need to be reintroduced in the next session and endure the legislative process again

List the three legislative powers the president has:

Veto's bills, can propose bills (if sponsored by Congress), executive orders.

Bonus: Name five cabinet positions (all or nothing, no points for fewer than five):

Vice President of the United States Department of State Attorney General Department of the Treasury Department of Defense Department of Justice Department of the Interior Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Labor Department of Health and Human Services Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Department of Energy Department of Education Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Homeland Security

What is Party Realignment?

When voter loyalties dramatically shift in response to critical events. Example: The Great Depression shifted the tendencies of African American voters.

The Free Exercise Clause - The person C/N: _____ Lead a prayer in most examples _____ Deprive children of basic needs _____ Exercise any religion _____ Ask questions about religions _____ Break the law and claim it is religious belief _____ Worship whichever deity he or she chooses _____ Raise children without education or health care claiming religious freedom

__C___ Lead a prayer in most examples __N___ Deprive children of basic needs __C___ Exercise any religion __C___ Ask questions about religions __N___ Break the law and claim it is religious belief __C___ Worship whichever deity he or she chooses __N___ Raise children without education or health care claiming religious freedom

Freedom of Assembly, the individual C/N: _____ Parade chanting hate slogans _____ Hang out on private land against owners will—loitering _____ Violate curfew or other laws _____ Protest _____ Parade (with a permit) _____ Gang members C/N congregate in public _____ Protest by throwing rocks and breaking windows

__C___ Parade chanting hate slogans __N___ Hang out on private land against owners will—loitering __N___ Violate curfew or other laws __C___ Protest __C___ Parade (with a permit) __C___ Gang members C/N congregate in public __N___ Protest by throwing rocks and breaking windows

Free Speech - the person C/N: _____ Say any political belief _____ Protest (without getting out of control) _____ Use extremely crude language in a public form _____ Disrespectful, vulgar language in schools _____ Commit Hate crimes _____ Say things about someone that are true _____ Create too much social chaos _____ Burn the flag _____ Say racist and hate slogans _____ Threaten to blow up airplanes, schools or the president _____ Commit sexual harassment _____ Free speech means someone can/cannot say something you disagree with

__C___ Say any political belief __C___ Protest (without getting out of control) __N___ Use extremely crude language in a public form __N___ Disrespectful, vulgar language in schools __N___ Commit Hate crimes __C___ Say things about someone that are true __N___ Create too much social chaos __C___ Burn the flag __C___ Say racist and hate slogans __N___ Threaten to blow up airplanes, schools or the president __N___ Commit sexual harassment __C___ Free speech means someone can/cannot say something you disagree with

Petition the government- _____ You C/N sue the government for wrongs _____ You C/N be punished for exposing wrongs by the government ____ The courts C/N decide the wrongs

__C___ You C/N sue the government for wrongs __N___ You C/N be punished for exposing wrongs by the government __C___ The courts C/N decide the wrongs

Freedom of the press, the press C/N: _____ Detail how to make a certain weapons _____ Print any political position _____ Say things you might not agree with _____ Disclose defense-security secrets _____ Expose wrongs by the government ______ Make fun of people, especially politicians _____ Commit libel- intentionally injuring a person's reputation by false facts

__N___ Detail how to make a certain weapons __C___ Print any political position __C___ Say things you might not agree with __N___ Disclose defense-security secrets __C___ Expose wrongs by the government __C___ Make fun of people, especially politicians __N___ Commit libel- intentionally injuring a person's reputation by false facts

The Establishment Clause C/N: _____ Pay seminary teachers _____ Teach about religions in school _____ Teach creationism _____ Teach religious doctrine in the school _____ Allow voluntary prayer in many examples _____ Government C/N order a prayer _____ Transport students to a religious school _____ Read Bible for culture or literacy content _____ Set a state religion

__N___ Pay seminary teachers __C___ Teach about religions in school __N___ Teach creationism __N___ Teach religious doctrine in the school __C___ Allow voluntary prayer in many examples __N___ Government C/N order a prayer __C___ Transport students to a religious school __C___ Read Bible for culture or literacy content __N___ Set a state religion

Write a "D" for "Democrat" or an "R" for "Republican next to the statement each party supports. _____ Supports faith based initiatives _____ Increased social progress _____ Increased taxation to provide more government service _____ Hard immigration policies _____ Decreased taxation allows citizens to keep more money _____ Economic policy usually favors lower classes and union members _____ Typically increases military spending _____ Supports a woman's right to choose

__R__ Supports faith based initiatives __D__ Increased social progress __D__ Increased taxation to provide more government service __R__ Hard immigration policies __R__ Decreased taxation allows citizens to keep more money __D__ Economic policy usually favors lower classes and union members __R__ Typically increases military spending __D__ Supports a woman's right to choose

Name the governmental branch associated with the following statements:

a.) Has the power to pass taxes: Legislative b.) Conducts foreign policy: Executive c.) Power to review a law or act of government: Judicial d.) Can declare war: Legislative e.) May pardon federal offenders: Executive f.) Reviews the decisions of lower courts: Judicial g.) Has veto power: Executive h.) Can impeach and remove a president from office: Legislative i.) Nominates Supreme Court Justices: Executive j.) Can propose Constitutional Amendments: Legislative k.) Serve for life: Judicial l.) Is the head of the military: Executive

Write the Preamble to the United States Constitution:

¨We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.¨