GY 110 Test 1 - UA

What are the large flows of immigrants within Europe?

- From southeastern region to Italy and Spain - From eastern Europe to Germany

Contributions from Chinese scholars

- Yu Gong is earliest surviving Chinese geographical writing detailed country's provinces - Pei Xiu was "father of Chinese cartography"; suggested use of plotted geometrical grid reference for mapmaking

What are the two main branches of geography?

- physical focuses on environmental dynamics - human focuses on social dynamics

know characteristics of each era of immigration

-Colonial settlement 17th and 18th centuries; main sources were Great Britain and Africa -Mass European immigration 19th and early 20th; from Ireland and Germany, then dominated by northern and western Europe, then mostly from southern and eastern Europe -Asian and L.A. immigration late 20th and early 21st; leading sources are LA and Asia

What are the three main eras of US immigration?

-Colonial settlement during 17th and 18th centuries -Mass European immigration during 19th and early 20th -Asian and Latin American immigration in late 20th and early 21st

What are Ravenstein's Laws of Migration?

-Distance of migration -Reasons migrants move -Characteristics of migrants

What four regions contain approx. 2/3 of the world's population?

-East Asia -South Asia -Southeast Asia -Europe

What are the three types of regions?

-Formal region -Functional region -Vernacular region

What are the three largest flows of global immigrants?

-From Latin America to North America -From Asia to Europe -From Asia to North America

Contemporary geographic tools

-Global positional system: determines the price positioning of something on earth -Mashup: map that overlays data from one source on top of data provided by mapping service -GIScience: analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellites and other electronic info technology

What are the different types of diffusion?

-Hierarchical diffusion -Contagious diffusion -Stimulus diffusion

What are the two strategies that have reduced birth rates?

-Improving economic conditions -Through contraception

What are the two types of internal migration?

-Interregional; inter = across -Inraregional; intra = within

What are the three types of geographic study that affect space and cultural identity?

-Poststructuralist -Humanistic -Behavioral

What are the key patterns of intraregional migration?

-Rural to Urban areas -Urban to Suburban areas -Urban to Rural areas

4 ways that maps are distorted

-Shape -Distance -Relative size -Direction

The US has built a barrier about ____ of the length of the Mexican border

1/4

In 2007 there were about _____ unauthorized immigrants in the US; in 2013, there were about _____

12.2; 11.3

About how many unauthorized immigrants are employed?

8 million; 5.1% of the entire US labor force

About what percentage of unauthorized immigrants are children?

9%

What is a population pyramid? Be familiar with different types

A bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender

What is a functional region? examples

An area organized around a node or focal point; often centered around specific economic, political, or social activity, also called nodal region (newspapers, TV stations, countries)

What is a vernacular region?

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, perceptual region; often develop from informal sense of place and attachment to different areas (i.e. definitions of the south)

What is an intervening obstacle?

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration, which has traditionally been the long, arduous, and expensive passage over land and sea

What is a formal region? examples

Area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics; uniform or homogeneous region (Chinatown)

Which South American country relocated its capital in 1960s and has offered land in its interior regions in order to relocate population away from coastal areas?

Brazil

What is possibilism?

Carl Sauer; belief that physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment

"Alabama" originates in this Native American language; what does it mean?

Choctaw; alba + amo = "thicket cleaners"

What is geographic information system (GIS)?

Computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data

What is arithmetic density?

Counts all land as the same; population/land area

English physician who created an early GIS that helped determine the origin of London's 1854 cholera outbreak

Dr. John Snow

What two laws most influenced US immigration policy?

Emergency Quota Act - first to restrict immigration Immigration and Nationality Act - abolished the National Origins Formula

What is behavioral geography?

Emphasizes understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions

Who was the Greek scholar who coined the word "geography" and calculated circumference of the Earth within 0.5% accuracy?

Eratosthenes

What is placelessness? Who influenced this concept?

Even as places have meaning to one group, they are at the same time meaningless to other groups;

What is poststructuralist geography?

Examines how the powerful in a society dominate less powerful groups; how dominated groups occupy space; confrontations that result in domination

What European country was a primary destination for guest workers during the 1960s?

Germany

Two Muslim scholars noted for furthering geographic writing during geography's revival

Ibn-Battuta, Al-Idrisi

In the 1970s this Asian country created camps that sterilized women to control population growth.

India

What are the two types of migration?

International, internal

What are the two leading source regions of immigrants to the US since the late-20th century?

Latin America and Asia

More than half of unauthorized immigrants come from ________

Mexico

Why is immigration a complex issue in Mexico?

Mexico is a source region for unauthorized emigrants to the north; It is a destination for unauthorized emigrants from Guatemala

What group countered Malthus's ideas in the 1960s?

Neo-Malthusians

What is counterurbanization?

Net migration from urban to rural areas

What conclusions did Malthus reach about population issues?

Population increases exponentially

What is agricultural density?

Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

What concepts explain why different places are interrelated?

Scale, space, and connection

What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Similar to a refugee, but has not crossed international borders

What is a refugee?

Someone who is forced to migrate and can't return for fear of persecution

What is an asylum seeker?

Someone who migrates to another country hoping to be recognized as a refugee

What is a push factor?

Something that induces people to move from their current location

What is a pull factor?

Something that induces people to move into a new location

What is hierarchical diffusion/examples

Spread of an idea from person or place of authority to other persons or places; top down

Stages of epidemiologic transition

Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (high CDR) Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (rapidly declining CDR) Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (moderately declining CDR) Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (low but increasing CDR)

Stages of demographic transition

Stage 1: very high CBR, very high CDR, very low NIR Stage 2: still high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR Stage 3: rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR Stage 4: very low CBR, low slightly increasing CDR, 0 or negative NIR

What is the Cornucopian theory arguing?

That human ingenuity will lead to innovations that expand the food supply that was championed by Ester Boserup

What is environmental determinism?

The belief that physical environment caused social development

What is distance decay?

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

What is concentration?

The extent of a feature's spread over space, which is described as dispersed or clustered

What is the mercator map projection?

The map projection that greatly distorts size, especially making landmasses near the poles extremely large

What is physiological density?

The number of people supported by a unit of arable land; population/arable land

What is the natural increase rate (NIR)?

The percentage why which a population grows in a year

What is space?

The physical gap or interval between two objects

What is the National Origins Formula?

The quota system that dominated US immigration policies from the 1920s to 1960s

What is contagious diffusion/examples

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population; does not affect everyone (i.e. music)

What is connection?

The relationship between people and objects across the barrier of space

What is scale?

The relationship between portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole

What is stimulus diffusion/examples

The spread of an underlying principle; ideas (i.e. automobiles)

Who is the English economist who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population that claimed the population was growing more rapidly than the Earth's food supply?

Thomas Robert Malthus

What are remittances?

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

What are the characteristics of the Demographic Transition's potential Stage 5?

Very low CBR, increasing CDR, and negative NIR (Denmark)

Who is the geographer who identified the migration transition, which consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition?

Wilbur Zelinsky

What is humanistic geography?

a branch of geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meaning

What is a rapid growth pyramid?

a population pyramid exemplified by a wide base that quickly narrows in the older cohorts

What preventions did Malthus suggest to control population?

delaying marriage, people should use sexual restraint

What is the epidemiologic transition? Know characteristics of each stage

focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition

What is geoslavery?

locational based services

What is topophilia? Who influenced this concept?

love of place; Yi-Fu Tuan

What is emigration?

migration from a location; moving out

What is immigration?

migration to a location; moving into

What predictions did Malthus say would control population?

positive checks, preventative checks

What is the area of the American urban structure that has continuously gained population since the mid-20th century?

suburbia

What does Tuscaloosa mean/originate from?

tashka + lusa = "black warrior"

What is infant mortality rate?

the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births

What is doubling time?

the number of years needed to double a population

What is the demographic transition?

the process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates to low crude birth and death rates

What is space-time compression?

the reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place (i.e. travel times changing over the years)

What does geography mean?

to write about the earth

What is crude death rate (CDR)?

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people

What is crude birth rate (CBR)?

total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people