Government Final- Notes

How have colleges changed after graduation?

- declining quality after graduation - the chance of an American students completing four-year degree within 6 yrs stand at only 57% - a degree may mean less than it once did - graduates are facing a decline in earning over the past decade (16% for women, 19% for men) and a lot more debt

What money is spent on education these days?

- in 2008 private lenders disbursed $20 billion; last year they shelled out only $6 billion - the great portion of spending with GDP on universities than any other country, and America only has the 15th largest proportion of young people with a university education

What all did the US send to Pakistan after the earthquake?

-1200 personnel with 25 helicopter -many transport aircraft for this purpose

When did congress declare war?

-1st time being in 1812 with the War of 1812 -2nd time in 1846 with the Mexican War -3rd time in 1898 with the Spanish American War

What is the County Unit System in GA, and how many counties does it have all together?

-The County Unit System was a voting system used by the U.S. state of Georgia to determine a victor in statewide primary elections from 1917 until 1962 -159 counties in all

Amendments appointed in the GA constitution are appointed through what?

-a 2/3 vote in each chamber -then approved by popular vote at the next general election

What is the structure of state courts?

-begins in the State trial courts -state appellate courts -highest state courts

What is the structure of federal courts?

-begins in the US district courts -US Circuit Courts of Appeals -US Supreme Court

What does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction over?

-cases involving 2 states having a dispute -cases involving a state dispute with the USA (state gov. didn't send state militias to war with no emergency or declaration of war)(drilling near a state under American control) -Cases involving Ambassadors (rare)

What is Zell Miller?

-is an American politician from the U.S. state of Georgia. A Democrat, Miller served as Lieutenant Governor from 1975 to 1991, 79th Governor of Georgia -Miller crossed the party line and backed Republican President George W. Bush over Democratic nominee John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election.

What is original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction?

-is the power to hear a case for the first time -is when a court has the power to review a lower court's decision

What does Art. lll of the constitution explicitly list?

-list cases that are within the Supreme Courts original jurisdiction -does not give Congress the power to add to the court's original jurisdiction

How have costs of school changed over the years?

-steep fees, increases in the levels of debt both students and universities - the cost of university per student has risen by almost 5 times the rate of inflation since 1983 - the cost of university education soared from 23% of median annual earnings to 38%; resulting in debt doubling in the past 15 yrs. - almost a third of students read less than 40 pages of reading over an entire term - 30% of all college students are learning online- up from less than 10% in 2002

What is some things that president's look at when deciding who to nominate as a strong judicial nominee?

-strong professional credentials -best qualified candidate -will nominate a candidates to regard a vacancy as an opportunity to reward a political ally or personal associate -will nominate a candidate to buttress and build political alliances -focuses on sex, race, religion, and an effort to build with constituencies who might reward having one of their own appointed to the Supreme Court

Potential for General Election Run-off... p.282

...

Why was the country of Indonesia hard to help?

1. It was extremely hard to deliver aid 2. It is the most muslim populated nation, with all types of different languages 3. They have sympathy with Al Qaeda 4. Indonesia is a long strip of islands that are connected with spare roads if roads even are their, so if you move from island to island you must take boat or helicopter 5. US military would have to deliver the aid

what are 2 types of Jurisdictions for federal courts?

1. Original Jurisdiction- hear it first 2. Appellate Jurisdiction- hear it on appeal

Article 3 of the Constitution has 3 sections being what?

1. establishes the courts of America, only 1 is established and others are authorized by congress 2. congress cant change the original supreme court 3. Inferior Courts

When a GA governor is presented with a bill he has three options being what?

1. pass the bill 2. veto the bill 3. line-item veto the bill 4. If he waits and the bill sits for 7 days it becomes a law

8000 cases are appealed to the Supreme Court each year and what % have original jurisdiction?

10%, 80-90

How many separate geographical regions or "circuits" cover the 50 states?

11, with a 12th one being for the District of Columbia

How many circuit courts of appeal are their?

13

For how many years did the democrats have a majority in both chambers of the GA general assembly and government offices?

130 years

In the 1865 this was passed abolishing slavery?

13th amendment

How many federal and state laws have been struck down by judicial review?

160 federal laws and 1307 state laws

What is the 16th and 17th amendments?

16th- income tax 17th- direct election of US senators

When did the American revolution begin? lasted 8 years

1775, with the Skirmish at Lexington and Battle at Concord Bridge. Revolutionary war begins with "shot heard around the world"

When did the American Revolution end and with what?

1783, with the Treaty of Paris

What was Shays Rebellion?

1786, national government completely unable to respond. Catalyst for the Philadelphia Convention

The Philadelphia Convention was the last convention for the constitution and was in what year?

1787

What year was the ratification of the constitution?

1789

The national debt clock was originally over 17 trillion, and is now what?

18 trillion

In GA we have how many state house representative districts? of people in the GA HOR?

180

Member in both chambers serve what year terms and term limits?

2 year terms and no term limits

How long is a term for members of the GA HOR and senate serve? (under article 1)

2 years HOR with no limited reelections 6 years Senate no limited reelections

What do you need to override the veto by the chief executive officer?

2/3 vote in each chamber

In 1996 the US deployed _____ personnel to NATO's 60,000 strong IFOR peacekeeping force in Bosnia.

20,000

How many of the 40,000 UN Peacekeepers were killed?

200, none were American and killing in Bosnia was still happening

GA has how many federal district courts and we are a medium size state?

3, every state has at least 1 federal district court

California, Texas, and New York are the three largest states and they have how many district courts?

4

The GA governor has how many terms?

4 year term and can be elected 2 times

Superior Court judges serve ___ year terms.

4, re-elected with no limits

In the GA assembly how many days do they have to get everything done?

40 days

How many UN Peacekeepers are their in the UNPROFOR? and what did they do for Bosnia?

40,000 and they created 6 safe havens

When was the Declaration of Independence established?

4th July 1776

This year alone how many Afghanistan have been killed?

5,000 Americans

How many people in the senate are Republican?

54 out of 100, huge majority, Meaning Obama will have more Veto's next year with congress having the majority in both chambers as Republican

How many people are in the GA state senate?

56 members

Supreme Court justices serve ___ year terms.

6, re-elected with no limits

The civil war in 1861-1865 loss more than how many lives?

600,000

Since 2010 how much has our debt increased?

7 trillion and in 2016 it will probably be up to 20 trillion

How many years has it been since a 3rd party was on the ballot?

70 years

Libya only had the US fly a 5th of missions, but the US supplied how much equipment?

70%, the French and British couldn't do it, not because they didn't want to

In 2005 US leads NATO efforts to rescue survivors of a massive earthquake in Pakistan. This earthquake had killed more than _______ people and left hundreds of thousands more without adequate shelter.

70,000

How many Supreme Court nominees were rejected?

8

State and Local governments fund how much of eduction, not the national level?

90%

What % of all nominees to the Supreme Court have shared the president's party affiliation?

90%

How many federal courts are in America?

94 in the boundaries of states( exception is the district of Columbia)

The court decision to hear a case followed the solicitor general's recommendation more than __% of the time.

95%

Why does America always go to the Rescue?

America goes because they Can and Will (International Relief Operation)

What recently changed in Afghanistan as of last week?

America sent more troops (11,000) now because we are trying to quicken the development of groups to fight al Qaeda, also we are not going to pull out airstrikes

In 1995 The US leads the MOMEP peacekeeping mission with the ABC states to help end the war between Ecuador and Peru. What are the ABC states?

Argentina, Brazil, Chile

Judicial Review appears to have been implicitly provided in what article of the constitution?

Article lll

Whose in NATO?

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, and Croatia

Why did the US create a No Fly Zone over Bosnia?

Bosnia was being bombed with cultural historic things, more than 500 violations were committed though.

What is some roles of the GA Governor?

Commander in Chief of Georgia's Military -can convene special sessions of the legislature -conservator of the peace -can require reports of GA's constitutional officers -vacancy appointments power and US senate

What did the US vs. Nixon case establish?

Executive privilege is real but not absolute (Watergate Scandal)

True of False. Every state has an elected legislature, and also strictly says how many general assembly's it must have and when to meet.

F, every state does have an elected legislature, but does not say how many general assembly's it has to have, or when they have to meet

True of False. Congress has complete control over the state courts.

False, congress has no control over the state courts they are specifically the states business

If you break a federal law then you take it to the what? and if you break a state law you take it to what court?

Federal court, state court

What are some countries that lost a lot of soldiers in Bosnia?

France, Britain, Canada, India , Pakistan, Syria, Bangladesh

In what state did the 1st black women serve as the chief justice of the supreme court?

GA

Who was elected in 2002, and is the 1st republican governor since the 1870's?

Governor Perdue

1991-2003: The US enforced a Snuthern No Fly Zone over Iraq to protect the Shia Arabs and a Northern No Fly Zone over Iraq to protect he Kurds from who?

Hussam was killing Kurds and Shias

What is one instance of a humanitarian operation where the US took the leading role?

Indonesia when the storm hit in 2004,killing a quarter of people, first real media coverage and so everyone was willing to help and save them

What are the 2 sessions of the general assembly and if a bill is vetoed in the 1st session what can happen to it in the 2nd session?

It can be overridden, but if it is vetoed in the 2nd session it is done with

The power of a court to adjudicate the constitutionality of the laws of a government or the acts of a government official is known as what?

Judicial Review

What is the "authority to hear cases" called?

Jurisdiction

What court case established judicial review?

Marbury v. Madison, this decision would come to be appreciated for establishing the Court's "coequal" status among the branched of the American government

What did the Miranda vs. Arizona case establish?

Miranda Rights

Every state has a bicameral government except which state who has a unicameral government?

Nebraska

Can judges be fired?

No because this creates a less pressured atmosphere by congress and political parties

When was the last time the national courts executed someone?

Oklahoma city Bombing in 1996

When the US and NATO forces went into Bosnia after the UN operation failed what happened?

Operation Deliberate Force, by 10 days it was all ended

What does Biden state as the most dangerous country on earth?

Pakistan

Who chairs the committees in the general assembly?

Person with the mot seniority of the majority party

Who owns large chunks of western Ukraine in 1930?

Poland

What is it called when 4 supreme court justices can say yes to look over a state law in a federal court?

Rule of 4

What rule provides that when 4 justices support hearing a case the certiorari petition is granted?

Rule of 4

What was the largest scaled massacre on European soil since WW2, protected by the UN it was a safe haven where 8000 boys and men were taken and then killed?

Srebrinica

What did the Smith vs. Allwright court case establish?

Supreme court said all white primary was unconstitutional

True or False. Huge counties like metropolitan ATL can have different state district senates in that one county because of the large population.

T

What is always the worse part of a disaster?

The 2nd wave- diseases after a massive disaster because lack of medicine, care, water, shelter, and supplies (you can expect 10,000 deaths)

What is GA legislature called?

The General Assembly

How much aid did the US send to Indonesia compared to other countries?

The US sent more delivery than the other countries combined

Who in an election has the nest chance of winning an election?

The incumbent

Why is it so easy for America to help Japan?

There is a military station their

Where does most of the work in the GA assembly go to?

To the committees

What did the Brown vs. Board of Education case establish?

Took place in Topeka, Kansas Took decades to carry this into full effect and at the end of the Korean war it was established

In 2011, the defense budget was 7.12 billion and now it is 6 billion dollars. True or False

True, the defense budget got cut

What country has the most air and sea capability?

US

What is a common tactic of the US when it comes to sending troops through NATO or the UN peacekeepers?

US sends little amounts of people into battle and less than 100 were lost, but the US donates more money than all the other countries but not double

Which states have the smallest population, so they only have 1 district court?

Wyoming and both dakotas

Did states (GA) have a court system under the AOC?

Yes, all did. Art. 1, Sect. 10 prohibited a lot from the states but nothing about eliminating courts

What is one instance when you saw judicial review take place?

Youngstown vs. Sawyer: Supreme court says that the president seized factories to keep them running, after the steel companies workers protested. Apparently the president have taken his power to far and was overturned by the Supreme Court.

What was the name of another massacre in Europe besides the Srebrinica incident?

Zepa

What type of budget must GA have?

a balanced budget

What is senatorial courtesy?

a custom whereby presidential appointments are confirmed only if there is no objection to them by the senators from the appointee's state, especially from the senior senator of the president's party from that state.

What kind of court system do we have in America?

a dual court system (national and state court system)

This refers to (friend of the court) brief arguing that a certiorari petition should be granted or denied?

amicus curiae from prestigious sources increase a case's chance of being accepted by the court

If one party is no satisfied with the outcome of a case at the district court level, this party can do what?

appeal the case to one of the thirteen US Courts of Appeals

The head of the justice department who can select cases and choose to file in courts where the Justice of Department is mostly likely to win and create precedent for its legal position on an issue, is known as?

attorney general

GA has the most restrictive _______ in the country.

ballot access laws, in GA we have to write the name of the 3rd party

Why does Pakistan resent the US?

because they were dragged into war and they have lost 10,000 by terrorist bombs

What did the Griswold vs. Connecticut case establish?

contraceptives were OK, these are pills to prevent pregnancy

How are judges on all GA courts elected?

direct popular vote

What did the Gibbons vs. Ogden case establish?

federal registration of interstate commerce

what happen in 1789?

first ten amendments proposed and the constitution authorized the first session of congress

Before a bill reaches the governor it must do what stated in Art.1, Sect. 7?

go though both chambers with a simple majority in each

Each team of justices have a team of law clerks that do what?

go through the load of appeals and recommend them to be looked at, and if 4 supreme court justices agree to do it, then it is looked on by the whole supreme court

What did the Heller vs. DC and McDonald vs. Chicago establish?

gun control cases

Presidents usually just depend of the department of justice to screen candidates for the courts of appeal, but nominees for the Supreme Court are handled in what way?

have the highest federal tribunal, receive the full attention of the president, the Senate, and the many constituencies whose interests are affected by judicial decisions

To change original jurisdiction you would have to what?

have to change the constitution

What did the Mapp vs. Ohio case establish?

illegally seized evidence could not be used

What was the 1998 decision on Line Item Vetoes?

in 1998 the Court struck down Congress's attempt to give the president a line-item veto

A reduction in American power will increase what?

increase disorder in the world

Those who change doctrine to conform with their view of the constitution in a changing society are exercising what?

judicial activism

A judge who in the absence of a clear violation of the Constitution or established doctrine will defer to the policies emanating from the elected branches is commonly described as what?

judicial restraint

What is the most common job for members of the GA congress?

lawyers, they work about 40 hours a week so they need a job where you are able to take off when needed

All Federal judges have what type of term limit?

life tenure, only removed through conviction of impeachment case -less than 20 have been removed

What was the 1995 decision on term limits?

members of house can serve as many as they want on congress till this case limited terms (exception is only with Supreme Court justices)

What did the Buckley vs. Valeo case establish?

no limit on candidate spending

The GA governor has the line-item veto, but does not have the what?

pocket veto

What determines how many representatives you have in the GA house?

population

Courts are what type of power under the states?

reserved

It is smart to send your request into the senate of your district BEFORE the hearing begins, why?

so you get about 34 days at least, this makes the government react on a bill within 6 days

Through the office of the _____________, the administration lets the Court know which cases it thinks are important.

solicitor general

We wrongly assume federal courts are the most important, but state courts are really important why?

state courts put people to death, take away their property/home

1791 what was ratified?

the 1st ten amendments (Bill of Rights)

The GA governor has the power to make emergency appointments and appoint judges for a short period of time, but is not allowed to appoint who?

the GA secretary of state, Agriculture, General Attorney, or permanently appoint a judge (these are elected by GA citizen votes)

What did the Gideon vs. Wainwright case establish?

the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves

What did the Hamilton tariff make what possible?

the creation of federal court houses, light houses, and embassies

Who is the chief executive officer?

the governor

The constitution says that all federal judges shall be nominated by who?

the president with the "Advice and Consent" of the senate (Art. 2, Sect. 2)

In 1794 their was the Whiskey Rebellion which illustrated what?

the profound change from confederation to federation

What do many appeals go through?

the state appellate courts

What is one central problem about GA voters?

they do not know who is representing them, so they do not get to share their concerns

What has remained the same about all troops in 2016 fighting in Afghanistan?

they will all be pulled out in 2016

The 1st year of congress courts were established, but what specific courts?

trial courts (basic trial courts include...district courts)

What is the General Assembly's 34 Day Rule?

when the governor receives legislation in the first 34 days, he has 6 days to decide, but if the governor receives the bill after first 34 days he has 40 days to decide

Instead of having a right to "their day in court," litigants must file a ________ requesting that the Court order a lower court to send it the records of the trial in question.

writ of certiorari