Growth and Development

Which fine motor skill should the nurse expect when assessing the development of an infant between 10 and 12 months of age? 1 Holds a crayon 2 Walks with assistance 3 Stands independently 4 Sits from a standing position

1 Holds a Crayon All other options are examples of gross motor skills.

Which statement correctly describes the initiative versus guilt stage? 1 Individuals like to pretend and try out new roles. 2 Individuals are more accomplished in some basic self-care activities. 3 Individuals show marked preoccupation with appearance and body image. 4 Individuals are eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools.

1 Individuals like to pretend and try out new roles. During the initiative versus guilt stage, a child likes to pretend and try out new roles. A child is more accomplished in some basic self-care activities during the autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt stage. During the identity versus role confusion stage, an individual shows marked preoccupation with appearance and body image. During the industry versus inferiority stage, a child is eager to apply himself or herself to learning socially productive skills and tools.

Which formula is most preferable for a child who has lactose intolerance? 1 Soy-based formula 2 Whey hydrolysate formula 3 Cow's milk-based formula 4 Amino acid-based formula

1 Soy-based formula Soy-based formula is a commercially available formula that has a high amount of protein but does not contain lactose. Amino acid-based formula is preferable for a child who has food allergies. However, it is not the most preferable formula for the child with lactose intolerance. Whey hydrolysate formula and cow's milk-based formula contain high amounts of lactose.

Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate in a client who exhibits absolute obedience to authority and rules? 1 Stage 1 2 Stage 2 3 Stage 3 4 Stage 4

1 Stage 1 Level I, preconventional reasoning, includes stage 1, punishment and obedience training. It is during this stage the nurse would anticipate absolute obedience to authority and rules. Stage 2, also in level I, is when the nurse anticipates that the child will realize there is more than one right view. In stage 3, level II, the child wants to win approval and maintain expectations of his or her immediate group. In stage 4, also in level II, the client expands focus from the relationship with others to societal concerns.

Which statement describes stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory? 1 The child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. 2 An adolescent chooses to avoid a party where they know beer will be served. 3 An individual wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group. 4 A child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.

1 The child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. According to stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory, a child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. An adolescent who chooses not to attend a party where beer will be served because they know this is wrong is acting according to stage 4. Stage 3 states that an individual wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group. During stage 1, a child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.

Which statement describes the latency stage of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development? 1 During this stage, genital organs are the focus of pleasure. 2 During this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities. 3 During this stage, an infant begins to think that his or her parent is separate from the self. 4 During this stage, sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.

2 During this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities. During the latency stage, Freud believed that sexual urges from the earlier Oedipal stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable. During the phallic stage, the genital organs are the focus of pleasure. During the oral stage, infants begin to think that the parent is something separate from the self. During the genital stage, sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.

According to Kohlberg's theory, which stage comes before the society-maintaining orientation stage? 1 Social contract orientation 2 Good boy-nice girl orientation 3 Instrumental relativist orientation 4 Punishment and obedience orientation

2 Good boy-nice girl orientation According to Kohlberg's theory, the "good boy-nice girl orientation" phase (stage 3) occurs before the "society-maintaining orientation" phase (stage 4). "Social contract orientation" is the fifth stage. "Instrumental relativist orientation" is the second stage.

Who completes the developmental questionnaire for a pediatric client who is being assessed using the Developmental (ASQ-3) screening? 1. Child 2. Parent 3. Nurse 4. Physician

2. Parent The parent completes the questionnaire portion of the Development (ASQ-3) assessment. A health care professional, such as the nurse or physician, scores the assessment. The child's stage of development is assessed using this process.

A child wants to be on time for a family dinner. According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of development is the child going through? 1 Good boy-nice girl orientation 2 Society-maintaining orientation 3 Instrumental relativist orientation 4 Universal ethical principle orientation

3 Instrumental relativist orientation When a child wants to be on time for a family dinner, this thought exemplified the instrumental relativist orientation stage. A child at this stage follows his or her parent's rules. During the good boy-nice girl orientation stage, a child wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group. During the society-maintaining orientation stage, an individual expands focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns. During the universal ethical principle orientation stage, the concept of "rightness" is defined by self-chosen ethical principles.

A child watches an older sibling playing with a ball, but makes no effort to participate in the play. What social character of play is the child exhibiting? 1 Parallel play 2 Pretend play 3 Onlooker play 4 Associative play

3 Onlooker play In onlooker play a child actively observes other children playing and does not attempt to enter into the activity; the child is interested only in observation and not in participation. In parallel play children play independently among other children. In pretend play children act out any event of daily life and practice the roles and identities as established in their surroundings. In associative play children play together and are engaged in a similar or identical activity. Topics

The parents of a preschooler are worried, because the child is often seen talking to imaginary friends. The parents admit that they often scold the child for such behavior. Of what does the nurse inform the parents? 1 "The child may develop severe psychological problems." 2 "You must involve the child in some spiritual activities." 3 "There may be some neurologic or developmental issue." 4 "The behavior is normal at this age and it will help counter loneliness."

4 "The behavior is normal at this age and it will help counter loneliness." Sometimes children create imaginary friends to help counter the feelings of loneliness. Therefore the nurse should tell the parents that it is a normal behavior. Speaking to imaginary friends is a habit that children overcome later in life and, therefore, there is no risk for developing any psychological problems. It is not necessary to involve the child in any spiritual activity if the parents do not desire to do so. A neurologic problem is suspected if the child exhibits jerking movements or experiences fainting spells.

Which should the nurse encourage for the adolescent client diagnosed with a chronic illness to achieve independence from family? 1 Using coping skills 2 Wearing make-up 3 Buying stylish clothes 4 Socializing with peers

4 Socializing with peers Socialization with peers should be encouraged [1] [2] for adolescent clients diagnosed with a chronic illness to achieve independence from family. Use of coping skills helps the adolescent develop a personal identity. Wearing make-up and buying stylish clothes allows the adolescent to learn through abstract thinking.

In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate a client to expand focus from relationships with others to societal concerns? 1 Stage 1 2 Stage 2 3 Stage 3 4 Stage 4

4 Stage 4 Level II, conventional reasoning, stage 4 is when the nurse anticipates a client will expand focus from the relationship with others to societal concerns. In level I, preconventional reasoning, stage 1, the nurse anticipates absolute obedience to authority and rules. In level I, preconventional reasoning stage 2, the nurse anticipates that the client will realize there is more than one right view. In level II, preconventional reasoning stage 3, the client wants to win approval and maintain expectations of his or her immediate group.