HCR Exam 1
The hypothesis, "A person's emotional status is not affected by a relocation to a nursing home" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional
A) Null
Theories are created and invented as opposed to being discovered. Theories are built inductively from which of the following? A) Observations B) Correlations C) Research questions D) Research problems
A) Observations
The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in which of the following? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Constructivism D) Empiricism
A) Positivism
Identify the independent variable(s) from the following research question: "What is the effect of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?" Select all that apply. A) acetaminophen B) female adolescents with hepatitis C) ibuprofen D) liver function
A) acetaminophen C) ibuprofen
Which of the following is an example of a systematic review? A) An RCT study published in the journal Nursing Research B) A meta-analysis from the Cochrane database C) A synopsis published in Evidence-Based Nursing D) A clinical practice guideline from the National Guideline Clearinghouse
B) A meta-analysis from the Cochrane database
At what point in the research process do grounded theory qualitative researchers conduct a literature review? A) Prior to data collection B) After beginning to collect data C) At the conclusion of the study D) Prior to sample selection
B) After beginning to collect data
Which of the following statements of purpose is least likely to demonstrate a bias on the part of the researcher? A) Demonstrate B) Compare C) Prove D) Show
B) Compare
The research tradition that is an approach to understanding people's experiences as they are lived is which of the following? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory
B) Phenomenologic
A researcher wants to investigate the effect of patients' body position on blood pressure. The study would most likely be of which type? A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Either quantitative or qualitative (researcher preference) D) Insufficient information to determine
B) Quantitative
What term is used to describe accounts of research in the literature prepared by someone other than the researchers who conducted the study? A) Primary sources B) Secondary sources C) Ghost writer studies D) Literature reviews
B) Secondary Sources
The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following? A) Assign numeric values to variables B) Specify how a variable will be measured C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of a variable
B) Specify how a variable will be measured
Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle? A) Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) B) Systematic reviews of multiple studies C) Quality improvement projects D) It depends on the research question
B) Systematic reviews of multiple studies
Which of the following limits the capacity of the scientific method to answer questions about humans? A) The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs B) The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits C) The lack of funding for research D) The shortage of theories about human behavior
B) The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits
In qualitative research, saturation indicates which of the following? A) There are too many subjects B) Themes in the data are repeating C) Too many variables are included in a study D) The quality of the data is excellent
B) Themes in the data are repeating
The belief that a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder will learn appropriate behaviors from continued positive reinforcement of acceptable behavior patterns can generate a research hypothesis. This generalization of the relationship between phenomena is known as which of the following? Null Hypothesis B) Theory C) Model D) Framework
B) Theory
11. In quantitative studies, the most basic distinction is between which of the following? A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research B) Empirical and non-empirical research C) Experimental and non-experimental research D) Population-based and sample-based research
C) Experimental and non-experimental research
In quantitative studies a basic distinction is between which of the following? A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research B) Empirical and non-empirical research C) Experimental and non-experimental research D) Population-based and sample-based research
C) Experimental and non-experimental research
Every study has which of the following? A) Theory B) Schematic model C) Framework D) Conceptual model
C) Framework
If the problem statement from a proposed research study indicates the need to generate a theory relating to social processes (e.g., how persons within a social group interact with one another), the study design will most likely be which of the following? A) Quantitative study B) Ethnography C) Grounded theory D) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory
When little is known about a phenomenon or the phenomenon is not clearly identified, the best type of research suited to uncover this is which of the following? A) Exploration B) Description C) Identification D) Prediction
C) Identification
Constructivist qualitative research typically does which of the following? A) Involves deductive processes B) Attempts to control the research context to better understand the phenomenon being studied C) Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials D) Focuses on numeric information
C) Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials
The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?" is which of the following? A) Blood pressure B) ICU patients C) Noise levels D) Postoperative pain
C) Noise levels
Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a scientific base for nursing practice? A) Nursing administrators B) Practicing nurses C) Nurses' clients D) Health care policymakers
C) Nurse's Clients
The purpose of ethnographic research is to do which of the following? A) Study situations to aid in theory development B) Describe experiences as they are lived C) Observe and document interactions within a culture D) Examine events of the past
C) Observe and document interactions within a culture
Evidenced-based nursing primarily uses which of the following to answer clinical questions? A) Consulting an authority B) Using intuition C) Obtaining the newest research D) Relying on experience
C) Obtaining the newest research
A researcher includes a statement of purpose that indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of research design would most likely be used? A) Ethnography B) Grounded theory C) Phenomenology D) Quasi-experimental
C) Phenomenology
Asking a clinical question is the first step in evidence-based practice. What are the four components of a PICO clinical question? A) Population, implication, comparison, outcome B) Population, intervention, clinical, outcome C) Population, intervention, comparison, outcome D) Population, implication, clinical, outcome
C) Population, intervention, comparison, outcome
Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the constructivist paradigm? A) A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand B) The nature of reality has changed over time C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans D) Reality cannot be studied empirically
C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans
Which of the following would be most likely called a construct? A) Gender B) Body temperature C) Self-care D) Blood type
C) Self-care
Select the best description for the following: "Is there a relationship between elective labor induction and an unintended cesarean delivery?" A) It is a directional hypothesis B) It is a directional research question C) It is a non-directional hypothesis D) It is a non-directional research question
D) It is a non-directional research question
Which of the following statements, if used in a hypothesis, is not readily testable by empirical means? A) Less than B) Meaning of C) More than D) Related to
D) Meaning of
A researcher conceptualizes pain as "the subject's statement of intensity of pain." What operational definition is consistent with this conceptualization? A) Measurement of subject's pulse and blood pressure B) Nurse's observation of subject's pain behavior C) Subject's score on self-reported pain rating scale D) Frequency of subject's use of pain medication
C) Subject's score on self-reported pain scale
Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method? A) Rigorous B) Holistic C) Systematic D) Flexible
C) Systematic
A research hypothesis indicates the expected relationship between which of the following? A) The functional and causal nature of the variables B) The statement of purpose and the research questions C) The independent variable and the dependent variable D) Statistical testing and the null hypothesis
C) The independent variable and the dependent variable
The Health Promotion Model would best be described as which of the following? A) Descriptive theory B) Borrowed theory C) Grounded theory D) Middle-range theory
Middle-range theory
Which of the following research focuses is qualitative? A) Weekend and night outcomes of patients admitted to a specific hospital system's trauma departments B) Trends in hospitalizations of patients with antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis C) Predicting risks for serious complications with abdominal surgery D) Needs of nursing students living with chronic illness
D) Needs of nursing students living with chronic illness
In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component): Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A) Patients who are stressed B) Patients who are depressed C) Patients who experience dyspnea D) Patients with COPD
D) Patients with COPD
Consumers of research do which of the following? A) Design studies B) Undertake studies C) Produce research D) Read research
D) Read research
Which of the following is an important characteristic of a high-quality literature review? A) Restricted to articles written in nursing journals B) Restricted to recent studies C) Full of opinions D) Reproducible, with justifiable decision rules
D) Reproducible, with justifiable decision rules
The overall plan for answering a research question—the architectural backbone of a study—is called which of the following? A) Sampling plan B) Proposal C) Hypothesis D) Research design
D) Research design
Which of the following statements made by a new nurse researcher indicate that he correctly understands the purpose of using statistical analysis in quantitative research? Select all that apply. A) "Statistical analysis allows the formal testing of hypotheses." B) "Statistical analysis might lead a researcher to reject a hypothesis." C) "Statistical analysis provides proof of the relationships between variables." D) "Statistical analysis supports inferences that a hypothesis is most likely correct (or most likely not correct)."
A) "Statistical analysis allows the formal testing of hypotheses." B) "Statistical analysis might lead a researcher to reject a hypothesis." D) "Statistical analysis supports inferences that a hypothesis is most likely correct (or most likely not correct)."
Which verbiage is most likely found in a well-written research review? A) "The hypothesis in this study was supported by the research findings." B) "Results from this study proved that nursing actions were instrumental to improved patient outcomes." C) "All of these studies verify that levels of understanding cannot be changed easily." D) "It is clear that the presence of nurses improves the health status of patients in the clinical setting."
A) "The hypothesis in this study was supported by the research findings."
Quantitative and qualitative research share which of the following features? Select all that apply. A) A desire to understand the true state of human affairs B) An emphasis on formal measurement C) A reliance on external evidence collected through the senses D) Utility to the nursing profession
A) A desire to understand the true state of human affairs C) A reliance on external evidence collected through the senses D) Utility to the nursing profession
"Does maternal stress during the first trimester of a pregnancy affect the infant's birth weight?" is which of the following? A) A research question B) A portion of a problem statement C) A statement of purpose D) A hypothesis
A) A research question
Which of the following is the dependent variable (DV) in the research question, "Are serial 12- lead ECGs more accurate in diagnosing acute myocardial infarctions (MI) than a single initial 12-lead ECG?" A) Accuracy in diagnosing an MI B) Myocardial infarction C) Serial 12-lead ECGs D) Single initial 12-lead ECG
A) Accuracy in diagnosing an MI
The electronic database that focuses on the nursing and allied health literature is: A) CINAHL B) EMBASE C) Web of Knowledge D) MEDLINE
A) CINAHL
Which electronic database would you first use to access nursing and allied health literature? A) CINAHL B) MeSH C) Google D) MEDLINE
A) CINAHL
Which of the following terms is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study? A) Concept B) Theory C) Phenomenon D) Variable
A) Concept
For which of the following pairs of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal? A) Degree of physical activity and heart rate B) Stress and coping style C) Age and health beliefs D) Gender and depression
A) Degree of physical activity and heart rate
What is the first step in writing a review of literature? A) Determine the question to be addressed B) Select the bibliographic database to use C) Specify the medical subject headings to use D) Conduct an Internet search engine search
A) Determine the question to be addressed
Putting evidence into practice is in which phase of the quantitative research process? A) Dissemination B) Analytic C) Empirical D) Conceptual
A) Dissemination
In which of the following clinical questions is fatigue the "I" component? A) Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders? B) Does a physical activity intervention affect fatigue in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? C) What is the meaning of fatigue among patients with sleep apnea? D) Does the level of depression of patients suffering from chronic fatigue improve by participating in an exercise intervention?
A) Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders
Which of the following is the least likely research tradition to be used by qualitative nurse researchers? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory
A) Experimental
Which of the following statements of purpose is most likely to be from a qualitative study? A) Explore lived experiences of refugee women and children from Afghanistan living in the United States B) Investigate the effectiveness of music therapy for decreasing pain in post-operative adolescents C) Compare the effectiveness of effleurage to therapeutic touch in decreasing maternal anxiety during an un-medicated vaginal birth D) Evaluate the relationship between insurance status and number of emergency department (ED) visits
A) Explore lived experiences of refugee women and children from Afghanistan living in the United States
The conceptual phase of the research process involves which of the following activities? A) Formulating the problem and reviewing the related literature B) Selecting an appropriate research design for the study C) Finalizing and reviewing the research plan D) Interpreting the results of data analysis of key variables
A) Formulating the problem and reviewing the related literature
In the following clinical question, what is the Outcome (O component): What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A) Functional ability B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Biofeedback D) Relaxation therapy
A) Functional ability
Conceptual models of nursing are used by nurse researchers as an inspiration in formulating research questions and directing research hypotheses. Some of the concepts that form these models include which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Health promotion B) Unified whole C) Adaptation D) Self-efficacy
A) Health promotion B) Unified whole C) Adaptation
Which of the following concepts are central to nursing models? Select all that apply. A) Human beings B) Environment C) Health D) Nutrition
A) Human beings B) Environment C) Health
A researcher's expectations about the relationships between variables in a quantitative study are generally formulated as which of the following? A) Hypotheses B) Frameworks C) Research questions D) Conceptual definitions
A) Hypotheses
Which of the following is true of an experimental study? Select all that apply. A) It includes an intervention or treatment. B) It is a type of qualitative research. C) It can be called a clinical trial. D) It tests causal relationships.
A) It includes an intervention or treatment. C) It can be called a clinical trial. D) It tests causal relationships.
Select the best description for the following: "Children who watch an average of 2 or more hours of television per day will have higher BMIs than children who watch less than 2 hours of TV per day." A) It is a directional hypothesis B) It is a directional research question C) It is a non-directional hypothesis D) It is a non-directional research question
A) It is a directional hypothesis
Which of the following components are usually included in a well-structured problem statement for nursing research? Select all that apply. A) Knowledge gap (what information do we currently know and what is lacking?) B) Problem identification (what is the overall problem? What is not working in the current situation?) C) Proposed solution (how will information gained from the proposed study contribute to the solution of this problem?) D) Sustainability (how long will we be able to sustain any changes made to the current status quo?)
A) Knowledge gap (what information do we currently know and what is lacking?) B) Problem identification (what is the overall problem? What is not working in the current situation?) C) Proposed solution (how will information gained from the proposed study contribute to the solution of this problem?)
A narrative integrated review of qualitative studies focuses on interpretation of the studies. Which of the following study types would be considered an systematic integrated review of qualitative studies? A) Meta-synthesis B) Meta-analysis C) Randomized controlled trial D) Quasi-experiment
A) Meta-synthesis
"Male" is which of the following? A) Not a variable B) An independent variable C) A dependent variable D) An outcome variable
A) Not a variable
A researcher wants to explore the ways in which gender issues are evident in the day-to-day interactions between male and female nurses and their patients in an acute-care inpatient unit. The purpose statement of her research study indicates that she wants to study whether and how gender issues influence the culture and behaviors of nurses as they interact with patients. Of the following, which type of study design would be most appropriate to use? A) Qualitative ethnography B) Qualitative phenomenology C) Quantitative descriptive D) Quantitative Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
A) Qualitative ethnography
The dependent (outcome) variable in the research question, "Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?" is which of the following? A) Quality of life B) Functional ability C) Hearing acuity D) Residence in a nursing home
A) Quality of life
Identify the type of research that often fails to formally acknowledge the conceptual underpinnings or framework of the study since it is not necessarily part of the research tradition. A) Quantitative research B) Qualitative research C) Pilot study D) Mixed method research
A) Quantitative research
What is the primary purpose of the review of literature in a research report? A) Reporting on the state of the current evidence about the problem under study B) Demonstrating the research capabilities of the authors C) Focusing on the gaps in research related to the problem under study D) Making recommendations about future study designs
A) Reporting on the state of the current evidence about the problem under study
Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the positivist paradigm? A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied B) The researcher cannot interact with those being studied C) The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information D) The distance between the researcher and those being researched is minimized to enhance the interactive process
A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied
Which of the following is a major source of ideas for research problems? Select all that apply. A) Theories or conceptual frameworks B) Personal nursing experience C) Nursing code of ethics D) Nursing literature
A) Theories or conceptual frameworks B) Personal nursing experience D) Nursing literature
Which of the following is true of both theories and conceptual models? A) They are invented or created, not discovered. B) They need to be borrowed from other disciplines for nursing studies. C) They contain a set of logically interrelated propositions. D) They are different words for exactly the same thing.
A) They are invented or created, not discovered
Which of the following are true statements regarding the function of hypotheses in quantitative research? Select all that apply. A) They emerge from a theory. B) They offer direction and suggest explanations for relationships. C) They prove relationships between variables. D) They facilitate the interpretation of data.
A) They emerge from a theory. B) They offer direction and suggest explanations for relationships. D) They facilitate the interpretation of data.
Which of the following are overall objectives of the use of theories in research? Select all that apply. A) To provide a mechanism for deducing hypotheses B) To stimulate new research C) To explain relationships among phenomena D) To determine the research design and methods of data collection
A) To provide a mechanism for deducing hypotheses B) To stimulate new research C) To explain relationships among phenomena
What is the primary question that should be addressed when evaluating published research reports in a literature review? A) To what extent do the findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)? B) Have the authors conducted an adequate literature review in their research report? C) Did the authors cite appropriately from the previously published literature related to the problem under study? D) Was the research question appropriate considering the available evidence at the time of the study?
A) To what extent do the findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)?
Non-research-based evidence includes which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Unit culture B) Nurse's experience C) Qualitative studies D) Trial and error
A) Unit Culture B) Nurse's Experience D) Trial and Error
Which of the following is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher most likely would ask? A) What is the nature of this phenomenon? B) What is the average intensity of this phenomenon? C) How frequently does this phenomenon occur? D) What is the average duration of this phenomenon?
A) What is the nature of this phenomenon?
Which of the following is the best resource to use when beginning the search for evidence necessary for an individual EBP project? A) Hayat, M. (2010). Understanding statistical significance. Nursing Research, 59(3), 219- 223. B) Durbin, C. R., Fish, A. F., Bachman, J. A., & Smith, K. V. (2010). Systematic review of education intervention for improving advanced directive completion. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42, 234-241. C) Polit, D. R., & Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. D) Aggarwal, B., Liao, M., & Mosca, L. (2010). Predictors of physical activity at 1 year in a randomized controlled trial of family members of patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 29(6), 444-449.
B) Durbin, C. R., Fish, A. F., Bachman, J. A., & Smith, K. V. (2010). Systematic review of education intervention for improving advanced directive completion. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42, 234-241.
The use of both of qualitative and quantitative data in a study or cluster of studies serves the important purpose of which of the following? A) Providing researchers with different skills an opportunity to collaborate B) Enhancing the study's validity C) Allowing participants to select an unstructured or structured method of responding D) Enhancing the likelihood that the study will be published
B) Enhancing the study's validity
An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to do which of the following? A) Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice B) Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research C) Document the role nursing serves in society D) Establish research priorities
B) Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research
The major difference between quantitative and qualitative research is that qualitative research seeks to find answers based on which of the following? A) Solid factual data B) Experiences or descriptions C) Etiology D) Systematic process
B) Experiences and descriptions
Which of the following is a question that would be asked as part of the process of appraising research evidence? A) What are the P, I, and O components? B) How rigorous and reliable is the evidence? C) What type of trigger should I use? D) Is a relevant systematic review available?
B) How rigorous and reliable is the evidence?
In an electronic literature search, the searcher does not necessarily have to know the database's subject headings for retrieving information on a topic because of the capability known as which of the following? A) Searching B) Mapping C) Restricting focus D) Copying
B) Mapping
Which of following study types is a systematic review used for integration of statistical quantitative research findings? A) Meta-synthesis B) Meta-analysis C) Randomized controlled trial D) Quasi-experiment
B) Meta-analysis
Nursing theories that are more restricted in their generality and set out to explain a smaller focus of the human experience are known as which of the following? A) Grand theories B) Middle-range theories C) Classical theories D) Propositions
B) Middle-range theories
The research question, "What is the decision-making process among intensive care unit nurses who decide to discuss spiritual issues with patients?" is which of the following? A) Most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach B) Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach C) Not researchable D) Not appropriately worded
B) Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach
The hypothesis, "Women who live in rural areas are unlikely to practice breast self-examination" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional
B) Not testable
A hypothesis that states there is no relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable(s) is called which of the following? A) Non-directional hypothesis B) Null hypothesis C) Research hypothesis D) Simple hypothesis
B) Null hypothesis
Which of the following is a datum from a qualitative research study on the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) 14.6 hours in labor B) 60-minute interviews one day after delivery C) "It was a nightmare—much more painful than I ever imagined." D) 15 women with a vaginal delivery
C) "It was a nightmare—much more painful than I ever imagined."
Research utilization is a process that begins with which of the following? A) A clinical problem that needs to be solved B) A problem-focused trigger C) A knowledge-focused trigger or research finding D) A well-worded clinical question
C) A knowledge-focused trigger or research finding
In qualitative research, theory is which of the following? A) A method to test hypotheses B) A tool to direct the research project C) A product of the research D) A way to test relationships between two different groups
C) A product of the research
4. "This study aimed to explore the meaning of the experience of living with a colostomy" is which of the following? A) A research question B) A portion of a problem statement C) A statement of purpose D) A hypothesis
C) A statement of purpose
In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, you would most likely initiate the search by typing in which of the following? A) An author's name B) Restrictions to the search C) A topic or keyword D) An ancestor or descendant
C) A topic or keyword
Which of the following would be a primary source for a research literature review? A) A meta-analysis appearing in the Cochrane Reviews B) A metasynthesis published in the journal Qualitative Health Research C) An experimental study published in the journal Research in Nursing & Health D) A systematic review published in the journal Nursing Research
C) An experimental study published in the journal Research in Nursing & Health
In the following clinical question, what is the Intervention/influence/exposure (I component): Does taking antidepressants affect the risk of suicide in cognitively impaired adolescents? A) Adolescence B) Suicide C) Antidepressant use D) Cognitive impairment
C) Antidepressant use
Which of the following activities is part of an organizational—but not an individual—EBP endeavor? A) Asking a good question/identifying a problem B) Searching for evidence C) Assessing implementation potential D) Synthesizing and appraising evidence
C) Assessing implementation potential
In a research report, the statement of purpose is normally found where? A) In the abstract B) In the first paragraph of the report C) At the end of the introduction D) At the beginning of the method section
C) At the end of the introduction
Nursing has experienced constant change over the past decades as a result of increased research. When determining best practices, nursing decisions should do which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Be based on tradition B) Include holistic approaches C) Be clinically appropriate D) Be cost effective
C) Be clinically appropriate D) Be cost effective
A set of logically interrelated propositions is associated with which of the following? A) Schematic model B) Conceptual model C) Classical theory D) Descriptive theory
C) Classical theory
The building blocks of theory are which of the following? A) Frameworks B) Relationships C) Concepts D) Hypotheses
C) Concepts
The connection of phenomena through a loosely structured approach not directly linking them in a logically deductive manner is which of the following? A) Middle range theory B) Theoretical framework C) Conceptual model D) Research question
C) Conceptual model
The hypothesis, "Women who jog regularly are more likely than those who do not to have amenorrhea" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional
C) Directional
The research tradition that focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context is which of the following? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory
C) Ethnographic
When doing a computerized search for quantitative studies on a topic, which of the following statements is most accurate? A) The best place to begin is to use a search engine such as Yahoo or Google B) The primary keyword to use in the search typically would be the population C) The keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables D) The specific subject headings used in each bibliographic database would have to be learned
C) The keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables
Which of the following is the key factor for determining the design and method a researcher will use? A) The researchers' preference B) The financial resources available C) The research question D) Sample size
C) The research question
Which statement accurately reflects a characteristic of a well-written literature review? A) Only a few key reports by the same author should be included if that author has published extensively on the topic under study. B) The review should primarily contain reports supportive of your general hypothesis about the problem under study. C) The review should include reports that both support and contradict your own ideas. D) The review should clearly identify points that have been proven by previous research.
C) The review should include reports that both support and contradict your own ideas.
At what point does a qualitative researcher typically make a lot of decisions about data collection and sampling? A) While reviewing the literature B) During the development of a research report C) While the study is in progress in the field D) After developing an intervention protocol
C) While the study is in progress in field
The power of theories lies in their ability to do which of the following? A) Explain large segments of human experience B) Minimize the number of words required to explain phenomena and, thereby, eliminate semantic problems C) Prove conclusively that relationships exist among the phenomena studied D) Articulate the nature of relationships among phenomena
D) Articulate the nature of relationships among phenomena
A nurse is observing how the time of feeding impacts an inpatient's gastric reflux. In which of the following steps of the EBP process would the nurse determine whether a specific feeding time alleviated the patient's gastric reflux symptoms? A) Searching for and collecting evidence that addresses the question B) Appraising and synthesizing the evidence C) Integrating the evidence with own clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local context D) Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice
D) Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice
Visual representation of the relationships among phenomena used in both quantitative and qualitative research is known as which of the following? A) Descriptive theory B) Framework C) Shared theory D) Conceptual map
D) Conceptual map
A researcher wants to explore the process by which men make decisions about treatment for prostate cancer. The researcher's paradigm is most likely which of the following? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Empiricism D) Constructivism
D) Constructivism
Research design in qualitative studies is often described as: A) Experimental B) Narrative C) Interpretive D) Emergent
D) Emergent
Which of the following attributes is least characteristic of the traditional scientific method? A) Control over external factors B) Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena C) Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context
D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context
What is the most important type of information that should be included in a literature review? A) Clinical anecdotes B) Opinion articles C) Case reports from applicable clinical settings D) Findings from prior studies
D) Findings from prior studies
As a nurse, you must understand the difference between research utilization and evidence-based nursing practice. Which of the following best defines evidence-based practice? A) Begins with research itself, clinical expertise, and patient preference B) Uses new evidence and translates research findings into real-world applications C) Uses findings from disciplined research in practical application unrelated to original research D) Integrates best research evidence, with clinical expertise, patient preference, and a particular clinical situation
D) Integrates best research evidence, with clinical expertise, patient preference, and a particular clinical situation
A research nurse understands that evidenced-based practice in nursing does which of the following? A) Relies on tradition B) Consults recognized authorities C) Depends primarily on textbooks D) Is based on the latest research
D) Is based on the latest research
Which of the following is an appropriately worded sentence for a research review? A) Five recent studies have proved that men are less well able to cope with the loss of a spouse than women. B) The HIV-epidemic has been the cause of considerable anxiety in the gay community. C) Nurses and physicians struggle with the decision about whether to work in environments where abortion services are offered. D) Research has consistently found that infant's sleeping position is related to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
D) Research has consistently found that infant's sleeping position is related to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome
In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive content through which of the following? A) The specification of the population to be studied B) The operational definition of the research variables C) The prediction of anticipated relationships among variables D) The choice of verbs that suggest the state of knowledge on the topic or the approach to be used
D) The choice of verbs that suggest the state of knowledge on the topic or the approach to be used
Identifying patterns, regularities, and irregularities in the published literature about the problem under study when constructing a literature review is a process called which of the following? A) Structuring B) Sorting C) Content organizing D) Thematic analysis
D) Thematic analysis
9. In the following clinical question, what is the Comparison (C component): Does chronic stress affect inflammatory responses in older men with atherosclerotic disease? A) Chronic stress B) Inflammatory response C) Atherosclerotic disease D) There is no "C" component
D) There is no "C" component
Some EBP models recommend a formal assessment of organizational "fit," known as implementation potential, when an organization is considering undertaking an EBP project. Which following issue is of particular importance to address to determine the implementation potential of the EBP project for the organization? A) Effectiveness of the innovation B) Nurses' attitude toward the innovation C) Patient benefit of the innovation D) Transferability of the innovation
D) Transferability of the innovation
In the question, "Do Baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses practice more rehabilitative nursing procedures on a client in an ICU than associate degree-prepared nurses?" the independent variable is which of the following? A) Associate degree-prepared nurses B) Baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses C) Rehabilitative nursing measures D) Type of educational background of nurse
D) Type of educational background of nurse
When nurses rely primarily on tradition, they are most likely to do which of the following? A) Produce a precise range of answers B) Increase new knowledge C) Maintain an unbiased perspective D) Undermine effective problem solving
D) Undermine effective problem solving
