Growth & Development
how many days is the neonatal period
28 days
which age should an infant develop binocularity?
3-4 months; rationale: Children develop binocularity (the ability to fixate on 1 visual field with both eyes simultaneously) by 3-4 months. Children are not able to fixate on 1 visual field with both eyes simultaneously as early as 8 -9 weeks. Children learn to fixate on 1 visual field with both simultaneously earlier than 7-8 months or 9-12 months.
which statement is true about Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop an action pattern for dealing with their environment.
according to the erikson's theory, which stage in a young adult describes the development of the sense of caring for others?
Intimacy versus isolation
which is the reason for calculating a body mass index (BMI) for age during a health maintenance assessment for school age clients?
assessing for obesity or overweight
Which component of the human personality, according to Freud, allows an individual to judge reality accurately?
ego
which psychosocial change does a toddler exhibit?
engages in temper tantrum rationale: 2yo engages in temper tantrums when parents start restricting certain activities to prevent harm. at 2yo, a child has a strong will and determination, which may result in negative behavior. the child strives for independence by using the developing muscles to do everything for him/herself.
according to Kohlberg's theory, which stage comes before the society-maintaining orientation stage?
good boy-good girl
arrange in order of occurrence the steps involved in the changes during puberty
1. Triggering of GnRH by the hypothalamus 2. Movement of GnRH through a network of capillaries to the anterior pituitary gland 3.Stimulation of production and secretion of FSH and LH 4. Stimulation of the gonadal response rationale: Some events trigger the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. GnRH travels through a network of capillaries to the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the production and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). When the levels of these hormones increase, they in turn stimulate the gonadal response.
which client may have concerns related to sexuality when hospitalized with a chronic illness
18 yo; rationale: an 18 yo client is an adolescent, which is the stage of development where concerns about sexuality may occur when the client is hospitalized with a chronic illness. the other clients are not developmentally characterized as adolescents; therefore, the nurse would not anticipate 8 yo, 10yo, 12yo child to have this concern.
If hearing loss is detected early, proper intervention can help a child achieve normal language development. What is the latest age that hearing loss should be detected to ensure that a child achieves normal language development? Record your answer using a whole number. ______________ months
3; rationale: if a HCP detects hearing loss before the child is 3 months old and an intervention is initiated within 6 months, the child can achieve normal language development
the nurse is learning about the shift in total body fluid that occurs from infancy to adulthood. Which percentage of body weight is the weight of extracellular fluid in an infant at term?
44% rationale: The amount of ECF is 44% of the body weight at term. The initial birth weight of a term newborn can decrease by 10% in the first 5 days of life due to ECF compartment contraction, enhanced renal tubular function, and rapidly increasing glomerular filtration rate. The amount of ECF is 20% in adulthood. At birth, 78% of the infant's body weight is water - ECF occupies a significant part of it.
how many hours of sleep would the nurse recommend for the 11 yo client?
9 hours rationale: a school-aged client who is 11 years old would require 9h of sleep each night. 10h of sleep is not recommended for the school-aged client. A 5 yo school-aged client requires 11.5h of sleep per night; however, 11 and 12h of sleep is not recommended for an 11 yo school age client
Which is a goal for organized athletics for school-age children? 1 Life-long enjoyment of fitness. 2 A physical examination every two years. 3 The use of appropriate safety equipment. 4 Participation in warm-up exercises prior to physical activity.
A lifelong enjoyment of fitness rationale: a goal for organized athletics for school-age children is a lifelong enjoyment of fitness. A physical exam q2yr, the use of appropriate safety equipment, and participating in warmup exercises before physical activity are all safeguards for athletic programs.
according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true?
A person wants to fulfill family expectations rationale: During the convention reasoning level, a person wants to fulfill the expectations of his or her family, group, or nation. During the preconventional reasoning level, a child's thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures. during this stage, the child also recognizes that there is more than 1 correct view. During the postconventional stage, individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles.
which is a similarity between Havighurst's stage-crisis and Erikson's psychosocial development theories?
Both theories are based on developmental task rationale: both stage-crisis theory and psychosocial development theory are based on developmental tasks. Both theories teach that the successful resolution of a developmental task is essential for a successful progression through life. The stage-crisis theory has 6 stages whereas psychosocial development theory has 8 stages. Freud's theory is based on psychosexual development. Gesell's theory of development suggests that development of child is directed by gene activity.
which of these statements about the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is true?
Newborns are susceptible to heat loss and cold stress. rationale: during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life, newborns are susceptible to heat loss and cold stress. newborns are susceptible to hypothermia. apgar assessments are generally conducted between 1-5 min after birth. physiological changes in the newborn are seen during the first 24h of life
which statement is true regarding the physical development of a preschooler?
Preschoolers grow 6.2 to 7.5 cm per year. rationale: preschoolers grow 6.2-7.5 cm/yr. Preschoolers gain about 5 lbs (2.26kg)/yr. They also grow double their length at around 4 yo. The avg wt of a 4yo is 37 lbs (16.78kg)
the nurse is preparing to assess several clients at a pediatric clinic. which client would require a developmental screening vs developmental surveillance during a scheduled health maintenance visit?
a 9 month old infant rationale: 2 week old newborn, 15 month old toddler, and 4 yo preschooler would all require developmental surveillance during a health maintenance visit
which is true about the preoperational period of piaget's theory
The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does rationale: According to Piaget's theory, children believe that everyone experiences the world exactly as they do during the preoperational period. Children develop a scheme for dealing with the environment during the sensorimotor period. Children are able to describe a process without actually doing it during the concrete operations period. Children have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities during the formal operations period
according to Piaget's theory, which of these statements about the period of concrete operations is true?
a child is able to describe a process without actually doing it.
to which client would the nurse provide education regarding the pubertal growth spurt
a 12 yo school age female client
according to the Piaget's theory, which behavior does a 9yo child show?
concrete thinking rationale: concrete thinking 9yo; logical reasoning 11yo. object permanence b/n birth - 3yo. the idea of being constantly observed by an imaginary audience is observed in individuals starting from the age of 11yo
according to piaget, which statement describes the concrete operation stage?
during this stage, children are able to perform mental operations. rationale: during the concrete stage, children are able to perform mental operations. during the formal operational stage, there is prevalence of egocentric thoughts. During the preoperational stage, children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. during the sensorimotor stage, children develop an action pattern for dealing with the environment.
which fine motor skill would the nurse expect when assessing the development of an infant between 10 -12 months of age?
holds a crayon rationale: the ability to hold a crayon is a fine motor skill that the nurse would expect when conducting a developmental assessment for an infant b/n 10 -12 months of age. walking w/ assistance, standing alone, and sitting from a standing positions are all gross motor skills the nurse would anticipate for this infant.
in which settings would the nurse prepare to administer developmental assessment for pediatric clients
home, school, hospital, daycare center
which statement correctly describes the initiative vs guilt stage?
individuals like to pretend and try out new roles rationale: during the initiative vs guilt stage, a child likes to pretend and try out new roles. A child is more accomplished in some basic self-care activities during autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt stage. During the identity vs role confusion stage, an individual shows marked preoccupation w/ appearance and body image. During the industry vs inferiority, a child is eager to apply him/herself to learning socially productive skills and tools.
at which stage of development would the nurse anticipate that pediatric clients will begin to show difference in play activities that are related to gender?
late school-age rationale: during the late school-age years, the nurse would anticipate that pediatric clients will begin to show differences in play activities that are related to gender. There will be very few differences in play activities related to gender during the preschool stage of development. Adolescence involves different social, not play, activities r/t gender. The early school-age client will exhibit the same types of play activities r/t genders as the preschool-age child.
according to Freud's theory, in what order do the stages of child development occur?
oral, anal, oedipal, latency, genital
according to Piaget's theory, which period describes a child's stage of egocentrism?
preoperational rationale: during the preoperational period, children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. they exhibit egocentrism where they see all objects and persons as their own. The sensorimotor period occurs between birth - 2 yo. During this period, infants develop an action pattern for dealing the the environment. The formal operations periods lasts from 11 yrs of age into adulthood. During this period, the person is self-conscious and thinks he or she is invulnerable and tends to show risk-taking behaviors. the concrete operations period occurs between 7-11yo. during this period, children are able to perform mental operations.
which stage of development classifies boys and girls as differing very little in terms of size?
school-age rationale: during the school-age stage of development, boys and girls differ very little in terms of size. during the toddler, preschool, and adolescence stages of development boys are often larger than girls
in which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develop an action pattern to deal with the environment?
sensorimotor rationale: child development is divided into 4 periods. During the sensorimotor period, an infant develops a schema or action pattern for dealing with the environment. During the preoperational period, children learnt to think with the use of symbols and mental images. During the formal operations period, egocentric thought prevails. During the concrete operations period, the child thinks about a recently performed physical action.
which period of Piaget's theory describes the idea of object permanence?
sensorimotor period
according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is a part of conventional reasoning?
society-maintaining orientation
which gross motor skill is found in children between 2-4 months of age?
the child can bear weight on forearms when prone rationale: a child b/n 2-4 months is able to bear his wt on forearms when in the prone position. A child b/n 8-10 months can creep on his hands and knees. A child between birth -1 month has predominant inborn reflexes. A child between 6 -8 months can sit alone w/o support
which type of prehension is exhibited by a 5 month old infant?
the grasp is palmar. rationale: A 5 month old is able to voluntarily grasp an object using the whole hand (palmar grasp); At 3 months, the hands are mostly open. By 8 -9 months of age the infant uses a crude pincer grasp, using the thumb and index finger. At 1 month of age the hands are predominantly closed.
during which week of pregnancy does placental development occur?
third
which of these age groups has the highest incidence of lead poisoning
toddler rationale: highest in late infancy and toddlerhood. Children at this stage explore the environment and because of their increased level of oral activity, put objects into their mouths. Adults have a greater risk of CV or pulmonary disease. Drowning and MVA are more common among adolescents. Bicycle accidents are more common among school-aged children
which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development defines 'right' by the decision of the conscience?
universal ethical principle orientation rationale: Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of 6 stages. universal ethical principle orientation is the 6th stage. it defines 'right' by the decision of the conscience in accordance with self-chosen ethical principles. social contract orientation is the 5th stage. during this stage, an individual follows societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society. society-maintaining orientation stage is the 4th. individuals expands their focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns during this stage. instrumental relativist is the 2nd stage. in this stage, the child recognizes that there is more than 1 right view.
