GWAR practice test NURS 312G

All of the following aspects of a research proposal are part of the research hypothesis except: Select one: a. methodology b. population c. outcomes d. variables

Correct Answer: A. Methodology Research Hypothesis Alternative hypothesis to the null hypothesis(hypothesis stating that no relationship exists between the variables being studied; a hypothesis used for statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes); a research hypothesis states that a relationship exists between two or more variables. a. Methodology- Methodology sections of a research paper answer 2 main questions, how was the data collected, and how was it analyzed. b. Population- All elements (people, objects, events, or substances) that meet the sample criteria for inclusion in a study; sometimes referred to as a target population c. outcomes- Conclusions of findings, implications of findings for nursing, and suggestions for fufurther study presented in the discussion section of the research report d. variables- qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that change or vary and are manipulated or measure in research.

Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in which setting? Select one: a. Natural b. Laboratory c. Controlled

Correct Answer: A. Natural Applied research is a scientific investigation conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence clinical practice. The purpose of applied research is to solve problems, make decisions, and or predict outcomes in real life situations.

A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke victims. The researcher designs a study in which data collection takes place in the caregiver's home. This would be an example of which type of research setting? Select one: a. Natural, field b. Highly controlled, field c. Partially controlled, laboratory d. Highly controlled, laboratory

Correct Answer: A. Natural, Field A highly controlled setting is an artificially constructed environment that is developed for the sole purpose of conducting research. Since the data collection is in an uncontrolled natural environment the collection is being done in a Natural/ field setting.

A researcher is studying the relationship between age and involvement in social activities. This is what type of research? Select one: a. Quasi-experimental b. Experimental c. Correlational d. Descriptive

Correct Answer: C. Correlational a. Quasi-experimental is a type of quantitative research conducted to explain relationships, clarify why certain events happen, and examine causality between selected independent and dependent variables. b. Experimental research is an objective, systematic controlled investigation to examine probability and causality among selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. c. Correlational research is a systematic investigation of relationships between two or more variables to explain the nature of relationships in the world; does not examine cause and effect d. Descriptive research is research that provides an accurate portrayal or account of the characteristics of a particular person, event, or group in real-life situations; is is research that is conducted to discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizes information

The nurse is caring for a client in the irreversible stage of shock. The nurse is explaining to the client's family the poor prognosis. Which would the nurse be most accurate to explain as the rationale for imminent death? Select one: a. Brain death b. Endotoxins in the system c. Multiple organ failure d. Limited gas exchange

Correct Answer: C. Multiple Organ Failure In septic shock you have decreased tissue oxygenation causing the organs to go into shock, ultimately causing death. You will have brain death due to the lack of O2, you will have endotoxins in your system, and you will have problems with gas exchange but ultimately it is the failure of multiple organs that will be your demise.

The statistical (null) hypothesis in a research study states that there is: Select one: a. a statistically significant relationship between variables. b. a causal relationship between variables. c. no relationship between variables d. an implied relationship between variables.

Correct Answer: C. No relationship between variables null hypothesis-a hypothesis that states that no relationship exists between the variables being studied; a hypothesis used for statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes. All of the other choices imply a relation between variables

As a search engine, this index would provide the largest number of relevant nursing sources Select one: a. PsychInfo b. The Cochrane Library c. PubMeb d. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)

Correct Answer: D. CINAHL ( Cumulative index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) a. Psychinfo is a search engine to access articles and journals in regards to psychology, behavioral, and social sciences. b. The Cochrane library is a collection of high quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making, you can gather systematic reviews and controlled trial articles. While this is healthcare related it is not our most correct answer c. Pubmed- a general search engine that contains biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals and online books. Pubmed is a good resource for physicians, NPs, PA's, and pharmacists to research medical literature. d. CINAHL- The definitive research tool for nursing and allied health professionals. ideal for health professionals, researchers, nurse educators, nurse students.

As a characteristic of phenomenological research methodology, this activity is used to suspend or lay aside what the researcher knows about the experience being studied Select one: a. Reflexivity b. Bracketing c. Coding d. Memos

Correct Answer: Missed The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. b. bracketing is used in qualitative research and it is the setting aside or suspending what is known about an experience being studied. c. coding is a way of indexing or identifying categories in qualitative data.

The following research steps could be found in which type of qualitative research? · Identification of the culture to be studied · Gaining entrance · Cultural immersion · Acquiring informants · Theory development Select one: a. Ethnographic b. Historical c. Phenomenological d. Grounded theory

Correct Answer: a. Ethnographic A. Ethnography is qualitative research methodology for investigating cultures, the research involves collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. b. Historical research is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past. c. The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. d. Grounded Theory research is an inductive research technique based on the symbolic interaction theory, it is conducted to discover the problems that exist in a social scene and the process that persons involved use to handle them. It involves formulation, testing, and redevelopment of propositions until a theory is developed.

A nurse researcher is looking for answers to the question "How can I make something happen in a new way?", he would conduct this kind of research. Select one: a. Grounded theory b. Phenomenology c. Ethnography d. Historical research

Correct Answer: a. Grounded theory a. Grounded Theory research is an inductive research technique based on the symbolic interaction theory, it is conducted to discover the problems that exist in a social scene and the process that persons involved use to handle them. It involves formulation, testing, and redevelopment of propositions until a theory is developed. b. Phenomenology is a philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy c. Ethnography is qualitative research methodology for investigating cultures, the research involves collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. d. Historical research is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.

This is a psychological response of subjects who change their behavior simply because they are in a study Select one: a. Hawthorne effect b. Negative effect c. Experimenter expectancies d. Rosenthal effect

Correct Answer: a. Hawthorne effect a. Hawthorne effect the alteration of behavior by subjects due to knowledge of being observed. c. Experimenter expectancies are expectations of the researcher that can bias data. For example experimenter expectancy occurs if a resercher expects a particular intervention to relieve pain. d. Rosenthal effect is the same as experimenter expectancies.

Spiritual perspective is an example of this type of measurement where one cannot directly see the things being measured. Select one: a. Indirect measurement b. Outliers c. Direct measurement d. Measurement error

Correct Answer: a. Indirect measurement a. Measurement error is the difference between what exists in reality and what is measured by a research instrument b. indirect measurement or indicators are methods used with abstract concepts that are not measured directly. Rather indicators or attributes of the concepts are used to represent the abstraction and are measured in the study c. Direct measurements are concrete variables that can be measured objectively with a specific measurement strategy, such as using a scale to measure weight. d. Outliers are extreme scores or values caused by inherent variability, errors of measurement or execution, or error in identifying the variables important in explaining the nature of the phenomenon under study.

This term refers to the degree to which the independent variable can be interpreted as being responsible for the effects on the dependent variable: Select one: a. Internal validity b. Construct validity c. External validity d. Statistical conclusion validity

Correct Answer: a. Internal validity Validity of an instrument is a determination of how well the instrument reflects the abstract concept being examined. a. Internal validity is the extent to which the effects detected in the study are a true reflection of reality rather than the result of extraneous variables. when examining causality, the researcher must determine whether the dependent variables may have been influenced by a third unmeasured variable. b. construct validity is a measure of how well the conceptual and operational definitions of variables match each other, determines whether the instrument measures the theoretical construct that it purports to measure. c. external validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study. d. statistical conclusion validity is the extent to which the conclusions about relationships and differences drawn from statistical analyses reflect reality.

Probability in research is associated with this kind of causality: Select one: a. Likelihood b. Absolute c. Conclusive d. Definite

Correct Answer: a. Likelihood Probability: the extent to which something is probable, or the likelihood that something is going to happen, or not happen. a. likelihood the state or fact of somethings being likely..probability b. absolute viewed or existing independently and not in relation to other things c. conclusive serving to prove a case, decisive or convincing. d. definite clearly stated or decided. All other options are specific

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and energy levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable in this study? Select one: a. Low-fat diet. b. women over 40. c. Obesity. d. Self-esteem, weight, and energy levels.

Correct Answer: a. Low-fat Diet Independent variables are treatments or interventions that are manipulated or varied by the researcher to cause an effect of the dependent variable. Dependent variable can be thought of as the response, behavior, or outcome that is predicted or explained in research; changes in the dependent variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable

A limitation of a study may include a disproportionate number of males to females within the study's sample. Select one: True False

Correct Answer: a. True Limitations are theoretical and methodological restrictions in a study that may decrease the generalizability of the findings. The study has more information on male population.

Measurement error signifies the difference between the observed score and what exists in reality (true score) Select one: a. True b. False

Correct Answer: a. True Measurement error is the difference between what exists in reality and what is measured by a research instrument.

This type of error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected although it is actually true Select one: a. Type I error b. Type II error

Correct Answer: a. Type I Error a. A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true. b. Type II errors can occur when the null hypothesis is regarded as true but in fact is false. Null hypothesis: a hypothesis stating that no relationship exists between variables being studied.

This type of error says there is no difference between the groups when there really is Select one: a. Type II error b. Type I error

Correct Answer: a. Type II error a. Type II errors can occur when the null hypothesis is regarded as true but in fact is false. b. A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true. Null hypothesis: a hypothesis stating that no relationship exists between variables being studied.

Which is an important feature of a testable hypothesis? Select one: a. Variables in a testable hypothesis are measurable or able to be manipulated. b. It may differ from the variables and population identified in the research purpose. c. Relationships among the study variables must be causative. d. Methods of sampling, measurement, and data analysis are included in the hypothesis statement.

Correct Answer: a. Variables in a testable hypothesis are measurable or able to be manipulated Testable hypothesis is a hypothesis containing variables that can be measured or manipulated in the real world.

A researcher tells people being interviewed in depth about their ICU experiences that their responses will not be individually divulged and their identities will be masked. Indicate the type of procedures used to safeguard study participants is being described: Select one: a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Informed consent d. Debriefing

Correct Answer: a. confidentiality a. Confidentiality is the management of private data in research in such a way that only the researcher knows the subjects identities and can link them with their responses. b. anonymity is a condition in which the subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. c. Informed consent is an agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has assimilated essential information about the study d. debriefing is a procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded.

The purpose of this study was to explore the complex communication needs of hospitalized patients with cerebral palsy. Identify which section of the article this sentence was from. Select one: a. Introduction b. Results section c. Discussion d. Method section

Correct Answer: a. introduction a.Introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research. Discusses background, hypothesis, and a brief description of methodology. b. Results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered. Results should be stated without bias, interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence. c. Discussion section purpose is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, you can also explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you have taken the findings into consideration. d. Methods section requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen.

The sample comprised 119 women who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy in a large academic medical center. Identify which section of the article this sentence was from. Select one: a. Method section b. Introduction c. Discussion d. Results section

Correct Answer: a. method section a.Methods section requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen. b. Introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research. Discusses background, hypothesis, and a brief description of methodology. c. Discussion section purpose is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, you can also explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you have taken the findings into consideration. d. Results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered. Results should be stated without bias, interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence.

The components of rigor in qualitative research are: Select one: a. openness and adherence to the philosophical orientation. b. sampling, partitioning, and setting. c. predicting, confidentiality, and anonymity. d. availability, bias, and significance.

Correct Answer: a. openness and adherence to the philosophical orientation. Rigor- Excellence in research; attained through the use of discipline, scrupulous adherence to detail, and strict accuracy In qualitative research rigor is assessed in relation to the detail built into the design of the qualitative study, carefulness of data collection, and thoroughness of analysis. The study should be dependable, confirmable, credible, and transferable. Qualitative research critical appraisal process has 1. Identifyig the components of the qualitative research in study. 2. determining strengths and weaknesses. 3. Evaluating the trustworthiness and meaning in study findings.

Which of the following definitions best describes rigor in experimental quantitative research? Select one: a. Time frame in which the research takes place b. Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology c. Process used to synthesize findings to form conclusions from a study d. Degree of aggressiveness used in acquiring the data

Correct Answer: b. Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology Rigor in quantitative research involves examining the reasoning and precision used when conducting a study. Precision encompasses accuracy, detail, and order. Precision is evident in the concise statement of the research purpose and detailed development of the study design.

A researcher sends out a questionnaire over the Internet and tells people not to put identifying information on their responses. Indicate the type of procedures used to safeguard study participants is being described: Select one: a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Debriefing d. Informed consent

Correct Answer: b. Anonymity a. Confidentiality is the management of private data in research in such a way that only the researcher knows the subjects identities and can link them with their responses. b. anonymity is a condition in which the subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. c. debriefing is a procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded. d. Informed consent is an agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has assimilated essential information about the study

Which of the following is a characteristic of phenomenological research methodology? Select one: a. Control b. Bracketing c. objectivity d. Comparison

Correct Answer: b. Bracketing Phemenologists view the person as integrated with the environment. The world shapes the person and the person shapes the world. A person interprets an experience and the researcher interprets the experience. The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. a. Control the imposing of rules by the researcher to decrease the possibility of error and increase the probability that the study's findings are an accurate reflection of reality. b. bracketing is a qualitative research technique of suspending or setting aside what is known about an experience being studied. c. Objectivity The problem of objectivism stems from the claim that the explanatory gap involves a commitment to objectivity. To set up the gap, it is suggested, "one must take an objective stance from the beginning, then try to show how subjective experience may emerge from a set of physical objects considered as preexistent and real" (Bitbol 2012, 165). the relevant sense of objectivity is a stance or attitude, a way of thinking about and engaging with the world considered strictly as answering to the natural sciences. d. Comparisons can be done to groups to see if the independent variable affects the groups differently.

The plan in the nursing process is equivalent to which step in the research process? Select one: a. Problem identification b. Design c. Implementation d. Outcomes

Correct Answer: b. Design a. problem identification is the same as the assessment step in the nursing process. b. The design is the same as the plan. c. implementation is the same as intervention d. outcomes is outcomes.

The concept of causality would be important in this research design: Select one: a. Phenomenology b. Experimental c. Correlational d. Descriptive

Correct Answer: b. Experimental a. Phenomenology is a philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy b.experimental research is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation to examine probabillity and causality among selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena c.Correlational research is a systematic investigation of relationships between two or more variables to explain the nature of relationships in the world; does not examine cause and effect d. Descriptive research is research that provides an accurate portrayal or account of the characteristics of a particular person, event, or group in real-life situations; is is research that is conducted to discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizes information

Researchers' expectations or bias might influence study outcomes. This is a threat to construct validity of a study. Select one: a. Positive effect b. Experimenter expectancies (Rosenthal effect) c. Negative effect d. Hawthorne effect

Correct Answer: b. Experimenter expectancies (Rosenthal effect) Rosenthal Effect: Experimenter expectancies are expectations of the researcher that can bias data. For example experimenter expectancy occurs if a resercher expects a particular intervention to relieve pain. Hawthorne effect: the alteration of behavior by subjects due to knowledge of being observed.

A 0.50 p value means that only 5 out of 100 times would a reported result be due to chance alone. Select one: True False

Correct Answer: b. False .5 p value would indicate 50 out of 100 times a reported result be due to chance.

When results obtained are statistically significance, it means the likelihood that results of a statistical analysis are real and not a result of chance Select one: a. False b. True

Correct Answer: b. False Statistical significance is the extent to which the results are probably not caused by chance.

A researcher tells people that their participation in a study is purely voluntary and they can withdraw at any time. Indicate which type of procedures used to safeguard study participants is being described here. Select one: a. Anonymity b. Informed consent c. Debriefing d. Confidentiality

Correct Answer: b. Informed Consent a. anonymity is a condition in which the subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. b. Informed consent is an agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has assimilated essential information about the study c. debriefing is a procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded. d. Confidentiality is the management of private data in research in such a way that only the researcher knows the subjects identities and can link them with their responses.

This measurement is used when data can be organized into categories. It is the lowest level of measurement. Select one: a. Categorical b. Nominal c. Ratio d. Interval

Correct Answer: b. Nominal a. A categorical variable (sometimes called a nominal variable) is one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. For example, gender is a categorical variable having two categories (male and female) and there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. b. nominal measurement is the lowest of the four measurements, it is used when data can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be rank-ordered. c. Ratio level measurement is the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement. Mutually exclusive categories, exhaustive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, and continuum of values. d. interval measurement is measurement that uses interval scales. These scales have equal numerical distances between intervals.

"What is the lived experience of a new mother breastfeeding twins?" would be a research question for this type of qualitative research Select one: a. Grounded theory b. Phenomenology c. Historical research d. Ethnography

Correct Answer: b. Phenomenology a. Grounded Theory research is an inductive research technique based on the symbolic interaction theory, it is conducted to discover the problems that exist in a social scene and the process that persons involved use to handle them. It involves formulation, testing, and redevelopment of propositions until a theory is developed. b. Phenomenology is a philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy c. Ethnography is qualitative research methodology for investigating cultures, the research involves collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. d. Historical research is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.

Children of parents in a special weight management program were significantly less likely to be obese at the end of the study period than children whose parents were not in the program (χ2 = 5.41, p = .02). Identify which section of the article this sentence was from. Select one: a. Discussion b. Results section c. Introduction d. Method section

Correct Answer: b. Results Section a. Discussion section purpose is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, you can also explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you have taken the findings into consideration. b. results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered. Results should be stated without bias, interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence. c. Introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research. Discusses background, hypothesis, and a brief description of methodology. d. Methods section requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen.

This agency, established by the Agency Health Research & Quality, was initiated in 1998 to establish evidence-based guidelines for evidence-based practice in the United States. Select one: a. The National Institute of Health (NIH) b. The National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) c. The National Center for Nursing Research (NINR) d. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Correct Answer: b. The National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) a. NIH is the primary government agency for biomedical and public health research. b. The National Guidelines Clearinghouse is a database of evidence based clinical practice guidelines and related documents. It is maintained by the AHRQ, the aim of the NGC is to provide objective, detailed information on clinical practice guidelines. c. The mission of the National institute of nursing research NINR is to promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations. d. CDC conducts critical science and provides health information that protects our nation against expensive and dangerous health threats, and responds when these arise.

Qualitative research is based on which of the following? Select one: a. A philosophy that all phenomena have antecedent causes b. The belief that multiple "truths" and "realities" exist c. Objective reality d. Logical positivist paradigm

Correct Answer: b. The belief that multiple "truths" and "realities" exist. Qualitative research is systematic, subjective methodological approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. This research methodology evolved from the behavioral and social sciences as a method of understanding the unique, dynamic, holisitic nature of humans. c. Objective reality is a philosophical point of view that states reality exists independent of our minds. d. Logical Positivism (later also known as Logical Empiricism) is a theory in Epistemology and Logic that developed out of Positivism and the early Analytic Philosophy movement, and which campaigned for a systematic reduction of all human knowledge to logical and scientific foundations.

The statement, "Do patients who receive care in a Patient-Centered Medical Home have fewer emergency department visits than those who do not?" is an example of a research: Select one: a. Hypothesis b. Question c. Method d. Aim or objective

Correct Answer: b. question a. a research hypothesis states that a relationship exists between two or more variables. Can be thought of as a statement of two variables. b. Questions can be used in quantitative studies and answers are often known, hypothesis answers must be found c. a particular form of procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one. d. Aim or objectives are clear, concise, declarative statements expressed in past tense.

Data collection in many types of qualitative studies is considered complete when: Select one: a. the researcher runs out of time or resources. b. the researcher reaches a point of where no new information is collected and theoretical ideas seem complete. c. the researcher cannot find any additional potential subjects who fit the criteria for the study. d. more than 15 subjects have provided information.

Correct Answer: b. the researcher reaches a point of where no new information is collected and theoretical ideas seem complete. Data collection is identification of subjects and the precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research purpose or the specific objectives, questions, or hypotheses of a study. Data collection in qualitative research can be done through interviews, focus groups, and observation.

One major focus of nursing research during the 1980s was: Select one: a. to develop criteria for nursing functions, standards, and qualifications for professional nurses. b. to increase funding for nursing research c. communication of research findings d. the publication of the American Journal of Nursing

Correct Answer: b. to increase funding for nursing research. Pg. 13 Another priority of the 1980s was to obtain funding.

What is the correct order of the steps of the research process? 1. Establishing the methodology 2. Implementation 3. Problem and purpose identification 4. Search for knowledge 5. Synthesis of findings Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 c. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 d. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4

Correct Answer: c. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 The research process is a process that requires an understanding of a unique language; it involves rigorous application of a variety of research methods. Steps 1. Research problem and purpose 2. Review of relevant literature 3. study framework 4. Research objectives, Questions, or hypothesis 5. Study variables 6. Study design 7. Population and sample 8. measurement methods 9. data collection 10. data analysis 11. Discussion of research outcomes.

Which component of a research study is exemplified in the statement, "This study identifies various themes associated with parenting children who have chronic disease?" Select one: a. Research methodology b. Hypothesis c. Aim or objective d. Research problem

Correct Answer: c. Aim or objective a. Research methodology is a section in the paper telling how the data was collected and how it was analyzed b. Hypothesis states that a relationship exists between two or more variables. Can be thought of as a statement of two variables. c. Aim or objectives are clear, concise, declarative statements expressed in past tense. d. Research problem is an area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research is conducted to generate essential knowledge to address the practice concern, with the ultimate goal of providing evidence based practice. The research problem in a study needs to include significance, background, and problem statement.

What category or type of research is suggested by the following research question? "Does telephone follow-up by nurses improve patients' compliance with their medication regimens?" Select one: a. Quality assurance b. Phenominological c. Applied d. Basic

Correct Answer: c. Applied a. Quality assurance is a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services b. The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. c. Applied research is scientific investigation conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence clinical practice. d. Basic research is scientific investigations for the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake or for the pleasure of learning and finding the truth.

These statistics are reported in every study to show the sample characteristics Select one: a. Z scores b. Post-hoc analysis c. Descriptive statistics d. Inferential statistics

Correct Answer: c. Descriptive statistics a. Z score is a standardized score of the normal curve that is equivalent to the standard deviation of the normal curve. b. Post-hoc analysis is a statistical technique performed in studies with more than two groups to determine which groups are significantly different. c. descriptive statistics are statistics that allow the researcher to organize the data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight, such as frequency distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. d. Inferential statistics are statistics designed to address objectives, questions, and hypotheses in a study to allow inference from the study sample to the target population.

This type of measurement allows for measures of concrete factors, such as a person's height or wrist circumference. Select one: a. Measurement error b. Indirect measurement c. Direct measurement d. Outliers

Correct Answer: c. Direct Measurement a. Measurement error is the difference between what exists in reality and what is measured by a research instrument b. indirect measurement or indicators are methods used with abstract concepts that are not measured directly. Rather indicators or attributes of the concepts are used to represent the abstraction and are measured in the study c. Direct measurements are concrete variables that can be measured objectively with a specific measurement strategy, such as using a scale to measure weight. d. Outliers are extreme scores or values caused by inherent variability, errors of measurement or execution, or error in identifying the variables important in explaining the nature of the phenomenon under study.

This nursing research method focuses on trying to understand cultures from an emic perspective. Select one: a. Historical research b. Phenomenology c. Ethnography d. Grounded theory

Correct Answer: c. Ethnography a. Historical research is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past. b. The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. c.Ethnography is qualitative research methodology for investigating cultures, the research involves collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. d. Grounded Theory research is an inductive research technique based on the symbolic interaction theory, it is conducted to discover the problems that exist in a social scene and the process that persons involved use to handle them. It involves formulation, testing, and redevelopment of propositions until a theory is developed.

This term is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study Select one: a. Statistical conclusion validity b. Internal validity c. External validity d. Construct validity

Correct Answer: c. External validity a. Statistical conclusion validity is the extent to which the conclusions about relationships and differences drawn from statistical analyses reflect reality. b. Internal validity is the extent to which the effects detected in the study are a true reflection of reality rather than the result of extraneous variables. when examining causality, the researcher must determine whether the dependent variables may have been influenced by a third unmeasured variable. c. External validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study. d. Construct validity is a measure of how well the conceptual and operational definitions of variables match each other, determines whether the instrument measures the theoretical construct that it purports to measure.

The research process differs from the nursing process on which of the following? Select one: a. Involves abstract, critical thinking b. Uses complex thinking c. Has a broader focus d. Identifies new information

Correct Answer: c. Has a broader focus The nursing process is specific to clinical care.

Children whose siblings have died are interviewed about their experiences. After receiving information about the study, parents are asked to sign an authorization, and the children are asked about their willingness to participate. Indicate the type of procedures used to safeguard study participants is being described here: Select one: a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Informed consent d. Debriefing

Correct Answer: c. Informed Consent a. Confidentiality is the management of private data in research in such a way that only the researcher knows the subjects identities and can link them with their responses. b. anonymity is a condition in which the subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. c. Informed consent is an agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has assimilated essential information about the study d. debriefing is a procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded.

In this level of measurement, data have equal numerical distances between each point. Select one: a. Nominal. b. Categorical c. Interval d. Ratio

Correct Answer: c. Interval a. nominal measurement is the lowest of the four measurements, it is used when data can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be rank-ordered. b. A categorical variable (sometimes called a nominal variable) is one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. For example, gender is a categorical variable having two categories (male and female) and there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. c. interval measurement is measurement that uses interval scales. These scales have equal numerical distances between intervals. d. Ratio level measurement is the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement. Mutually exclusive categories, exhaustive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, and continuum of values.

Considered the highest level of measurement, this data has a true zero Select one: a. Interval b. Categorical c. Ratio d. Nominal

Correct Answer: c. Ratio a. interval measurement is measurement that uses interval scales. These scales have equal numerical distances between intervals. b. A categorical variable (sometimes called a nominal variable) is one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. For example, gender is a categorical variable having two categories (male and female) and there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. c. Ratio level measurement is the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement. Mutually exclusive categories, exhaustive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, and continuum of values. d. nominal measurement is the lowest of the four measurements, it is used when data can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be rank-ordered.

An examination of the researcher's plan for using measurement tools to examine relationships among variables helps determine the: Select one: a. research objective b. study purpose c. research hypothesis d. study feasibility

Correct Answer: c. Research Hypothesis a. Research objective is a clear concise declarative statement expressed to direct a study focuses on identifying and describing variables, and relationships among variables. b. Study purpose is concise clear statement of the specific goal or aim of the study. The purpose is generated from the problem. c. Alternative hypothesis to the null hypothesis; states that a relationship exists between two or more variables. d. study feasibility is the suitability of a study determined by examining the time and money commitment, researchers expertise, availability of subjects, facility, and equipment, cooperation of others, and study's ethical considerations.

Published on April 18, 1979, this report summarized the basic ethical principles identified by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research Select one: a. The Declaration of Helsinky b. The Tuskegee Syphilis trial c. The Belmont Report d. The Nuremberg Code

Correct Answer: c. The Belmont Report a. The Declaration of Helsinky, adopted in 1964 and revised in 2008, has a focus on differentiating therapeutic research vs no therapeutic research. b. Tuskegee syphilis trials were conducted 1932-1972 and involved inoculating black males with syphilis. c. the Belmont Report written in 1978 summarizes ethical principals and guidelines for research invovling human subjects. The three core principles identified are respect, for persons, beneficence, and justice. d.Nuremberg code was developed in 1949, in response to the nuremberg trials. The code includes guidelines that should help the researcher evaluate the consent process, protection of subjects from harm, and balance of risk and benefit of a study.

Which statement differentiates research variables from research concepts? Select one: a. Variables are less subject to manipulation and measurement. b. Concepts are usually studied in quantitative research. c. Concepts are more abstract than variables. d. Variables cannot be concisely defined or clearly described.

Correct Answer: c. concepts are more abstract than variables Concept is a term that abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. Variables are qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that change or vary and are manipulated or measured in research.

During a study to measure the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, the researchers learned that a portion of the subjects lived in homes with one or more alcoholic parents. In this study, the presence of an alcoholic parent is a(n): Select one: a. unrecognized variable b. dependent variable c. cofounding variable d. independent variable

Correct Answer: c. confounding variable a. Unrecognized variables are variables that go unnoticed by the researcher. b. Dependent variable are the behavior or outcome that is measured. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the IV c. Confounding variable are variables that change concomitantly with the IV. The DV is affected by both the IV and the confounded variable. These variables may or may not be recognized before the study is initiated or during the study. d. Independent variable with two or more levels chosen by the researcher. Changes in the IV are expected to be related to changes in the DV.

Which statement is true about a literature review? The literature review: Select one: a. cannot include any articles written more than 5 years ago. b. includes an exhaustive review of all information on the subject. c. generates a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem.

Correct Answer: c. generates a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem. Literature review is a review of theoretical and empirical sources to generate a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem.

Analysis of data in qualitative studies attempts to: Select one: a. verify information from previous studies. b. support a single perception of reality. c. identify common themes and patterns. d. separate personal perceptions from environmental context.

Correct Answer: c. identify common themes and patterns Due to the variation in data received during qualitative research it is best to identify common themes and patterns to help describe the results.

The statement, "In this study, elevated blood glucose is a value greater than 110 mg/dL," is an example of a(n): Select one: a. associative hypothesis b. problem statement c. operational definition d. conceptual definition

Correct Answer: c. operational definition a. associative hypothesis is a hypothesis that identifies variables that occur or exist together in the real world so that when one variable changes, the other changes. b. Problem statement is a statement that concludes the discussion of a problem and indicates the gap in the knowledge needed for practice. The problem statement usually provides a basis for the study purpose. c. Operational definition is description of how variables or concepts will be measured or manipulated in a study. d. conceptual definition is a definition that provides a variable or concept with connotative meaning. Established through concept analysis, concept derivation, or concept synthesis.

Which is true about a dependent variable in a research study? It is: Select one: a. the cause of changes in other variables in a research study. b. the experimental variable in a research study. c. the outcome the researcher wishes to predict. d. manipulated by the researcher to test the research hypothesis.

Correct Answer: c. the outcome the researcher wishes to predict. Dependent variable can be thought of as the response, behavior, or outcome that is predicted or explained in research; changes in the dependent variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable

Which is an example of a conceptual definition of a dependent variable in a study evaluating the effects of home nursing on coping among patients with chronic illness? Select one: a. "Coping skills were measured using a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating higher coping skills." b. "Home nursing can include registered nurse and nursing assistant management of treatments provided at home." c. "Home nursing was measured in the number of hours per week and the number of hours per day of in-home care." d. "Coping is a set of actions and strategies used by individuals to reduce the stressors associated with chronic disease management."

Correct Answer: d. "Coping is a set of actions and strategies used by individuals to reduce the stressors associated with chronic disease management." Conceptual definition is a definition that provides a variable or concept with connotative meaning; established through concept analysis, concept derivation or concept synthesis

Which is an example of a directional, correlational hypothesis? Select one: a. "Being in study groups is related to GPA levels in nursing students." b. "Nursing students who use study groups are among groups of students who have higher GPAs." c. "Increased use of study groups will result in an increase in GPA among nursing students." d. "Increasing hours spent in study groups is associated with an increase in GPA among nursing students."

Correct Answer: d. "Increasing hours spent in study groups is associated with an increase in GPA among nursing students." Directional hypothesis states the specific nature of the interaction or relationship between two or more variables.

In qualitative study, the researcher reaches this point where no new information is collected and theoretical ideas seem complete. Select one: a. Going native b. Point of no return c. Dwelling with the data d. Data saturation

Correct Answer: d. Data saturation Data saturation is a point in qualitative research where common trends and outcomes have been reached and no new ideas come about from the study. A study can be considered done once data saturation occurs.

The research team's inability to recruit a sufficiently large sample may have contributed to the ambiguous pattern of findings in this study. Identify which section of the article this sentence was from. Select one: a. Method section b. Introduction c. Results section d. Discussion

Correct Answer: d. Discussion a. Methods section requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen. b. Introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research. Discusses background, hypothesis, and a brief description of methodology. c. Results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered. Results should be stated without bias, interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence. d.Discussion section purpose is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, you can also explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you have taken the findings into consideration.

Which of the following best describe a researcher striving for rigor in a study? The researcher has: Select one: a. developed an instrument especially for this study to precisely measure anxiety. b. created a minimally controlled study design, to depict a more natural setting. c. recruited 1000 qualified nursing students to participate in the study. d. found a highly reliable and valid instrument used in several previous studies with good results.

Correct Answer: d. Found a highly reliable and valid instrument used in several previous studies with good results. rigor: excellence in research; attained through the use of discipline, scrupulous adherence to detail, and strict accuracy.

Which approach to generating knowledge is most represented by qualitative research? Select one: a. Tradition b. Deductive logic c. Trial and error d. Inductive logic

Correct Answer: d. Inductive logic a. Traditions include truths or beliefs based on customs and trends. Nursing traditions from the past have been transferred to the present by written and oral communication and role modeling, and they continue to influence the practice of nursing. b. Deductive logic or deductive reasoning from the general to the specific or from a general premise to a particular situation. c. Trial and error is an approach with unknown outcomes used in an uncertain situations when other sources of knowledge are unavailable. d. Inductive logic or inductive reasoning from the specific to the general, in which particular instances are observed and then combined into a larger whole or general statement.

The approach used to explore the patient's experiences of living with end-stage renal disease was phenomenological, using the methods described by Colaizzi. Identify which section of the article this sentence was from. Select one: a. Discussion b. Introduction c. Results section d. Method section

Correct Answer: d. Method Section The studies validity can be judged due to its statement of use of an established methodology (colaizzi). a. Discussion section purpose is to interpret and describe the significace of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, you can also explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you have taken the findings into consideration. b. Introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research. Discusses background, hypothesis, and a brief description of methodology. c. Results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered. Results should be stated without bias, interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence. d. Methods section requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen.

Results of an ANOVA analysis of three specialty nursing groups indicate there is a significant difference between groups on the practice of spiritual care. To determine where the difference occurs, the researcher would need to run these statistical analyses Select one: a. ANCOVA b. Chi square test c. t-test d. Post-hoc analysis

Correct Answer: d. Post-hoc analysis a. Analysis of covariance is a statistical procedure in which a regression analysis is carried out before performing ANOVA; designed to reduce the variance within groups by partialing out the variance caused by a confounding variable covariance: the mean value of the product of the deviations of two variates from their respective means. ANOVA: Analysis of Variance is a statistical test used to examine differences among two or more groups by comparing the variability between groups with the variability within each group. Regression Analysis: Statistical procedure used to predict the value of one variable using known values of one or more other variables. Confounding Variable: Variables that cannot be controlled they may be recognized before the study is initiated or may not be recognized until the study is in process. b. Chi-Square test of independence is used to analyze nominal data to determine significant differences between observed frequencies within the data and frequencies that were expected. c. t-test is a parametric(assuming the value of a parameter for the purpose of analysis.) analysis technique used to determine significant differences between measures of two samples. d. Post-hoc analysis is statistical techniques performed in studies with more than two groups to determine which groups are significantly different.

The likelihood that a statistical value obtained through analysis of the data is likely to occur in any two samples selected from the same population is called Select one: a. Precision b. Reliability c. Accuracy d. Probability

Correct Answer: d. Probability a. Precision encompasses accuracy, detail, and order. So how often do you hit the same data points in your collection. b. Reliability is the extent to which an instrument consistently measures a concept; three types of reliability are stability, equivalence, and homogeneity. c. Accuracy addresses the extent to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to in a study; comparable to validity. d. Probability is the chance that a given event will occur in a situation; addresses the relative rather than the absolute causality of events.

Which would be considered a demographic variable - Heart rate, oral temperature, pain intensity, or socioeconomic status? Select one: a. Heart rate b. Pain intensity c. Oral temperature d. Socioeconomic status

Correct Answer: d. Socioeconomic status Heart rate, and oral temperature is objective data gathered that can vary from time to time that has little to no relation to demographic. Pain intensity has no obvious relation to demographic. SES is a variable of demographics. Demographics is defined as a particular sector of a population.

Developed in 1949, this international document addressed the mistreatment of human subjects Select one: a. The Belmont Report b. The Willowbrook Study c. The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study. d. The Nuremberg Code

Correct Answer: d. The Nuremberg Code a.The Belmont Report written in 1978 summarizes ethical principals and guidelines for research invovling human subjects. The three core principles identified are respect, for persons, beneficence, and justice. b. The willowbrook study was conducted in the mid1950s-early 1970s that was deemed unethical. It involved the intentional inoculation of Hepatitis into mentally retarded children. c. The jewish chronic disease hospital study was done in the 19060s. The purpose of the study was to determine patients rejection responses to liver cancer cells. Patients were not informed that injections they were receiving were live cancer cells. d. Nuremberg code was developed in 1949, in response to the nuremberg trials. The code includes guidelines that should help the researcher evaluate the consent process, protection of subjects from harm, and balance of risk and benefit of a study.

Data in this level of measurement are assigned into categories that can be ranked Select one: a. Interval b. Ratio c. Nominal d. Categorical

Correct Answer: d. categorical a. Interval measurement is measurement that uses interval scales. These scales have equal numerical distances between intervals. b. Ratio level measurement is the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement. Mutually exclusive categories, exhaustive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, and continuum of values. c. Nominal measurement is the lowest of the four measurements, it is used when data can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be rank-ordered. d. Categorical variable (sometimes called a nominal variable) is one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. For example, gender is a categorical variable having two categories (male and female) and there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories.

What type of data collection method is most appropriate for quantitative research? Select one: a. Interviews b. Logs c. Videos d. Checklists

Correct Answer: d. checklists a. Interviews may collect some points of quantitative data, but the majority of information received will be qualitative. b. Logs keep records of information, can be qualitative or quantitative. c. Videos will have substantial amounts of qualitative data d. checklists have categorical variables perfect for collecting quantitative data.

A researcher meets with participants after data have been collected to tell them more about the study and to ask if they have questions or concerns. Indicate the type of procedures used to safeguard study participants is being described: Select one: a. Anonymity b. Informed consent c. Confidentiality d. Debriefing

Correct Answer: d. debriefing a. anonymity is a condition in which the subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. b. Informed consent is an agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has assimilated essential information about the study c. Confidentiality is the management of private data in research in such a way that only the researcher knows the subjects identities and can link them with their responses. d. debriefing is a procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded.

A researcher notes that 3 of 30 subjects had extreme anxiety scores when compared with the other subjects. These three subjects would be treated as: Select one: a. unexpected findings b. ungrouped participants c. deviants d. outliers

Correct Answer: d. outliers a. Unexpected findings or unexpected results are study results indicating relationships between variables or differences among groups that were not hypothesized and not predicted from the framework being used. b. Ungrouped participants do not fall within the study. (idk) c. Deviants are values that stray from the norm d. Outliers extreme scores or values caused by inherent variability, errors of measurement or execution, or error in identifying the variables important in explaining the nature of the phenomenon under study.