Grammar Review
What is a Verb?
A verb is a word that asserts action, being, or existence.
What is Active Verb Voice?
Active - When the subject of the sentence is doing the action. Ex. "The tornado ravaged the town." (Linking verbs are not "action verbs" - don't have a voice - "State-of-Being" Verbs)
What is an Adjectival Clause?
Adjectival Clause is a dependent (or subordination) clause acting as a single Adjective - Modify a noun or pronoun Uses a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whose, whom) Ex. Jesus, who laughed, wept.
What do Adjectival Prepositional Phrases modify?
Adjectival Prepositional Phrases modify nouns or pronouns. Ex.: The boy in the field chased the cat. Which boy? "in the field".
What is an Adverbial Clause?
Adverbial Clause is a dependent (or subordination) clause acting as a single adverb. WWW.ASIA.Because Ex. While his sister slept, the boy read.
What do Adverbial Prepositional Phrases modify?
Adverbial Prepositional Phrases modify verbs, adverbs and adjectives. Ex.: The boy ran in the field. Where did he run? "in the field".
What are Subordinating Conjunctions?
After, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, but that, how, in order that,
Other: Conjunctive adverbs (Connects independent clauses)
Although, indeed, furthermore, however, thus, still, besides
What is an Adjective?
An adjective is used to modify a noun or pronoun.
What is an Adverb?
An adverb is used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Adjectives more...
Descriptive - "what kind?" Limiting (includes articles: a, an, the) Possessive "whose?" (nouns and pronouns) Demonstrative - "which?" (Positive, Comparative and Superlative)
Say the Helping Verbs
Do had were must would Does am be might shall Did are being should will Has is been could can Have was may
What are Correlative Conjunctions?
Either/or, neither/nor, both/and, whether/or, not only/but also, not/but (Always come in pairs)
Descriptive Adjectives (describes or qualifies the meaning of a noun or pronoun; tells "what kind" )
Ex. Red, blue, large, small, tall, pretty... Proper adj. - ex. American flag Nouns - ex. Porch light
What aremCoordinating Conjunctions?
FANBOYS For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
What is Imperative mood?
Found in imperative sentences, states a command or request but may imply a sense of uncertainty "Forgive us our trespasses."
112 unique Sentence Classifications
Four possible sentence Structures Four possible Purposes 16 combonations of Structure and Purpose 4 Structures x 4 Purposes x 7 Patterns = 112 Sentence Classifications
What do Adverbs answer?
How? When? Where? Why? To what extent? How often? How much? Under what condition?
What do Adverbs answer? (1)
How?: quietly, softly, When?: yesterday, last night Where?: in the park, by the car Why?: Because...
What are the three types of Mood?
Indicative Imperative Subjunctive
What is a Common Noun?
Is a non-specific person, place or thing and is Not Capitalized. Ex. student, citizen, voter, teacher, etc.
What is Noun Gender?
Male: bull, rooster, stallion, bridegroom, etc. Female: ships, planes, trains, sister, bride, etc. Neuter ( neither male or female) window, hillside, cloud, wind, rain, root, etc.
What are the Pronoun "Usages"?
Subject (SP) Direct Object (DO) Indirect Object (IO) Object of the Preposition (OP) Possessive (AJ or PNA)
What is Nominative Noun Case?
Nominative - used as the subject or predicate noun (nominative)
What is Objective Noun Case?
Objective - used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition
Possessive (show possession or ownership; tells "whose")
Pronouns - My, mine, your, ours... Nouns - Bill's, Tom's, Kim's
Possessive (show possession or ownership; tells "whose")
Pronouns - My, mine, your, ours... Nouns - Bill's, Tom's, Kim's
What is a Transitive Verb?
Verbs that 'transfer' the action from the subject to the object, called a direct object of the sentence. Ex. Bob hit the ball.
What is a Intransitive Verb?
Verbs that are not followed by objects. Ex. Bob hit.
What are Subordinating Conjunctions?
WWW.ASIA.BECAUSE When, while, where, as, since, if, although, because Usually begins adverbial clauses.
What do Adjectives answer?
What kind? Which one? How many? Whose? Which?
Limiting Adjectives "which", "which one", or "how many"
a. Articles: a, an, the b. Demonstratives: this, that, these, those c. Numbers: one, twenty, first... d. Indefinites: some, many, any, few... e. Interrogatives: what, which, whose
What are Subordinating Conjunctions?
lest, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, whenever, whereas, wherever, why
What is a Declarative sentence?
makes a statement and ends with a period (.) Ex. I like animals.
Prepositions...cont.
of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, regarding, since...
What is an Exclamatory sentence?
shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation mark (!) Ex. I love animals!
What is an Abstract Noun?
(non-physical world) - can't touch - ideas, concepts, dreams, freedom, wisdom, beauty, strength
What is a Concrete Noun?
(physical world) - can touch, be seen or tasted: tree, flower and dog - can experience it: movie, soccer - physical substance: universe, oxygen
What are the Principal Parts of a Verb?
1. Infinitive - to + a verb 2. Present 3. Past - - verb + ed, en or irregular 4. Present Participle - verb + ing 5. Past Participle - verb + ed, en, or irreg.
What are the 4 Types Of Verbs?
1. Intransitive 2. Transitive 3. Helping 4. Linking
What is a Compound-complex sentence?
A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses (like a compound sentence) and at least one dependent clause (like a complex sentence). ex. Jesus, who laughed, wept, yet He sang.
What are the 4 Sentence Structures?
1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-Complex
What are Two forms of Verb Tenses?
1. Simple: "I fell." 2. Perfect: "To have" plus Past Participle "I have fallen."
What are the 4 Sentence Purposes?
1. Declarative . 2. Interrogative ? 3. Exclamatory ! 4. Imperative .
What is a Helping Verb?
A Helping Verb helps another verb assert action, being, or existence. Ex. Bob could hit the ball. - HV is followed by another verb
What are the 8 parts of speech?
1. Noun 6. Preposition 2. Pronoun 7. Conjunction 3. Verb 8. Interjection 4. Adverb 5. Adjective
What are Two forms of Verb Tenses?
1. Progressive: "to be" plus a Present Participle. "I am falling." 2. Perfect-Progressive. "To Have" plus t he word "been" and a Present Participle. "I have been falling."
What are the Seven Sentence Patterns?
1. S - Vi 6. S - Vt - DO - OCN 2. S - Vt- DO 7. S - Vt - DO - OCA 3. S - Vl - PN 4. S - Vl - PA 5. S - Vt - IO - DO
What are the 5 Parts of a Sentence?
1. Subject 2. Verb 3. Complete Sense 4. Capital Letter 5. End Mark (. ? !)
What is a Linking Verb?
A Linking Verb makes an assertion by joining two words. Ex. Bob is talented. - Vl is followed by a noun or adjective - Can the verb be replaced by = and - sentence meaning remains the same
What is an Independent Clause?
A clause that can stand alone.
What is a Dependent Clause?
A clause that cannot stand alone (also known as a subordinating clause).
What is a Conjunction?
A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses
What is a Complex sentence?
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. ex. Jesus, who laughed, wept. www.ASIA.because or relative pronoun
What is "Person" of a Verb?
1st I cry. We cry. Tom cries. Tom and I cry. 2nd You cry (singular or plural) 3rd he/she/it or they He cries. They cry.
What is a Compound sentence?
A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS). ex. Jesus wept yet He sang.
What is a Clause?
A group of words that contains both a subject and a verb.
What is a Phrase?
A group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb.
What is a Noun?
A noun names a person, place, thing, activity, or idea.
What is a Preposition?
A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to another word.
What is a Pronoun?
A pronoun replaces a noun in order to avoid repetition.
What is a Simple sentence?
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause that expresses a complete thought. ex. Jesus wept.
Prepositions
About, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, atop, before, behind, below, beneath, beside...
Other: Conjunctive adverbs (Connects independent clauses)
Accordingly, nevertheless, similarly, therefore, consequently, hence, moreover, meanwhile
What is an Interjection?
An interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion or feeling. Ex. Wow! Ouch! Yeah!
Prepositions...cont.
Between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near...
What is a Simple Noun?
Book bag, blow dry, black box, black belt, black eye
What is a Compound Noun?
Bookkeeper, bookworm, bluefish, bookcase, blueberry
What are the Types Of NOUNS?
Common or Proper dog or Rover Singular or Plural cat or cats Concrete or Abstract Church or love Collective flock, herd, choir Compound doorstep, son-in-law
What is a Proper Noun?
Is a specific person, place or thing and is Capitalized. Ex. Washington, Bible, Paul, etc.
What is Indicative mood?
It is most common and found in declarative and interrogative sentences. Ex. "My shirt is green."
S - Vl - PN Subject - Verb (linking) - Predicate Noun
Jesus is God.
S - Vl - PA Subject - Verb (linking) - Predicate Adjective
Jesus is Holy.
S - Vt - DO Subject -Verb (transitive)- Direct Object
Jesus loves me.
S - Vt - IO - DO Subject - Verb (transitive)- Indirect Object - Direct Object
Jesus made me a crown.
S - Vt - DO - OCA Subject - Verb (transitive)- Direct Object - Object Complement Adjective
Jesus made me a holy.
S - Vt - DO - OCN Subject - Verb (transitive)- Direct Object - Object Complement Noun
Jesus made me a saint.
S-Vi Subject-Verb (intransitive)
Jesus wept.
What is a Collective Noun?
Name groups of things and require verb agreement. Ex. herd, flock, choir, audience, family
What is a Noun Number?
One thing - singular - tree, lash, glass More than one thing - plural - trees, lashes, glasses, benches, knives
What is Passive Verb Voice?
Passive - When the action is performed and the subject is the receiver of the action. "The town was ravaged by the tornado." (Uses helping verbs - am, are, is, was, were)
What are the Pronoun Types?
Personal I, you, me, he, she, it... Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Case: Subjective, Objective, Possessive Number: Singular or Plural Gender: Male, Female, or Neuter
What is Possessive Noun Case?
Possessive - used to show possession or ownership Ex. Peter's, his, the boy's
What are Three Verb Tenses?
Present (Today) Past (Yesterday) Future (Tomorrow)
What are the Pronoun Types?
Reflexive: myself, yourself... Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Interrogative: who, whom, whose, which, what Indefinite: some, many any, few, several, all... Relative: who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, that, which, what, whatever
What are the Noun "Usages"?
Subject (SN) Predicate Noun (PN) Direct Object (DO) Appositive (AP) Indirect Object (IO) Object of the Preposition (OP) Possessive (AJ or PNA) Object Complement Noun (OCN) Noun of Direct Address (NDA)
Adverbs more...
Simple;: Pull hard, go quick Negatives: no, not, never; Affirmatives: yes, certainly, doubtless; Flexional are adjectives + 'ly'
What are Relative pronouns?
That, who, whom, whose, which Connects dependent clauses - usually adjectival clauses. Who/Which Clause
What is the Predicate of the sentence?
The Predicate is what is being said (or declared) about the subject. (what the subject is doing (action) or being (linking verb))
What is the Subject of the sentence?
The Subject is who or what the sentence is about.
Prepositions...cont.
Through, throughout, to toward, Under, underneath, until, up, upon With, within, without
What are the Verb Tenses?
Time - Past - Present - Future ("time frame" in which action occurred) Form - Simple - Perfect - Progressive - Perfect Progressive ("nature" of the action described)
What do Adverbs answer? (2)
To what extent?: very quietly, rather softly How often?: daily, endlessly How much?: Under what condition?: While he prayed
What is Subjunctive mood?
Used to imply condition, like, "If I were a Martian, I would be green." To express a condition contrary to fact, and to express a wish.
What is an Interrogative sentence?
asks a question and ends with a question mark (?) Ex. Do you like animal?
What is an Imperative sentence?
gives a command and has "you" or an implied or understood "you" as the subject of the sentence Ex. Be kind to animals.
