Harvest of Empire Terms and Important Dates- Midterm Review
Diaspora
Answer: Exile, refugees
CUBA Platt Amendment (1903)
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Christianization in the Americas
"In Spain, both Crown and Church saw colonizing and conversion as a unified effort. Priests accompanied each military expedition for the purpose of Christianizing the natives." --Juan Gonzalez -Bartolome de las Casas, Nunez Cabeza de Vaca--chroniclers who described the conquest in the Americas and engaged in advocacy -Laws of Burgos (1512)--first laws passed with regards to Spanish interaction with the natives of the Americas, but later applied to Filipinos/as and other natives (page 21 in Acuña) -Laws had provisions forbidding maltreatment of "indios" which were not enforced, also endorsed native conversions to Catholicism Laws legalized the practice of having encomiendas—colonial communities— with encomenderos as colonial overseers/masters
Manifest Destiny
"This was a belief that the Euro Americans had--they believed that the U.S was predestined to expand westward and justified to spread its "superior" culture, ideas, institutions throughout the conquered lands of American Indians and Mexicans who had long resided in the land."
Mexican Migration Statistics "Harvest of Empire"
"at least a half million Mexicans entered the United States legally between 1899 and 1928...Knowledgeable demographers have concluded that by 1930 more than 10 percent of Mexico's entire population was residing in the United States." (p. 9 Decade of Betrayal)
Primary Source What is "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain" by Bernal Diaz del Castillo about?
-->> Setting these stages-> Establishing great intentions yet there is a hierchal relationship/ understanding -- Both parties were coming on friendly terms with curiosity (from writers) perspective
Primary Source What is the "Mexica and Tlaxcala Accounts of the Spanish Conquest 1500's" about?
-->>This excerpt is from a longer chronicle written around 1578 (1598 is another date given sometimes) by Fernando (some sources us the name Hernando) Alvarado Tezozomoc, a son of Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin ( governor of Tenochtitlan) and Francisca de Moctezuma (daughter of Moctezuma II who reigned from 1502-1520 and was killed during the initial siege of Tenochtitlan by Hernand Cortes and his army. Moctezuma is often portrayed in negative ways, defeated, etc.). Thus, the writer of the piece you read was a Mexica noble. Alvarado Tezozomoc worked as an interpreter bewteen the indigenous peoples and the Spanish colonial government. The manuscript began to be read and studied in the mid 1700s, but was not widely read until translated and published by Miguel Leon-Portilla in The Broken Spears in 1959 (Spanish)/ 1962 (Englsih). Takeways --This noble gives a description of encountering difference --The appearance of the Spanish --Gives a perspective to reflect on the cultural differenes --Contradiction disgusted -- Contradiction disgusted by human sacrifice, yet killing of others violence in name if God
Conquest
--European settlers that transplanted their cultures over vast territories(3) --By the late 1500s, a mere century after the conquest began, and average of more than 1 million people perished annually called "the greatest genocide in human history". 90 percent of the Indian population was gone within half a century of the Puritan landing on Plymouth Rock.
1898
--It was the end of Spanish-American war, date when it became and international force.
U.S. History & Mexican Migratory Cycles
-Economic/labor demand >>> -influx of Mexican immigrants >>> -shift in economic demand + political/cultural pressures >>> -Curbing immigration and/or repression and/or exclusionary policies, mass deportations
Why is Spanish colonization and the colonial period important in Chicanx/Latinx Studies?
-It is one of the most influential historical phenomenon in terms of Chicanos/as-Latino/as and, indeed, Mexico and Latin America-lasting impacts -Cost of Spanish colonization cannot be measured solely in terms of numbers of casualties, and instead, must be thought of in the context of the lasting physical, social, and psychic effects on Chicano/as and Latinos/as—what are those effects -And despite the catastrophic losses, there is also an indelible mark from Spanish culture and from the mixture of cultures that result
CUBA Describe the 5 major waves of migration and what happened in that period:
1) Late 19th century; First cuban migration more than 100,000 cubans fleed to the U.S due to the independence war. 2) 1920's; 3) (1959 Cuban Revolution) 1960's-1970's and 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act--Due to the war, the U.S provided a shelf full of government assistance programs that only cubans received. 4) 1980's( marielitos ); 5) 1990's (but population of immigrants from Cuba has continued to grow steadily)
The Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo (dictator from 1930-1961)
Answer: He was a dictator, ("El Jefe"), for 31 years and assasinated by fellow officers power
marielitos
ANSWER: They confronted a nativist backlash among whtite americans and burgeoning class and racial conflicts withing their own refugee community.
Why was Spain interested in the Americas?
ANSWER: --Vying for influence with other European powers--e.g. England --Pursuit of wealth --Christianization --Americas: Mineral wealth (gold silver), cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cocoa) --Labor needs: Indigenous labor; African slave labor
Describe the difference between the use of Latino, Latino/a, Latinx
ANSWERS: The word "Latino" has always been the word used to identify the ethnicity of people from Latin America. The use of "Latino/a" is a more gender inclusive label for those who would want to be called either or. As time has evolved the use of non-binary gender labels has gain visibility and students embrace the idea of intersectionality, many campus groups that once identified themselves as "Latino" are now adopting a genderless variant, "Latinx," in an effort to be more inclusive of all gender identities.
Primary Source What is the "Second Letter to Charles V, 1520" Hernan Cortes about?
Answer" Definition: -->> Audience for peace may have influenced the "sensational positive character descriptions --implied easily almost unwelcomed Coctextualize/Takeways --Advertising wealth of new world --Christian Mission aspect presented clearly
Hernan Cortez
Answer: Born in Spain (1485-1547), Cortes first traveled to the Americas on a voyage to Cuba in 1511 under Diego Velasquez. Cortes arrived in Mexico in 1519 and combined political maneuvering (gaining some indigenous allies) with military force to finally the Mexica in 1521. Cortes arrived in Mexico with 11 ships and approximately 500 men. After Mexico, he continued seeking military accolades and wealth, and participated in overtaking what is today Honduras. He died in Spain. --Cortez abolished slavery in PR in 1873
Bernal Diaz del Castillo (ca. 1496-1584). (pg.4)
Answer: It is unclear from the historical record what his status was relatively to Cortes ( one of Cortes captains). He eventually went to live in present day Veracruz and began writing "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain in the 1550's. His is one of the most famous and "complete" accounts of the conquest. The accounts covers the periods from 1517 to 1568 and the unaltered account was not published until 1904. Historians note his account is, for the most part, factually correct.
1868
Answer: September 23, 1868, El Grito de Lares was the independence revolt in Puerto Rico. -Cortes abolished slavery on the Island in 1873 --Puerto Rico became a colony of common wealth
Cuba's Dictatorships (Los Jefes)
Answer: Some corrupt leaders-->>Fulgencio Batista, Grau San Martin ( pre Fidel Castro), Fidel Castro from 1959-2008 in power (Prime Minister, then President officially).
Language
Answer: The system of communication used by a particular community or country to communicate with humans either orally, or written. "foreign" language is often seen as "un-American" and implies the growth of alien cultures.
CUBA What is the "Wet-foot, dry-foot" policy?
Answer: Unless they cite fears of persecution, Cubans intercepted at sea are returned to Cuba, where the Cuban government, per signed accords, cannot retaliate against them,while those who reach the United States are generally permitted to stay and may adjust to permanent resident status after one year.
Nations
DEFINITION: A large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory molded by centuries of the colonial womb.
Chicano, Chicano/a, Chicanx
DEFINITION: This terms are to identify Mexican American youth. The different options and usage of the these terms have also been very controversial due that it does not include all gender identities. CONTEXT: The struggles toward self identity expressed themselves in the adoption of the term Chicano. The term for other people it mean plebe (plebeian)--lower class poor Mexican workers, Chicano activists would say that to them the term symbolized the essence of being in college and educated. The term Chicano was adopted at the Chicano Youth Conference in Denver on 1969.
Imperialism
DEFINITION: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. -Similarly to colonization, it is domination by foreigners -Main difference has to do with settlers/colonists actually living there -Also involves the imposition of political and economic control -Motivated by the idea of "empire building" Important to think about notion of empire in relationship to the main argument of Gonzalez's book Imposing the culture of one nation over another
Colonization
DEFINITION: -Physical occupation of a place by colonists/settlers. -Land often seized from natives by colonizers -Colonizers secure political, economic, and largely social control -to seize, exploit territories, to invade land, to be abundant and dominate. "To stigmatize lo Indio and erase the African" For example Latin American and Anglo cultures that were shaped from their colonial beginnings in the 1500s to the independence war of the early 1800s.
Primary Source
DEFINITION: Primary sources are sources from an "original source/speaker". Provides evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Typically first hand written sources from the time period. CONTEXT: They are of historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. EXAMPLE: Through out the semester we read different primary sources such as; "Mexica and Tlaxcala Accounts of the Spanish Conquest", "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain", "Letter to Charles V from Hernan Cortes" and others, in which they write about their experience of that time period.
Secondary Source
DEFINITION: Secondary Sources are documents about a particular time period. They are mediated by scholars perspectives. They describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. CONTEXT and Example: In our course we read the "Harvest of Empire" book, in which the author Juan Gonzales references primary source materials and then adds his own analysis from the history of the Latinos experience in the U.S.
Hispanics
DEFINITION: The word Hispanic or Hispano is the term used to identify Spanish-speaking people in different countries, mostly to those who are from Latin American or Mexican descendant. CONTEXT: Hispanics have always been seen as a linguistic threat since the Spanish colonization. The term Hispano derived from the Spanish colonization here in America. The Spanish colonists would assign different race and social categories to the various racial mixtures. EXAMPLE: The Hispanics or Hispanos term is mostly used in the Southwest and throughout the Americas to define Spanish-speaking Mexicans.
What year was the greatest airborne migration in history?
First major wave: Large increase in Mexican Immigration in the United States from 1880-1920—first major wave Second major wave 1946 --The Puerto Ricans migration to the U.S. in 1960. Cubans Dominicanos .
Mariano Vallejo
He was politician, rancher and a military commander from the Republic of Mexico, born in Monterey California.
Immigration
Immigration is the begging of civilization. When a person has to illegally migrate to another country due to starvation, or deteriorating social conditions, political or religious prosecution, or a chance to improve one's life by starting anew somewhere else. Context: When the Great Depression hit, whites and Mexicans who were fluent in English were unemployed, and more than 500,000 immigrants were forcibly deported in 1930s, among many who were U.S citizens.
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) 1986
In December 6, 2006 a new bill was innroduced in the U.S house of Represeantatives,, the Border Protection Anti-Terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act, made it fellony for any foreigner to reside in the country illegally . It is a civil violation.
Contact
Is another paradigm that scholars sometimes use to discuss colonization
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
It ended the U.S.-Mexican War and transferred 500,000 square miles of land from Mexico to United States ownership. It was signed on February, 1848. The treaty favored the U.S. by giving half of Mexicos land. Every Mexican who remained in the land that was Mexico had the option of becoming U.S citizens or voluntarily get out of the country. California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico as well as parts of Colorado and Wyoming were all part of Mexico. Manifest Destiny was the idea that satisfied the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo dream of a United States spreading from "sea-to-shining sea."
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1990
It is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. It was supposed to spur more jobs in Mexico and slow pressure on Mexicans to emigrate.
The Young Lords (1960's-1970s)
Its a national organization in which Jose Gonzales help fund in 1969. The lords galvanized thousands of latinos into radical politics.
Juan Seguin
Juan Seguin along with Davy Crockett fought together to defend the Alamo. Davy Crockett died, but Juan Seguin survived. Seguin was part of the small group who joined the Texas rebels at the Alamo. He fought against Sam Huston's army at the Battle of San Jacinto. He was the first Hispanic to be elected senator of the Texas Republic and served several years as a mayor of San Antonio. He was a rich landowner and federalist that opposed to Mexican president Santa Anna. His land was seized by Angle newcomers in 1842 and forced him to flee to Mexico.
Nativism (Xenophobia)
Nativism (e.g. Asian exclusion, 1917 Literacy Act) was really brewing intensely as a political/cultural phenomenon in the United States—this initially actually made it possible for "legal" Mexican migration to happen, but later created barriers. (Pull & then push) -the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
Barrios
Neighborhoods, mostly habituated by lower class minorities.
Isabel Gonzalez (1905)
She voiced demands for Puerto Rico
Nuyorican
Someone who was born in the U.S of Puerto Rican heritage who lives in New York .
Texas War 1836
Texas forged social and economic ties with Anglo American immigrants who had colonized Bexar Texas in the 1830s. Due to the Treaty of Guadalupe, many Mexicans who still resided in Texas.
Cuban Revolution 1959
The Cuban Revolution was under Fidel Castros regime where the communist guerilla caused many cubans to immigrate to the U.S.
The Mexican Revolution 1910
The Mexican Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911).
U.S Mexico War 1846-1848
The Mexican-American War was fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848. The war started with the U.S. annexation of Texas and was the result of disagreement over where the Mexican-American border should be.
Porfiriato (1876-1911)
The era of Porfirio Díaz's government from 1876-1911 is known as the Porfiriato and its motto was ' Order and Progress.' During his 33 year rule, Mexico entered the industrial age .
What is the Push-Pull Migration Theory? What factors lead to people being "pushed out" of their countries of origin? What factors lead to people being "pulled" towards the countries to which they migrate?
The reasons that people migrate would be due to push and pull factors. Push and Pull factors are forces that can either induce people to move to a new location or oblige them to leave old residences; they can be economic, political, cultural, and environmentally based. EXAMPLES: Push (from Mexico): The porfiriato (1876-1911), the decline of ruralism, political opposition, The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) Pull (to U.S.): Flourishing railroad industry, commercialization of agriculture (e.g. sugar-beets), mining, restrictive immigration policies and quotas against Chinese and Japanese immigrants, as well as Southern and Easter European immigrants (related to labor demand as well as relative ease of immigration..at first)
mutualistas
They were Mutual aid societies. Among other U.S Mexican organizations they demanded citizenship("fellowship, security, recreation.
Nationalism
U.S. racism framed nationalism among the first generations of Mexicans
