Great Lakes At Risk Final Exam
The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents this pipeline from happening... True or false
False
A key difference between non-native (exotic) and invasive species is that... a. invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences b. invasives are intentionally introduced c. invasives become established outside their hisrtorical range d. exotic species are introduced accidentally
???
If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probabilitu of more invasive species showing up there is... a. 50:50 b. zero c. very high d. very low
???
At this point in time what is the biggest problem facing the Great lakes?
HUMAN IGNORANCE
After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by... a. the Buckeye Traction Ditcher b. the Toledo Back Hoe c. the Maumee Ditch Mauler d. the Lake Erie Ditch Witch
a
Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost... a. $200 million b. $100 million c. $55 million d. $600 million
a
The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased by four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because... a. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was b. Oliver Wendell Holmes was actually from Chicago c. there was no way reverse the situation could be changed d. Missouri was not yet a state
a
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel and round goby... a. first appeared in north america in or near Lake St. Clair b. can all be found in deep waters c. likely reached the Great lakes in the ballast of a freighter d. have their native range in the Black and or Caspian Seas
a, c, d
the EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water act... a. because they thought it was relatively harmless b. because President Nixon threatened to veto the Act if they did not c. because doing so would reduce administrative costs d. eve though they did not have Congressional approval to do so
a, c, d
Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time? a. Paleo-indians once hunted mastadons in Michigan b. the salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years c. Michigan (the state and the lake) was once covered by the Wisconsin Glacier d. Sleeping bear dune is moving inland at the rate of 2 ft per year
b
Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great lakes system... a. the St. Clair b. the Detroit c. the Niagara d. the St. Mary's
b
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly... a. eating their larvae b. inhibiting their ability to open their shells c. taking up available substrate d. all the above
b
compared to the erie canal, the welland canal... a. had more locks b. accommodated longer and wider ships c. penetrated further inland d. all the above
b
There were fewer alewives in lake erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, a. populated by more species of other fish b. shallower c. higher in elevation d. warmer
b, ???
A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that... a. people should obey elected officials b. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them c. minority groups should not be disporportionately burdened by environmental harm d. justice is blind
b, c
Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution... a. is easy to pinpoint b. is harder to track c. is more difficult to regulate d. all the above
b, c
A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with... a. methodology b. labor c. target conditions d. environmental justice
c
According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes," if the five lakes, superior is not... a. the deepest b. the coldest c. the stormiest d. the clearest
c
All energy is derived from... a. hydroelectric power b. plants and animals c. the sun d. the soil
c
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a... a. gale b. suisse c. seiche d. tsunami
c
The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because... a. the region is already saturated with invasives b. it would be relatively easy to separate the Mississippi and Great Lakes basins c. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert's Lock d. all the above
c
The Sanitary and Ship Canal was... a. an early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes b. another example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs c. all the above d. essentially a back door to the Great Lakes
c
The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that... a. tend to forage in near-shore waters b. very small species c. have a low reproductive rate d. are subject to heavy commercial harvest
c
In nature, ecosystems are... a. dynamic b. unpredictable c. difficult for humans to control d. all the above
d
Who eats who in the Great Lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because... a. it is related to the dinosaurs b. will eat other sturgeons c. lives in the deep water and eats fish much larger than itself d. it is quite large yet eats small prey items
d
In the film clip Invasive Species---Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because... a. she wants what's best for the Lake's fish populations b. she doesn't want her clients to lose money c. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix d. all the above
???
Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by... a. being sucked up in the ballast of freighters b. riding currents as veligers c. being able to live on a boat outside water for days d. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water
???
It's thought that lampreys first entered through Lake Ontario... a. through the Fox River b. through the Erie Canal c. through the Niagara River d. through the Erie Canal
???
Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has... a. declined b. held more or less steady c. increased d. gone up, but not by a lot
???
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters. True or False
False
At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is... a. to flush all their ballast tanks mid-ocean b. to flush only tanks that actually carry ballast water c. to combine a chlorine treatment with a saltwater flush of ballast tanks d. to request to flush ballast tanks with saltwater, but its optional
a
High precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because the direct results will lead to... a. more runoff from agricultural fields b. an increase in invasive species c. more water in the Chicago canal d. a drop in tourism
a
In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in... a. the Cuyahoga River b. the St. Clair River c. the St. Lawrence River d. the Detroit River
a
In recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species... a. global connectivity b. climate change c. the pet trade d. all the above
a
In the film the St Lawrence Seaway system, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was... a. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships b. to extend the shipping season c. to widen and deepen it d. to unload the cargo in Halifax instead
a
It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in souther Lake Michigan, surprising because... a. the movement would have been against the Lake's currents b. it meant traversing the dam on St. Mary's River c. the species is immobile as a veliger d. all the above
a
Motion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because... a. of so much environmental degradation b. of climate change c. of economics d. of politics
a
Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody... a. refused to close the locks b. met with environmentalists and barge operators c. fired Dr. Lodge from the project d. agreed to close the locks temporarily
a
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has... a. decreased b. increased c. not been counted d. stayed about the same
a
The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships... a. trophic b. plant-animal c. lotic d. non-linear
a
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was... a. the Illinois and Michigan Canal b. the Sanitary and Ship Canal c. The Welland Canal
a
Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on... a. the creeks where lampreys nest b. the welland canal c. the lamprey's strategy for attaching to fish d. the formation of their circular mouths
a
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish... a. let some of them go b. gave the fish back to the fish farmer c. got funding from another source d. destroyed all the fish
a
Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? a. downdrafts b. currents c. upwelling d. waves
a
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because... a. they had no teeth b. they were too small c. they were exceedingly slow d. all of the above
a
A key problem with the St Lawrence Seaway was... a. the 9-month shipping season b. that the locks and channels were too small c. international freighters were unwilling to pay the high fees to use it d. all the above
a, b
Ballast serves a key function on freighters because... a. it provides stability to an empty ship b. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free c. It provides a way to store food on long voyages
a, b
Cities tended to be constructed... a. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl b. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths c. to look like the European cities immigrants came from d. where timber resources were
a, b
Phosphorous... a. is required by every living organism b. does not exist naturally in the environment c. was present in Lake Erie before settlement d. all the above
a, b
Problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks include... a. Effectiveness is difficult to access due to lag time in detection of exotic species. b. It kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there. c. Tardigrades can survive this and they pose a great threat to the Lakes. d. All of the above.
a, b
Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to... a. be greater b. be less predictable c. be compressed d. be more pronounced in the more southern lakes
a, b
the round goby is considered a generalist species because... a. it can live in freshwater or saltwater b. it has a diverse diet c. it is very aggressive d. it tends to take charge of other fish
a, b
Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after... a. being ingested by invasive mussels b. gobies ate toxic mussels c. birds consumed toxic gobies d. the Eurasian ruffe consumed spiny water fleas
a, b, c
Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by... a. high water b. algal blooms c. low water d. higher water temperatures
a, b, c
Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1900s were caused by... a. blue-green algae b. microcystis c. cyanobacteria d. diatomic algae
a, b, c
Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to become such successful invades include... a. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age b. the ability of females to produce so many eggs c. a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes d. their high filtration rate
a, b, c, ???
The diet of round goby includes... a. young zebra and quagga mussels b. young of larger fish c. zooplankton d. eggs of other fish
a, b, c, d
Alewife populations crashed because... a. there was so much predation pressure from salmon b. there was so much predation pressure from lake trout c. the invasive mussels took up so much plankton d. they were often prey of lampreys
a, c
The effects of lead poisoning... a. can last for decades b. are difficult to detect c. are especially pronounced in children d. can occur even though the water is clear
a, c
Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change... a. increase in water temperature b. increase in water ice cover c. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events d. decrease in the growing season
a, c
According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include... a. evaporation from the lakes b. precipitation directly on the lakes c. water withdrawals by lake communities d. runoff into the lakes
a, c, d
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint... a. tried to entice the Ford Motor Company to open a plant b. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River c. decided to build its own water pipeline d. initiated the state's first lottery
b, c
A key commercial use of the Great lakes ever since the days of La Salle involves... a. timber harvesting b. transportation c. freshwater sales d. tourism
b
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also... a. boosted the immune response of trout against the lampreys b. harmed the reproductive potential of the trout c. became more valuable to recreational fishermen d. was reduced in number by lampreys
b
Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle... a. 50 million tons b. 80 million tons c. 60 million tons d. 100 million tons
b
Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland culture was... a. quite primitive b. lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others c. centuries d. divided into tribes with fixed territorial boundaries
b
Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot', they can rapidly reach new locations because... a. they are often used for bait b. offspring are covered in hairs that help them to catch currents c. their eggs can survive in the guts of predatory fish d. they are such a popular item in the aquaria trade
b
How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes... a. 25% b. 20% c. 10% d. 15%
b
Of the world's port cities. what percentage are withing two stops of a Great Lakes port... a. 73% b. 99% c. 50% d. 30%
b
One example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is... a. the Aral Sea b. in China c. in the western Great Plains d. in California
b
One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is... a. the Des Plaines River b. the Illinois River c. the Chicago River d. the St. Lawrence River
b
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that... a. they were both a public resource b. they both seemed limitless c. they were mostly eliminated in a couple of decades d. all of the above
b
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because... a. it describes flows of energy among species b. it focuses on trophic relationships as a network c. it is a more recent concept d. it describes linkages among species
b
The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently... a. equals about 50% of Great lakes b. could be carried by two freight trains per day c. reflects high traffic of ocean-going ships d. is beyond what was imagined in 1959
b
The deadliest fire in U.S. history was... a. The Great Chicago Fire b. The Peshtigo Fire c. The Camp Fire d. The Woolsey Fire
b
The drought in California is a national problem because... a. they produce so much of the country's wheat and corn b. they grow 90% of the nation's produce c. the entertainment industry is located there d. it is a vacation destination
b
The first European to explore the St Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 10 years he had to turn back because his party... a. encountered fierce resistance from the Iroquois b. encountered impassible rapids c. ran out of provisions d. the river became too narrow
b
The problem of water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because... a. it all sank to the bottom and was thus out of sight b. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water c. other states outside the region would ship their garbage and contaminants to the lakes for disposal d. the ships on the lakes were so large and generated so much garbage
b
There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to the Atlantic Ocean and connections among the lakes were modified by human activity. A key reason that the consequences were so profound was because... a. the lakes are relatively shallow b. the lakes are relatively young c. the fish community in the Lakes lacked top predators
b
Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie... a. has the most beaches b. is the most productive c. has the most fish d. is the deepest
b, c
Successful invasive species tend to... a. are dietary specialists b. be very good specialists c. produce a lot of offspring d. be larger than native species
b, c
The Clean Water Act... a. focused on nonpoint pollution b. focused on point-source pollution c. ignore nonpoint d. all the above
b, c
The Food Chain in Lake Powell... a. consisted of planktivores, herbivores, and carnivores b. was predicted to collapse in less than a decade c. was very simple d. was complex and thus resilient to the invasive mussels
b, c
In reality, wetlands serve many useful purposes, for example... a. they are full of valuable game fish b. they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out c. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl d. they filter the water
b, c, d
The St. Lawrence divide... a. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin b. runs through southern Canada c. is generally more of a hill than a mountain d. runs through the western part of Chicago
b, c, d
Eutrophication... a. is caused by humans b. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients c. is part of Lake Erie's natural history d. is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion
b, d
Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former... a. can eat the later b. can tolerate much deeper water c. have an even higher rate of reproduction d. don't need a hard surface to adhere to
b, d
The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by... a. virtue of their large size b. preying on their young c. acting as a parasite d. outcompeting them for food
b, d
Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive; including... a. extremely high reproduction rate b. lack of predators c. all the above d. good dispersers
c
At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to... a. the Ohio river basin b. the salt marshes of the Gulf of Mexico c. the Atlantic Ocean d. the bayous of Louisiana
c
Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they... a. consume the offspring of their competitors b. aggressively drive competitors from their nests c. starve their competitors by eating plankton d. all of the above
c
Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels... a. $100 million b. $50 million c. hundreds of millions of dollars d. $1 million
c
Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that... a. it has experienced so many invasives b. it is more heavily populated c. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters d. all of the above
c
For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is... a. low to moderate b. moderate c. moderate to high d. low
c
In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to... a. increase runoff during storm events b. could result in runoff during storm events that could carry off domestic livestock c. could result in inputs to rivers and lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure d. increase in area
c
In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech... a. filed a class action lawsuit b. agreed c. provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive d. held a press conference with the mayor
c
Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada? a. more than 40 b. 20 c. less than 2 d. 10
c
On an annual basis, the Soo locks handle more ships and more tonnage... a. than Panama and Suez Canals combined b. than Erie Canal throughout its entire history c. than the Panama and Suez Canals combined d. all the above
c
The film clip, "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by... a. a steep drop in temperature at northern latitudes b. the wisconsin glacier c. rising land surface after the glacier's retreat d. the creation of a huge freshwater sea larger than all the lakes combined
c
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels... a. $55 million b. $100 million c. $600 million d. $200 million
c
The second set of barriers funded by Congress... a. included three clusters of electrodes b. were more powerful than the original c. all the above d. was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo
c
There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron... a. the western-most lake was supposed to be Huron b. Georgian Bay is actually a separate lakes c. they are actually one lake d. Michigan was supposed to be named Mishigami but early map-makers misspelled it
c
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining... a. upwelling b. predictable currents c. water quality d. the epiliminion
c
What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up in the food chain... a. zoogenesis b. toxic multiplication c. bioaccumulation d. magnification
c
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? a. Huron b. Michigan c. Erie d. Ontario
c
What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes? a. the falls of St. Mary b. a salt water thermocline c. Niagara Falls d. a thermobar
c
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because... a. they developed molars b. they were able to suck the meat out from between the shells c. their stomach muscles began to enlarge d. all of the above
c
With changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, the commercial shipping industry is affected by... a. more frequent storms b. high water c. low water d. algal blooms
c
DNA barcoding... a. uses the same technology as scanning in supermarkets b. is another term for DNA fingerprinting c. is meant to identify species d. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
c, d
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found... a. they could harvest crops for a year or two before the soils were played out b. the soils were of poor quality c. the soils were incredibly rich d. they had the most productively land in the country
c, d
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie... a. was the primary cause in the 1960s b. is also affecting Lake Superior in a major way c. has resulted in dead zones around the world d. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
c, d
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint... a. initiated the state's first lottery b. tried to entice the Ford Motor Company to open a plant c. decided to build its own water pipeline d. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River
c, d
By far, the best predictors of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are... a. lead pipes b. degree of education c. proximity to heavy industry d. race
d
Currently, the number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is... a. 10 b. 20 c. 8 d. 2
d
Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed... a. it couldn't be built b. the US would have to pay more than Canada c. that the Canadians could not be trusted d. that it would ruin the business of US ports on the eastern seaboard
d
Eventually, the round goby... a. became the dominant forage fish b. helped to keep mussel populations in check c. depressed populations of sculpins and darters d. all the above
d
Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon... a. were actually just bigger coho salmon b. could talk c. were not much fun for anglers to catch d. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
d
For a trait to be considered to be an adaption in an evolutionary sense... a. it must be favorable to an organism's survival b. it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce c. it must be heritable d. all of the above
d
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because... a. the residents were mostly poor and African American b. the residents were not viewed as credible c. the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously d. all of the above
d
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because... a. the residents were mostly poor and African American b. the residents were not viewed as credible c. the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously d. all the above
d
In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but... a. it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply b. such systems aren't required until 2021 c. it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species d. all the above
d
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include... a. lawn fertilizer b. leaky septic fields c. inputs from the Detroit river d. none of the above
d
In the film, Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reuters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to reduce the posibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first... a. address climate change b. drink only bottled water c. force farmers to stop using phosphorous d. focus on water treatment plants
d
In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with... a. univariate statistics b. computer simulations c. theories d. data
d
Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because... a. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate b. the zebra mussel is able to attach to boat hulls c. they were taken up in the ballast of large boats on the lake d. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
d
Most invasive species are introduced... a. by climate shifts b. by ocean currents c. by storms d. by humans
d
On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration of... a. praries b. oak savanna c. boreal forests d. wetlands
d
Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron... a. a number of native fish species began to increase in number b. fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue c. the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species d. all of the above
d
One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that... a. they spawn up to three times per summer b. they are voracious egg eaters c. they drive other fish from their spawning beds d. all the above
d
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is... a. an exact science b. easy if you know about them c. easy in systems that have suffered a lot of environmental impacts d. very difficult to do
d
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines... a. have increased flows in the river b. have made the river more turbid c. have increased nutrient inputs to the river d. all the above
d
Rain. snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by... a. precipitation b. evaporation c. aquifers d. outflow
d
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include... a. making fertilizer from them b. making pet food from them c. making fish cakes from them d. all the above
d
Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be... a. voracious predators b. habitat specialists c. not very attractive d. habitat generalists
d
The St Lawrence Seaway was constructed... a. to allow ocean going freighters access to the Great Lakes b. because the US president saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR c. to circumvent Niagara Falls d. all of the above
d
The lamprey moved slowly through lake Erie because... a. it was relatively shallow b. it was relatively warm c. it lacked suitable spawning streams d. all the above
d
The last glacier withdrew from North America about... a. 1 million B.C. b. 4,000 years ago c. 60,000 years ago d. 12,000 years ago
d
The primary mission of the early French explorers in the Great Lakes was... a. to establish trading posts b. to establish new colonies there c. to defeat the Spanish d. to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
d
The scientific method is initiated... a. with funding b. in college c. with a good question d. with observations
d
The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in... a. atmospheric pressure b. their surface area c. water use d. elevation
d
Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of... a. the Clean Water Act b. the Freedom of Information Act c. the Mann Act d. the Safe Water Drinking Act
d
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan... a. General Peabody agreed to close the locks b. Peabody worked more closely with Dr. Lodge to find a solution c. It was clear that carp were likely breeding in Lake Michigan d. five states took USACE and Illinois to court
d
Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes... a. they are all geographically concentrated b. connectivity c. the location d. all of the above
d
Which of the following is a native american tribe that the french did not encounter in the lakes region... a. the Winnebagoes b. the Iroquois c. the Hurons d. the Sioux
d
Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great lakes Initiative... a. removal of toxins b. invasive species control c. nonpoint source pollution control d. all the above
d