Grammer

Conditionals other expressions Unless Conditional clauses can begin with unless. Unless means something similar to 'if ... not' or 'except if'. The verb forms in the examples are similar to sentences with if: we use the present simple in the unless-clause and shall, should, will, would, can, could, may or might in the main clause

Unless I phone you, you can assume the train's on time. (If I do not phone you) We'll have to cancel the show unless we sell more tickets at the last minute. (We'll have to cancel the show if we do not sell more tickets) Warning: We don't use unless for impossible conditions: If the government had not raised food prices, there would not have been so many protests. Warning: We don't use unless and if together: We'll go to the coast tomorrow unless it rains.

Conditional First Conditional We use the first conditional to talk about a real possibility. use to talk about something that probably happen in the future, if something else happens IF + present tense / future tence with WILL

First Conditional If you visit Miami, I will take you to dinner. I will buy a red shirt if I don't find a blue one. If I see her tonight, I will tell her about the party. *When I get home, I will look for the book. *When shows more certainty than if.

Verb patterns Verbs followed by -ing (not to-infinitive) Some verbs are normally followed by the -ing form, not the to-infinitive: admit, deny, finish, mind, avoid, dislike, give up, miss, (can't) help, enjoy, imagine, practice, (can't) stand, fancy, involve, put off, consider, feel like, keep (on), risk

I always enjoy cooking. We haven't finished eating yet. She keeps changing her mind about the wedding.

Verb patterns Verbs followed by a to-infinitive Some verbs can be followed immediately by a to-infinitive: afford, demand, like, pretend, agree fail, promise, love, arrange, forget, love, manage, ask, refuse, hate, try, continue, mean (= intend), remember, begin, help, need, start, choose, hope, offer, intend, plan, want, decide, learn, prefer

I can't afford to go on holiday. It began to rain. She hopes to go to university next year. My mother never learnt to swim. Did you remember to ring Nigel?

Conditional Second Conditional We use the second conditional to talk about an unreal possibility. IF + past tense / would, could, might We use the Past Tense form, but we are not speaking about the past.

Second Conditional If aliens landed on earth tomorrow, I would be very surprised. (Aliens won't land tomorrow.) I would walk your dog if I had time. (I don't have time so I will not walk your dog.) If I **were the president, I would lower taxes. (He or she is not the president.) I would go on vacation if I had money. (He or she doesn't have enough money.)

Conditional Third Conditional We use the third conditional to talk about a unreal possibility or condition in the past. IF + past perfect tense /would have, could have, might have

Third Conditional If aliens had landed on earth yesterday, I would have been very surprised. (Aliens didn't land on earth yesterday.) I would have walked your dog if I had had time. (I didn't have time so I did not walk the dog.) If I had been the president, I would have lowered taxes. (He or she was not the president.) I would have gone on vacation if my company had given me the time off. (They didn't have the time off.)

Verb patterns New subject before -ing Some of these verbs can be used with a new subject before the -ing form. If the new subject is a pronoun, it is in the object form (me, him, her, us, them): can't stand, dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss, put off and risk)

We just couldn't imagine Gerry singing in public. Do you mind me being here while you're working? I don't want to risk him losing his job.

Conditionals other expressions As long as, so long as, providing, etc. In these cases, conditional clauses can begin with phrases such as as long as, so long as, only if, on condition that, providing (that), provided (that). As long as is more common in speaking; so long as and on condition that are more formal and more common in writing Providing (that) is more common in speaking; provided (that) is more formal and more common in written language:

You can play in the living room as long as you don't make a mess. So long as a tiger stands still, it is invisible in the jungle. The bank lent the company 100,000 pounds on condition that they repaid the money within six months. You can get a senior citizen's reduction providing you've got a railcard. They may do whatever they like provided that it is within the law.

Conditional Zero Conditional We use the zero conditional To talk about a general "condition" or to describe something that usually happens. IF + present tense / present tense

Zero Conditional If I go to the beach, I take a towel. I put on my headphones if I use my phone on the bus. *When it is sunny in Miami, I go to the beach. ---> If it rains, I stay home.

Connecting ideas Addition and

additionally also further furthermore moreover in addition in fact what is more

Connecting ideas Contrast but

although even though whereas while however nevertheless in contrast on the other hand

Connecting ideas Result for, so as

because now that once since accordingly as a result consequently hence thus then